فهرست مطالب a. bigdeli

Recently, water injection has been widely studied as one of the most popular enhanced/improved oil recovery methods. Most of the studies focus on low salinity and seawater injection, emphasizing the quality of the injection fluid. In addition, receiving the required quantity of injection water and high-quality injection fluid is crucial. Produced water with oil and urban wastewater can be regarded as appropriate resources for water injection projects to mitigate the environmental concerns and the cost of water treatment. This study examines several water resources suggested for injection into an oil reservoir near the Persian Gulf to find the optimal choice. The studied resources are low-salinity water, seawater (from the Persian Gulf), produced water, and urban wastewater. Injection fluid quality, compatibility with formation brine, scale formation, and usability were the primary factors considered when selecting the optimal water resource. Accordingly, geo-chemical software OLI Scale Chem was used for compatibility check and estimation of scale type and amount. As a result, the least amount of scale formed after urban wastewater injection, whereas seawater was the most incompatible water source. It should be emphasized that various non-technical factors, such as the climate of the region, the water transmission route and associated costs, economic conditions of the country, environmental concerns, and the priority of wastewater usage may significantly impact resource selection.

In order to understand the role of pressure systems on the precipitation of the Caspian coastal lands, daily precipitation data of the weather stations of the area were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Islamic Republic of Iran for the period 1986-2003. Using Cluster Analysis the study area was divided into three distinct regions on the basis station’s precipitation variables. In each region the daily rainfall runs of 2 days length and more were determined. For each rain run a representative run was selected. For each of these selected runs the weather maps of surface and 500 hPa levels were analyzed. On the basis of this analysis the main and dominant pressure patterns of the rain days were defined. The results of the study showed that the western migratory high pressure systems are the main cause of the coastal areas precipitation. This study did not find any significant role for the ever accepted Siberian High pressure in the area’s precipitation.