اعظم شفایی

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexual transmitted infection. The persistence of HPV infection causes different types of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancer. HPV infection during pregnancy may be associated with several adverse consequences, such as preterm birth and miscarriage. The present study was performed with aim to investigate the relationship between HPV infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes in different studies.

In this narrative review, to find relevant articles, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the keywords HPV, Papillomavirus, HPV in Pregnancy, HPV Transmission and Adverse outcomes from 2000 to 2022. For this purpose, original research articles, clinical trials, reviews and case reports related to the subject of this review were included in the study and unrelated studies were excluded. The review of the articles was done by reading the title, abstract and content, respectively. The language on the admission papers was English.

The results of the different studies have shown that the risk of HPV infection in pregnant women is higher than in non-pregnant women. Also, the risk of preterm birth and preterm premature rupture of the membranes is reported to be higher in HPV positive pregnant women in comparison with HPV negative women. Some studies have also pointed to the relationship between HPV infection and spontaneous fetal death.

Considering many complications of HPV infection in pregnant women, it is better to ensure about non-infection with this virus before pregnancy.

Vitamin D and zinc play an essential role in growth and health of children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the vitamin D and zinc deficiency prevalence in adolescents in Mashhad.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 3380 adolescents in the age range of 10-19 years from October 2020 to September 2022. Vitamin D level was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography and zinc level was investigated by colorimetric technique. The studied subjects were divided into three groups in terms of vitamin D levels: deficiency: <10 ng/mL, insufficient levels: 10-30 ng/mL, normal levels: 30-100 ng/mL, and according to the amount of zinc, they are divided into two groups: deficiency: <60 µg/dL and normal: 60-120 µg/dL. The results were analyzed using chi-square and regression tests.

Out of 3380 adolescents, 69.1% were girls and 30.9% were boys. In studied adolescents, 11.4% had vitamin D deficiency, 51.9% had insufficient vitamin D, and 36.7% had normal vitamin D levels. Zinc deficiency was observed in 7.4% of the studied groups. The prevalence of vitamin D and zinc deficiency was higher in girl adolescents than in boy adolescents (P < 0.001). The results of the study showed that the low level of zinc in the studied adolescents is not a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency.

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in adolescents, especially girls, is high in the city of Mashhad. It is recommended to use enrich food and supplements to control malnutrition.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) often infects humans through sexual contact. Men are carriers of the HPV virus and inadvertently transmit the virus to their sexual partners while being asymptomatic. In many countries strategies are focused on controlling the virus in women and the role of men is ignored. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV infection and its common genotypes in men in order to facilitate designing and implementing national prevention programs.

In this cross-sectional study, PCR and hybridization methods were used to determine 37 different HPV genotypes. The participants included 188 men attending Central Laboratory of Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research, Mashhad Branch between autumn 2020 and winter 2021.

In this study, 56.9% of the total population were infected with at least one of the HPV genotypes. Overall, 26 different HPV high-risk and low-risk genotypes were identified. The most common low-risk genotypes were HPV6 (50.5%), 11 (15%), 42 and 91 (11.2%). The most common high-risk genotype was HPV66 (9.3%).

Men play an important role in transmitting the virus and are considered as the reservoir of HPV infection. The prevalence of HPV was high in current population, therefore, HPV screening in men can be very helpful in preventing the spread of infection.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. Awareness of the prevalence of different HPV genotypes in Iran will facilitate implementation of national prevention and vaccination programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HPV infection and the association of different genotypes with Pap smear results.

In this cross-sectional study, 502 married women attending Central Laboratory of Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research in Mashhad were selected by non-probability easy sampling in 2018-2019. Cervical cytology specimens were examined for 32 different HPV genotypes using PCR and hybridization. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Fisherchr('39')s exact tests were used to analyze the data.

Out of 502 samples 26.5% were infected with HPV. The most common genotypes in all HPV+ samples were the low risk genotype 6 (35.3%) and the high risk genotype 16 (17.3%). According to findings, HPV infection and the HPV genotype were significantly associated with progression of cellular changes to abnormality (P<0.05).

Due to the high prevalence of HPV in population studied, earlier diagnosis and genotyping of HPV could be helpful in preventing cervical malignancies.