مقالات رزومه محمدرضا فرجی

One of the strategies of actors, especially small actors in the hierarchy of power in the turbulent situation of the international system, is their behavioral and systemic adaptation to their environment. In other words since in the anarchic environment of the international system, there is a lot of competition for obtain limited resources between the actors of the system, and this competition ultimately leads to conflict and situations in the system in which the weak actor unable to change environmental , or the actor's limitations more than its capabilities, and in this situation, the actor tends to adapt his behavioral patterns to the existing conditions in order to avoid wasting his power in the hierarchy of power. Therefore, the research, by focusing on the adaptation mechanism in foreign policy and using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to explain the foreign policy strategies of the actors of the Persian Gulf region. The result of the present study indicates that environmental constraints lead actors to adaptive strategies and actors in the Persian Gulf region in the face of environmental constraints according to their capabilities and ideals, adopted three types of creative (Pragmatic middle actors), active (Poles of power) and passive (Weak actors) adaptation.

Changes in the international distribution of power create an incentive for strategic changes. With the emergence of emerging powers, international institutions are under pressure to adapt to the new realities of power. Based on the satisfaction of changing actors in power, as well as the hard and soft nature of power transformations, the strategic adaptation of actors takes the nature of power bargaining, strategic partnership, or strategic persuasion. This research tries to examine China's strategies in the Middle East region. To achieve this goal, the research explains China's strategies in the Middle East region with the assumption of power changes and their effect on the actors' strategies. The main hypothesis of the article is that China has adopted a strategy of creative adaptation in the regions with the experience of transformation in its power due to the reformist approach and having hard and soft power, and the Middle East is one of the regions that is in its strategic circle. Therefore, it seems that China's approach in the Middle East region is creative adaptation. On this basis, tries to avoid entering into controversial issues and trying to be active and adaptive in the region with innovative plans such as the Belt and Road and investing in different places.

Basically, after the Cold War, the two major trends of diffusion of power and transition of power dominated international politics. From 1991 onwards, with the rise of international actors and their role in international developments, power shifted from the state to non-state actors, and with ascendance of economic, military, and political countries such as Brazil, China, India, Russia, and South Africa, the possibility of transition in the international hegemonic order was created. One of the most important consequences of these two trends is the regionalization of order and the increase of regional interactions in global politics. With the regionalization of order, the international system is known with the emergence of regional hegemons, the escalation of regional conflicts, regional arms races, and tensions, especially in fragile regions. This study seeks to examine Russia's strategy as an emerging revitalized power in the Middle East. Therefore the main question of the research is about the strategic principles and foundations of Russia's foreign policy in the Middle East? In response to this question and considering the principle of explaining strategies based on interests in the framework of power and assumption derived strategies from preferences and achieving foreign policy goals with specific tools, this hypothesis expressed that Russia regard experience of power changes in the international system, try have to retrieval position and role in the international system, accordingly, due to the hegemonic of international construction, intervention in neighboring regions, especially in the former Soviet-dominated regions, in the hierarchy of goals of definition and role-playing and intervention in regions due to regionalization of the international system order is a foreign policy priority, and since the Middle East is one of the important regions in the international system, becomes an important area in Russian foreign policy, and Russia's strategies in this area are based on the circumstances and source of threat, and include a set of strategies; Local multilateralism strategies in the face of regional systemic crises, competitive strategies in the face of emerging rivals in the region, tension and reaction severe strategies in the face of threats hegemon and its allies, and coalition strategies with regional actors.

The research tries to explain Russia's foreign policy strategies in the Middle East with a realistic approach and focuses on the power cycle theory and case study method.

Basically, in international politics, power determines the strategies of the actors in the international system. This principle implies the degrees of power, determine, interests, strategies, and behaviors of the actors in the international system. Thus the causal link between the distribution of power and the nature of the international system is purely systemic. Therefore, the strategies of the actors are adjusted according to their power and position in the hierarchy of power in the international system. With the rise and fall of actors in the international system, the gap between role and power emerges to reason the time-consuming process of setting roles and missions. The gap between role and power is created when an actor imagines that action is not proportionate with relative power in the international system. Usually, during power changes, a large gap formed between power and the role of the actors.According to these discussions, Russia's foreign policy strategies after the collapse of the Soviet Union can be classified into separate periods. These periods differed from each other as far as the priority to geographical areas, the goals and the choice of tactics, the scope of the resources that were available to the Russians and its ability to achieve internal stability. By restoring power in the international system and having sufficient resources, neo-imperialist tendencies increase and Russia tries to design new strategies following its power and role in the international system. In general, Russia's strategies in the Middle East are derived from its foreign policy principles and are designed according to national interests, its peripheral threats and environmental conditions, and variables from local multilateralism in the face of systemic crises to competitive strategies and tensions with rivals and hegemon. In other words, Russia is interested of strategic diversity in the Middle East, with attention to its peripheral interests and threats.

The argument here underscores the idea that Russia has a type of grand (strategic) behavior in world affairs, in which the Middle East region is only one – not necessarily the most important – element. The grand strategic behavior is the most visible element of Russia's foreign policy. Russia's actions in the Middle East could be viewed functionally as a type of grand behavior. Russia is constantly trying to improve its political, military, and economic interests in the region while reducing the advantages and strategic superiority of its potential rivals. Therefore, Russia's foreign policy strategies in the region based on interests, goals, and existing threats, are diverse and include a set of local multilateralism strategies, competitive strategies with emerging powers in the region, tension strategies with the hegemon, and Coalition strategies with regional actors.

With the dominance of complexity on the international system, one of the fundamental issues related to the strategies of actors in complex situations. This study with assuming complexity situation in the international system, tries to investigate the principles and basis of hegemony strategy in complex regions and the Middle East explained as a case study. The result of the present study explained, that the complexity situation, classical foreign policy strategies based on centrality of control has made incapable of responding to complex threats and new strategies based on condition management imposed to actors of international system and the hegemon is trying to take advantage of these strategies in the regions. Thus, with the complexity of existing system and phenomena in the Middle East, the hegemonic control management approach with the control systems based on the conditions of phenomena and strategic multiplicity and tactical diversity of phenomena management has replaced the hegemonic control centrality and top-down control approach, and hegemon uses of these strategies in its complex deterrence system in the Middle East.

Basically, transition is a common phenomenon in the international system since its emersion. Apart from the international system, transition ability also be explained in the regions. Currently, one of the areas that most affected by the situation transition is the Middle East, and the two actors most affected by this phenomenon are Iran and Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the article with using the theory of "power transition", tries to explain the foreign policy strategies in situation of power transition and in the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia. In this regard, the research question is based on "what principles is governor on strategy of the actors in situation the transition of power and the strategy of Iran and Saudi Arabia as a case study?" In answer to the above question, this hypothesis proposed that the strategy of the actors in situation the transition of power is formed according to the centrality and periphery of the actors and the type of structure transition in which they are involved. Continuation, the research with supposing assumption the transition situation in the Middle East, discusses with the strategies of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the transitional situation of the Middle East.

Nowadays, with the complexity and chaos of the international system, regions have also been greatly affected by the logic of complexity. One of the important areas affected by the complex security order is middle east. In this way, the question is what are the bases for the middle east security order in the Conditions of complexity of its dominant?In response to this question, it is suggested that non linearity, dynamics, and chaos are the hallmarks features of the phenomena in the middle east region. Accordingly, the middle east regions security order is nonlinear and based on novel and fuzzy logic and therefore demands new security strategies. This research with descriptive-analytical approach attempts to explain the Middle East security order in complex situation. Accordingly, according to complexity theory the research tries to explain complexity in the regions and then the Middle East region as a case study explained. Accordingly, according to complexity theory the research tries to explain complexity in the regions and then the Middle East region as a case study explained.

foreign policy is one of important functions of actors in international system, so that lack of proper and correct foreign policy leads to confusion about goals and functions of the actors in the international system. one of the concepts that is very much related to foreign policy and is one of elements foreign policy is Power. The present article by assuming power as a very important tool in drawing foreign policy and accepting this fact that the international system is cyclical and has experienced multiple cycles of cycle, attempt at answer to question that cyclical of the international system and its phenomena what affection have on actors foreign policy? Long cycle, points turning, cycle phases and non linearity of events and phenomena in points turning and long cycle phases are the most important foreign policy parameters in international system cycles. therefore, the international system actors drawing their foreign policy and strategy with respect to the existing cycles, and the relationship between foreign policy and the cycles of power is a direct and immediate connection, so that the effectiveness of foreign policy states is highly influenced from high power cycles and different phases in international relations.

With the complexity of the international system and its chaos, foreign policy of countries as part of this system no longer follow the linear logic of the past. Therefore, in the field of foreign policy, there is a need for a new analytical system based on the characteristics of such a system. The West Asian system is heavily influenced by the complexity of the international system. Considering of this point, the main qiestion of this research is what is  the principles and basics of Iran’s foreign polciy strtegy in the west asian regional system considering the complexity which are controlling this network ? The diversity of threats, the diversity of actors, dynamics interference, nonlinear behavior patterns, and the intense cluster of network is the characteristics that Iran faces with them in west Asian network, and according to it, the strategic diversity in west of Asia networking and the strategic system based on triangular _ network deterrence  is axis of Iran's foreign policy in West Asia.

Basically, the strategy of big emerging powers is interacting with their neighbors and regional powers to achieve the future goals and objectives. This assumption is important in the analysis of the ability of emerging powers and in predicting their future behavior. At the moment, there are many speculations about the future of China, especially if China's economy will surpass all important economies. The aim of this study is to describe this issue by examining China's multilateralist strategy in its relations with its neighbors, especially with Central Asian countries. The authors believe that the multilateralism of China in Central Asia is not a new approach and China has benefited from this strategy in the past in relations with its neighbors under the concept of Tian Xia, Si Yi doctrine (Defense through Barbarians) and Tributary Trade System. In order to prove or reject the hypothesis of the study, first, the concepts and principles of multilateralism will be defined and then classical and modern China's strategy in Central Asia will be analyzed by using a descriptive-analytical method.