فهرست مطالب a. abedini

Oscillations in various structures of the solar atmosphere, such as transverse (kink) oscillations of coronal loops, can be used in seismology. Transvers kink oscillations of coronal loops are often accompanied by solar flares. Despite the intensive study of kink oscillations of coronal loops in recent years, the excitation mechanism of these oscillations are still not known. In this paper, we aim to clarify the excitation mechanisms of transverse oscillations of coronal loops. For this purpose, first 458 oscillation events were identified by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) during its first ten years (2010–2019) with the use of the Helioviewer, JHelioviewer and Heliophysics Events Knowledgebase (HEK). Then, the association of these oscillation events with probable mechanism for exciting the kink oscillations such as flares, lower coronal eruptions and plasma ejections, and coronal mass ejections bursts were listed. Finally, about 138 suitable kink oscillations out of 485 oscillations with high-amplitude, long oscillation period and visible through the naked eye that were accompanied with other probable excitation mechanism of kink oscillations, were selected. This statistical analysis of the transverse oscillation coronal loops showed that that 102 of these 138 oscillation events (74 %) were associated with lower coronal eruptions or plasma ejections. About 38 oscillations out of 138 transverse oscillations (27.5%) were associated with coronal mass ejections/eruption. Also, 65 events (47 %) were associated with flares. The required speed of hypothetical drivers of transverse oscillations were calculated. The magnitude values of calculated speeds for shock wave of flares were found to be lower than 500±100 km/s in 87% of the cases. Also, the magnitude values of speeds for lower coronal mass eruption/ejection were obtained to be lower than 500±125 km/s in 94% of the cases. The magnitude values of these speeds are acceptable for lower coronal mass eruption/ejection. But, such low speeds do not favor the association of the oscillation excitation with a shock wave of flares, as usually assumed. Also, statistical analysis of start time and time difference of hypothetical drivers of transverse oscillations showed that there is no clear correlation between them. The results of this study indicated that shock wave of flares cannot be the main cause of transverse oscillations of coronal loops. So, this analysis shows that the most probable excitation mechanism of the kink oscillations of coronal loops are eruptions or plasma ejections rather than the blast shock waves ignited by flares. ‎

The Lapeh-Zanak copper deposit is located about 15 km east of Tehran, in the southern part of the Central Alborz Zone. The rock units exposed in this area include a sequence of volcanic and pyroclastic rocks (basalt, andesite, trachy-andesite and dacitic and vitric tuff) belonging to the Fajan Formation with the Paleocene-Lower Eocene age, which are cut by subvolcanic igneous masses with a composition of micromonzodiorite-gabbro. Copper mineralization in the Lepeh-Zanak deposit occurred in the form of quartz veins-veinlets (± carbonate and barite) along with silicic, argillic, carbonate and propylitic alterations in andesite-trachyandesite rocks. Vein-veinlet and breccia structures and textures are very common in the copper- bearing ore in this deposit. The mineralogy of ore is simple and includes primary minerals of pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, hematite and rutile, which are accompanied by secondary minerals such as digenite, covellite, malachite, and iron hydroxide compounds. The fluid inclusion studies of quartz and barite minerals in copper-bearing ores and barite veins indicate that majority of primary inclusions are two-phase liquid-rich (L+V). Microthermometric studies show that the homogenization temperatures in quartz and barite vary in the range of 100 to 198 and 110 to 207 °C, respectively. Salinity in the primary inclusions of these two minerals shows the range from 0.88 to 8.55 and 4.96 to 7.86% wt% NaCl eq., respectively. Salinity in quartz and barite minerals is in the range of 0.88 to 8.55 and 4.96 to 7.86 wt% NaCl eq., respectively. Based on the results of microthermometric of fluid inclusions, cooling and dilution of hydrothermal fluids with atmospheric waters are the main reasons for the deposition of minerals in the studied deposit. The combination of the results obtained from geological, mineralogical, alteration and fluid inclusions reveals that the Lapeh-Zanak copper deposit has most similar to low-intermediate sulfidation epitermal-type deposits.

The Zamin Hossein copper deposit, as a part of the Dehaj- Sarduiyeh metallogenic belt, is located about 170 km southeast of Kerman city. This deposit is accompanied by Eocene volcanic (andesite, andesi-basalt and pyroclastic) and Eocene intrusive body (granodiorite and granite). The propylitic, sericitic, argillic-sericitic and silicic alterations are associated with this deposit. Chalcopyrite and pyrite are the most important hypogene sulfide minerals which are accompanied by supergene mineral assemblages such as goethite, hematite, limonite, malachite, and azurite. The hypogene minerals show generally vein-veinlet, stockwork and crustiform textures. The microthermometric studies in quartz crystalscogenetic with the ore minerals revealed four types of fluid inclusions on the basis of phase content: 1-( L-V), 2-(L-V-S), 3-(V-L), and 4-(V). The results of microthermometric analyses revealed that the fluid inclusions have a wide range of Th (170°C to 530°C). The L-V-S type fluid inclusions displayed Th and salinity ranges of 190-473°C and 31.4-55.6 wt% NaCl eq., respectively. The liquid-rich 2-phase inclusions (L-V) show salinities within the range of 1.74-6.45 wt% NaCl eq. Based upon microthermometric data, boiling, mixing, and simple cooling of the fluids were the essential mechanisms in deposition and evolution of this deposit. The ore-forming fluids were probably of magmatic and mixed magmatic-meteoric sources. According to the structural and textural aspects, alteration and mineralization of mineral assemblages and microthermometric data, the Zamin Hossein ore deposit can be categorized as porphyry copper-type.

In the present study, seven species of terrestrial isopods are reported from Iran for the first time. These include Platyarthrus schoblii Budde-Lund, 1885; Trichorhina tomentosa (Budde-Lund, 1893); Armadillo alievi Schmalfuss, 1990; A. officinalis Duméril, 1816; Armadillidium azerbaidzhanum Schmalfuss, 1990, A. nasatum Budde-Lund, 1885 and Schizidium golovatchi Schmalfuss, 1988. The male of the latter species is described for the first time and its diagnostic characters are illustrated. Sampling localities for the species are presented on a map.

The RoudMajan kaolin deposit is located about 35 km northwest of Torbat-e- Heydarieh city, Khorasan Razavi Province, in the Great Kavir Block subzone. Field evidence and laboratories results indicate that this deposit is genetically associated with the alteration of basaltic andesite rocks (Lower Eocene). According to the microscopic evidence and various analytical techniques (XRD, SEM-EDS, FE-SEM, DTA and TGA), kaolinite, illite, haloysite, quartz, alunite and muscovite are the major mineralogical phases and hematite, pyrite, rutile, galena, barite, calcite, biotite, apatite, titanomagnetite and titanium augiteare the minor minerlogical phases in this deposit. Calculations of mass balance of elements with the assumption of Al, as a monitor immobile element, reveal that the development of the kaolinization process of andesi-basaltic rocks in the RoudMajan  has been accompanied with the enrichment of Pb, leaching of elements such as Cs, Rb, Cu, Zn and Sr and leaching and fixation of elements such as Hf, Ba, Zr, V, Th, Ta, Nb, Ga, Cr, Co and Ni. Among the lanthanides, only Ce experienced mass decrease, while others exhibit both incremental and decremental behavior during kaolinization processes. The distribution pattern of normalized REE to chondrite indicates the differentiation and enrichment of LREE from HREE. The obtained results reveal that the behavior of trace elements during the formation of the RoudMajan kaolin deposit is a function of factors such as changes temperature and mineralizing fluid chemistry, differences in alteration intensity, adsorption, scavenging, mineralogical control, and abundance of complexing ions. Correlation coefficients between elements indicate the role of clay minerals, secondary phosphates, rutile, manganese oxides, muscovite and illite in the distribution and fixation of lanthanides. The occurrence of negative anomalies of Eu and Ce in kaolin samples indicates the alteration of plagioclase minerals of primary basaltic andesite rocks by high-temperature fluids and reduction of oxygen fugacity during the development of the RoudMajan kaolin deposit.

The Baharieh kaolin deposit (east Kashmar, Khorasan Razavi Province) is the product of alteration of dacitic rocks (Eocene) and is located in the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan metallogenic belt. Field observations show that the development of this deposit was controlled by the tectonic system of the area and the presence of silica cap is the most important geological feature of this deposit. Mineralogical studies, using different analytic techniques (such as XRD, SEM-EDS, FE-SEM, DTA and TGA), indicate the presence of kaolinite, halloysite, illite, quartz, alunite, jarosite, muscovite, albite, gypsum, topaz, anhydrite, rutile, galena, zircon and hematite in the kaolin samples. Calculations of mass changes with the assumption of Al as index immobile element show that the development of the kaolinization process has been accompanied with intense enrichment of LREE relative to HREE. This phenomenon indicates the preferential adsorption of LREE by kaolinite, halloylsite, alunite, hematite, and jarosite and the relatively low activity of complexing ions in rock-altering fluids. Correlation coefficients between elements indicate that kaolinite, rutile, manganese oxides, and secondary phosphates have played an important controlling role in the distribution and fixation of lanthanides. Occurrence of Eu negative anomaly in relation to the alteration of feldspars by relatively high-temperature fluids along with the occurrence of positive Ce anomaly indicate the effects of low-temperature aqueous system on the Baharieh kaolin deposit.

The mineralization index of Yeylaghe Gharachi, as part of Arasbaran metallogenic belt, is located about 25 km northwest of Ahar, East-Azarbaidjan Province, NW Iran. The host rocks of this index consist of composite intrusive rocks with lithologic compositions of granite, quartz monzonite, granodiorite and diorite of Oligocene and Oligo-Miocene age. The alteration zones in this area are mainly potassic, phyllic, argillic, propylitic, silicic and carbonate. Mineralization occurred principally as disseminations, cross-cutting veins-veinlets and replacement in two separate stages of hypogene and supergene. Pyrite is the major hypogene sulfide mineral accompanied by magnetite, chalcopyrite, molybdenite, sphalerite and galena. The main supergene minerals in this area include hematite, goethite, limonite, bornite, chalcocite, covellite and malachite that accompany the hypogene mineral assemblage. In investigation of the phase contents of fluid inclusions in the quartz- sulfide veins-veinlets along with the potassic, phyllic and argillic alterations, five types of fluid inclusions have been recognized: mono-phase liquid (L), mono-phase vapor (V), liquid-rich two-phase (L+V), vapor-rich two-phase (V+L), and multiphase (L+V+S). Homogenization temperatures of the studied fluid inclusions vary from 190 to 530 °C. Considering the last ice-melting temperature of aqueous two-phase inclusions and halite melting temperature in the aqueous multiphase inclusions, the salinity ranges between 0.4 to 59 wt.% NaCl equivalent. Based on the microthermometric results of fluid inclusions, it can be conceived that episodic boiling and dilution by underground water of meteoric origin were the main mechanisms in development and evolution of this index. The zonation pattern of the alteration, mineralization and fluid inclusion data indicate that the Yeylaghe Gharachi mineral index is the most similar to porphyry copper deposits and the associated metallic veins.

The vein-type mineralization of the base (Zn, Pb, and Cu) and precious metals (Au) in the Qarah Changel area (northwest of Qazvin) is located in the southern part of the Tarom-Hashtjin metallogenic belt. Volcanic (trachy-andesite, rhyolite and dacite) and pyroclastic (tuff, tuffite and tuffaceous shale) (Eocene) rocks are the hosts of this mineralization. Distinctive alterations around mineralized veins include argillic, sericitic, propylitic and silicic. Ore mineralization has occurred in two forms, hypogene and supergene. Hypogene ore minerals include sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite, gold, digenite, and bornite, which are associated with supergene mineralogical assemblages such as calcocite, covellite, cerussite, malachite, azurite, hematite, and goethite. Calcite and quartz are the associated gaugues of this mineralization. The texture of the ore consists of vein-veinlet, replacement, breccia, disseminated, bladed and open space filling. According to geochemical studies, volcanic host rocks are peralumine and have the nature of high- potassium clac-alkaline to shoshonitic. The enrichment of K, Ba and Cs in comparision to Ti, Nb and Zr, the LREEs enrichment relative to HREEs, and the occurrence of negative Nb anomaly indicate the formation of a magma generating volcanic rocks in the subduction zone. Studies of fluid inclusions in quartz mineral co-genetic with sulfide ore minerals showed that they are chiefly of L+V and having homogenization temperature in the range of 202 to 247 C°. The salinity of fluid iinclusions also ranges from 10 to 22 wt% NaCl eq. According to microthermometric data, boiling and cooling are the most important mechanisms in the development of mineralized veins. Evidence such as the coexistence of liquid and vapor-rich fluid inclusions, hydrothermal breccias, microcrystalline quartz and bladed calcite confirm the occurrence of the boiling phenomenon during the formation of mineralized veins. Combining the results of mineralogical studies, texture and associated alterations, geochemistry and tectonic setting of volcanic rocks, and   microthermometry of fluid inclusions indicate that  mineralization in the Qarah Changel area is most similar to low sulfidation-type epitermal ore deposits.

The Takht-e-Gonbad copper mineralization is located about 63 km of northeast of Sirjan city. Hypogene mineralization occurred as stockwork vein-veinlets and thick quartz veins hosted by Oligo-Miocene micro-granodiorite body and Eocene pyroclastic materials (mainly tuff with intermediate composition). The stockwork vein-veinlets contain three generations of mineralization, (1) quartz + magnetite ± chalcopyrite, (2) quartz + chalcopyrite + pyrite + magnetite, and (3) quartz + pyrite + chalcopyrite. Phyllic alteration was mainly developed in the wall rocks around the stockwork quartz vein-veinlets. The supergene mineralization in this deposit is characterized by the replacement of ferrous sulfides by hematite and goethite. Also, formation of the malachite, azurite, and native copper during destruction of the hypogene iron and copper sulfides occurred under oxidizing conditions. The study of the fluids inclusion in quartz crystals of the stockwork vein-veinlets showed that they are chiefly of L+V+S, L+V and V+L types having temperature and salinity ranges of 140-450°C and 0.35-57.8 wt% NaCl eq., respectively. The solid phases are halite, sylvite, and opaque minerals. The studied fluids inclusion in the thick quartz veins are of L+V type having temperature and salinity within the range of  207-344°C and 0.35-3.39 wt% NaCl eq., respectively. Based on microthermometric data, the boiling of the magmatic fluids was the effective factor of the ore and gangue minerals deposition in the stockwork vein-veinlets. Also, cooling and mixing of the atmospheric fluids with magmatic ones account for the deposition of the minerals in the thick quartz veins.  In general, the obtained data in this research revealed that the development and evolution trend of the hydrothermal system in the Takht-e-Gonbad is mostly similar to that of the porphyry copper system.

The Zamin Hossein district is located about 170 km southeast of Kerman city in the Dehaj-Sarduieh metallogenic belt, SE Iran. Interaction of hydrothermal fluids with volcanic rocks (mainly andesite) of the Lower Eocene age in this district accompanied with occurrence of an extensive alteration system. The hydrothermal alteration system of the district includes argillic, phyllic and propylitic alteration zones. On the basis of microscopic observations, chalcopyrite, magnetite, pyrite, hematite, goethite, malachite and azurite are the most important minerals in the mineralized veins and veinlets of the argillic alteration zone. Mineralogical studies indicate that the argillic alteration zone contains minerals such as quartz, kaolinite, montmorillonite, muscovite-illite, jarosite, hematite, goethite, albite, orthoclase and calcite. Calculations of the mass changes of trace elements, assuming Al as the monitor immobile element, show that the process of conversion of andesitic rocks into argillic alteration zone accompanied with enrichment of elements such as U, Ba, Nb, Ga, Tl, Sr, Sc, Ta, Th and Mo, and depletion of elements such as Th, Co, Cs, Rb, V, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn. Other trace elements, such as Hf, Y, Zr, and REEs, have undergone both leaching and fixation processes during development of the argillic alteration zone. The distribution pattern of normalized REEs to chondrite implies difererntiation and enrichment of LREEs ratio to HREEs and occurrence of weak negative Eu anomaly during development of the argillic alteration zone. Combination of the obtained results from mineralogical studies, geochemistry of mass changes, and investigation of correlation coefficients between elements reveal that the behavior of trace elements during the development of argillic alteration zone in the Zamin Hossein district is a function of factors such as changes in temperature and chemistry of solutions involved in alteration, differences in alteration intensity, adsorption by clay minerals, scavenging by metallic oxides and hydroxides, and fixation in the neomorph mineral phases.

The Shotorkhosb kaolin deposit is located about 7 km southeast of Torbat-e-Heydariyeh, Khorasan Razavi Province, northeast Iran. This deposit is a part of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan metallogenic zone. Field observations and laboratory studies indicate that this deposit is a product of alteration of Eocene andesitic rocks.  In this study, different analytical techniques, such as XRD, SEM-EDS, FE-SEM, DTA and TGA, were used to evaluate the characterization of the studied kaolin samples. Based on mineralogical examinations, kaolinite, illite, halloysite, montmorillonite, quartz, alunite, jarosite, natrojarosite, albite, muscovite, hematite, pyrite, gypsum, rutile, galena and barite are the most mineral phases in this deposit. Halloysite is a type 7 angstrom in this deposit and can be seen in the form of tubes and plate. Alunites have pseducubic and rhombuhedral forms. The distribution pattern of rare earth elements (REEs) and investigation of lanthanide ratios imply the effective role of pH and temperature changes in the development of this deposit. The correlation coefficients between elements reveal the effective role of clays, hematite, rutile and phosphorus-bearing minerals in the concentration of lanthanides. The decrease of Ce anomaly in the kaolin samples relative to the andesitic precursor rock  implies a decrease in oxygen fugacity during the development of kaolinitization processes in the Shotorkhosb deposit.

The Iran Water Resources Management Company constructs many dams to control surface water that provide a new potential for aquaculture activities. Trophic status index and natural potential for fish production were investigated in nine small dam reservoirs from northwest of Iran. Prediction of fish productivity was calculated based on phytoplankton biomass (using chlorophyll a concentration in water; PChl-a) and benthic macro invertebrate biomass (PBMI). Average PChl-a and PBMI of reservoirs were estimated as 233.9±479.4 kg ha-1yr-1 and 14.76±19.18 kg ha-1yr-1 respectively. Concentrations of total phosphorus and total nitrogen varied between 0.023-0.345 and 0.42-3.58 mgl-1, respectively. According to Carlsonchr('39')s transformed model (TSIPN) the mesotrophic status was dominant in reservoirs in which TSIPN varied between 38.7 and 51.2. The eutrophication trend seems to be very fast in these reservoirs because of high nutrient input by aquacultures activities. The usage of fertilizers and amounts of food for aquaculture proposes and expansions of exotic species decline the natural fisheries potential of these reservoirs. Maintenance of water quality and investigation of native species should be planned to preserve sustainable fisheries activities in these reservoirs.

In this study the biotic and abiotic characteristics of Ardalan dam reservoir was studied from 2011 to 2012. Diatoms, Bacillariophyta, was the main phylum of phytoplankton in Ardalan dam reservoir that was dominant in the most seasons and green algae, Chlorophyta, was the second dominance groups. Survey of zooplanktons showed there were 25 genus from 6 phylum, and Rotatoria constitute 64% of the zooplanktons in. The average phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance during this study were about 19.15×106 and 1863 per liter of lake water respectively. Survey of benthic communities showed that Chironomidae and Tubificidae were the main benthic groups in Ardalan dam. Average of benthic biomass during this survey was 0.9 gr/m2 which is very poor. Sediments in Ardalan dam was mostly of silt and clay. Fish structure survey by gill nets in Ardalan dam showed that common carp and silver carp, by %53 and %45 respectively were the main economical species in the dam. Hydro chemical survey showed that total phosphorus and total nitrogen were 0.073 and 0.779 mg/L respectively. The amount of chlorophyll a was 6.03 mg/m3. The range `of dissolved oxygen was 6.4-10.5 mg/L. Average of EC was 576 µs/cm. Since the water temperature just in august month was more than 20ºC, the appropriate period for warm water fish culture in this reservoir is limited

Boket residual horizon is located in ~15 km northeast of Ajabshir, East-Azarbaijan province. This horizon was developed as stratiform lenses along the contact of Ruteh (middle-upper Permian) and Elika (Triassic) carbonate formations. The ores within this horizon display pelitomorphic, micro-granular, micro-ooidic, pseudo-porphyritic, ooidic, pisoidic, pseudo-breccia, and nodular textures. Based on geochemical data, the ores within this horizon are divided into five types, (1) ferritic laterite, (2) bauxitic laterite, (3) kaolinitic laterite, (4) ferritic kaolinite, and (5) laterite. Comparison of distribution patterns of elements across a selected profile indicates the effective role of Al and Ti in distributing and concentrating of Zr, Ga, Nb, Th, V, and HREEs within the ores. Incorporation of data obtained from petrographical and geochemical studies shows that the ores have authigenic origin. Furthermore, factors such as chemical variations of weathering solutions, fixation in neomorphic phases, existing in resistant minerals, heterogeneity of protolith, differences in the degree of weathering intensity, and adsorption processes coupled with weak drainage, diagenesis, dynamic pressures, and fluctuation of underground water table played crucial roles in distribution and development of ores within this horizon. The most notable geochemical characteristics of the ores (except in kaolinitic laterite) is the greater mobility of LREEs relative to HREEs during weathering processes. This abnormal behavior within the horizon could be related to factors such as differences in stability of primary minerals containing REEs, the pH variation (from 6.7 to 7.8) of weathering solutions, and moderate degree of evolution of the profile.

Barandagh quadrangle is located in northeast of Zandjan, and is a part of polymetallic region of Tarem-Zandjan. Field evidence and microscopic studies show an intimate relationship between geochemical anomalies and alteration zones in this area. Based on the field observations and mineralogical studis, these zones, in light of extent, locality, and constituent mineral assemblage, differ from one another, and are scattered along the main shear zone of the area and the margin of Ghezel-Ozan river. The major alteration zones in this area are affiliated with the shear zone, and can be categorized into two discrete alteration types: 1) hypogene acid-sulfate (e.g., silicified, alunitized, advanced argillic, sericitic, and propylitic zones) and 2) supergene acid-sulfate (characterized by minerals assemblage such as jarosite, alunite, goethite, gypsum, and native sulfur). Alteration zone along the margin of Ghezel-Ozan river consists of neutral-pH types of alterations (consisting mainly of argillic, calc-silicate-bearing, and zeolitic zones). In general, these alteration zones were developed by the function of a vast geothermal system during the late Oligocene to Mid-Miocene time. Date gathered indicate that the discrepancy in reaction rate between the fluids and the enclosing rocks caused the development of these two types of alterations. Note the type of alteration zones and the obtained results from geochemical exploration, show that this area possesses suitable potential for prospecting of Ag-Au epithermal and polymetallic (Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag) deposits.

In this paper different methods for analysis of pipes breakage in urban water distribution networks are investigated. At first, it is necessary to obtain complete and exact information about the failures in the networks. Thus, a suitable form was designed for gathering the required information including all the necessary parameters for the analysis. Then the rates of annual pipe failures were assessed based on the diameter, age and availability of pipes. Mechanical reliability (availability) of network components is the probability that component is performing well in the networks during its lifetime. The results show that the rate of breakage is decreased by increasing the diameter in all pipe types (e.g. Steel, Asbestos Cement). Assessing the availability of the pipes according to their diameter and length reveals an increase in availability by increasing the diameter but a decrease in availability by increasing the length of the pipes. It is also seen that the rate of water loss decreases by increasing the diameter of pipes. Furthermore, an increase in the rate of failures is observed when pipes are aging. The results of pipe breakage analyzed. Introduced in this paper provide helpful information to be used in design, operation and rehabilitation of pipe networks.