a. kashani

There are about 160 species in Brassica genus, which are mostly annuals and biennials. The plants in this genus have potential for fodder uses. The progress in plant breeding science has produced new crop varieties for oil and forage usages. Perko varieties are derived from crosses between tetraploid plants of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.Var. napus) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. var. sensulato). The new plants are superior to their parents from various aspects. Buko varieties are new amphiploid plants obtained by crossing between tetraploid winter rapeseed, Chinese cabbage and turnips (Brassica campestris L. var. Rapa). Oilseed radish with scientific name (Raphanus sativus L.) is a genus of the Brassica and consumption, oil, green manure, feed and fodder (24). This plant in many countries, including Canada, is cultivated in gardens as cover crop. Oilseed radish grows fast in the cool seasons. Ramtil (Guizotia abyssinica) belongs to the Compositae family, Phasilia (Phaceli atanacetifolia L.) belongs to Boraginaceae family and clover is from Fabaceae family that is grown for feeding purposes.

A field experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2012 in the Karezan region of Ilam, Iran (42º33′N, 33º46′E) on a silty-clay with low organic carbon (1.26%) and slightly alkaline soil (pH=7.9). This site is characterized as temperate climate with 370 mm annual precipitation. The experiment was arranged in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots consisted of 6 pre-sowing plant treatments (control, Perko PVH, Buko, Clover and Oilseed radish and combination of three plants Ramtil, Phaselia andclover), and sub plots covered four N fertilizer rates including no fertilizer N (Control), 50% lower than recommended N rate, recommended N rate and 50% more than recommended N rate. Winter wheat (cv. Pishtaz) was sown on mid-November with the row spacing of 15 cm and a seeding rate of 200 kg ha-1. Soil samples were collected after harvest of each crop from 0 to 30 cm and 31 to 60 cm soil depths using a soil auger. Wheat grain yield (according to 14% moisture) obtained by harvesting the central area of 3 in 10 m in each plot. Yield components were determined from two randomly selected areas (2m2) within each plot. Plant samples collected at harvest were separated into grain and straw and oven-dried at 60˚C for 72hr. Biomass and grain sub samples analyzed for total N content using a micro-Kjeldahl digestion with sulfuric acid. The terminology of N efficiency parameters was considered according to Delogu et al, (11) and Lopez-Bellido & Lopez-Bellido, (22), Rahimizadeh et al. (30), Limon-Ortega et al. (20) methods.

The results showed that there were highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) in forage yield. There were also significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in total dry weight, protein content and protein yield between treatments. Perko varieties produced higher fresh and dry matter yield with 69,586 (kg ha-1) and 7147 (kg ha-1), respectively compared to other varieties. Buko varieties showed greater protein percentage with 23.36 compared to the rest of the varieties. The highest and lowest grain yield, with 8345, and 4491 (kg ha-1) were obtained for Buko; wheat rotation and fallow, wheat rotation, respectively. The highest and lowest nitrogen uptake was obtained for Buko; wheat and clover, wheat rotation, respectively. The differences between the rotations were significant for various agronomic nitrogen efficiency. The rotation of oilseed radish and wheat showed greater nitrogen economic performance with 36.20 kg ha-1. By increasing nitrogen rate agronomic performance decreased with the exception in fallow- wheat. Physiological efficiency of nitrogen in fallow-wheat rotation was more than 39 (kg kg-1) of nitrogen. The maximum efficiency of nitrogen recovery was obtained for oilseed radish: wheat and Perko PVH; wheat rotations with 45% and 36%, respectively. The highest nitrogen harvest index was observed in Buko; wheat rotation: (86.5%), and Perko: wheat (85%) and the lowest nitrogen harvest index was in fallow; wheat (79.28%).

The results showed that Perko; wheat and Buko; wheat rotations due to the higher economic performance in the region were appropriate rotations and were recommended for the study area.

To investigate the effect of sugar beet leaf age and position on nitrogen content and chlorophyll meter readings (SPAD value) using chlorophyll meter in sugar beet, a field experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Sugar Beet Seed Institute (SBSI) in 2007 cropping serason, using a split-spli plot in time arrangement in RCBD with four replications. Five levels of pre-sowing nitrogen in the form of urea 0 (as control), 120, 160, 200 and 240 kg.ha-1 were assigned to main plots and five plant growth stages considred as sub plots. Chlorophyll meter readings of sugar beet leaf blade number 5, 10 and 15 were determined by chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) at five growth stages based on the number of leaves including 3-6, 6-12, 12-15, 15-18 and 18-20 leaves of each plant. In the same leaves, concentrations of nitrogen content (Kjeldahl method) and chlorophyll a & b were measured. Analysis of variance showed that main effect of nitrogen fertilizer was significant for SPAD value (P<0.01) and nitrogen content(P<0.05). The main effect of growth stage was also significant for nitrogen content (P<0.05) and specific leaf weight (P<0.01). All measured sugar beet traits were affected by the main effect of plant growth stage. The interaction between nitrogen fertilizer × growth stage was only significant (P<0.05) for leaf nitrogen content. However, the interaction between growth stage × leaf number was significant for all measured traits of sugar beet. There was significant correlation between the SPAD value and nitrogen content of leaf, based on dry weight, in leaf nuber 5, while there was no significant correlation between the SPAD value and nitrogen content of leaf in the leaf number 10 and 15. In conclusion, chlorophyll meter reading and nitrogen content of sugar beet leaves were influenced by leaf age and position. Thus, fully expanded leaf number five may be used for chlorophyll meter reading and determination of nitrogen content in sugar beet in 12-15 leaves stages.

In order to evaluate the effect of using zinc granulated phosphorous biofertilizer on yield and yield components of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a field experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was performed. Experimental treatment were included of using phosphate and triple super phosphorous chemical fertilizer at five levels (without using of chemical fertilizer, use of %25 phosphorous chemical fertilizer, use of %50 phosphorous chemical fertilizer, use of %75 phosphorous chemical fertilizer, use of %100 phosphorous chemical fertilizer) and bio granulated phosphate fertilizer including zinc in 2 level (without using bio phosphorous fertilizer, without bio phosphorous fertilizer). Characterizations such as seed yield, the high of bush, the number of tributary branches, dry weight of bushes, whole dry weight, percentage of phosphorous and protein of seed, whole biomass and yield components were measured. Results shows that there is an significant deferent between use and not using of biological fertilizer from the view of yield components at %5 statistical level and the most yield component with producing of 2275.3k on 1000m2 was belong to use of biological fertilizer. There is a significant deference between the various amounts of phosphate chemical fertilizer at %1 statistical level. This shows the effect of various amounts of phosphate chemical fertilizer on yield components, that most yield components was obtained by using of %75 of chemical fertilizer with amount of 2468kg for 1000m2. in the survey of the reciprocal effects between fertilizer and bio fertilizer from the yield components view and depend on using of bio fertilizer and %50phosphate chemical fertilizer treatment, seed yield was 2683 kg in 1000m2, that comparing with other level of fertilizer and irrigation treatment become significant. Reciprocal effects of bio fertilizer treatment and the level of using fertilizer for some characterizations such as weight 1000 seed, high of bush, number of branches in the bush, number of pod in the bush, seed number harvested index at yield components and present age of pertain were significant.

To determine virulence factors of Puccini recondite f. sp. trifici on wheat and their annual changes, trap nurseries were grown annually during a period between 1995 to 1999 in Sari, Kermanshah, Moghan, Zabol, Ahvaz, Shiraz and Ardebil, where leaf rust often occurs. Nurseries consisted of 28 near - isogenic lines, each containing a single Lr resistance gene. The nurseries were grown under natural infection and mist irrigation system, to provide suitable conditions for disease development. Susceptible check cultivar were included in the nurseries for even more development and distribution of leaf ruct on plants. At adult plant stage, infection types and disease severity on all entries were recorded at least for three times. Infection types O, R, MR and MS were considered as Avirulence and type S as Virulence for interpretation of presence or absence of virulence factors for resistance genes. According to the results, in 1995, there was virulence for genes Lr1, 2a, Ech, 2c, 2b, 3, 3Ka, bg, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18,21, 22b, B. In 1996 virulence appeared for Lr1, 2a,Ech, 2b, 3, 3bg, 3Ka, 9, 12, 13, 14b, 15, 16,17,18,21,22,23,24,30,34. In 1997 the disease appeared only on some cultivars in a few regions. In this year virulence observed only for Lr1, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3, 3Ka, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 30,34. In 1998 disease appeared only in few locations, and resistance gene Lr1, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3Ka, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15,21,30 were affected. In 1999 for Lr2b, B, 15 in Sari and for Lr1, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3, 3Ka, 9, 10, 14a, 16,24, 30 in Ahvaz virulence factors were observed.