فهرست مطالب a. zandvanian

In order to demonstrate the educational benefits of a retraining program on attribution a group of 200 high school girls was randomly selected and their math anxiety measured in order to select the top 40. The selected students were divided into two groups, one of which was put through a retraining program on attribution. In addition to math anxiety, both groups’ attributional styles were identified both before and after the intervention. Both measures were assumed to be of adequate validity and reliability. The data analyses show that the retraining program is effective in changing students’ attributions in both positive and negative situations, as well as in relationship to math anxiety (learning and evaluation). Thus it is suggested such retraining programs be utilized in schools.

An extracurricular activity is an activity, performed by students, that falls outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school.  It is demonstrated that involvement in these activities have a positive impact on the participant’s life. Extracurricular activities instill key skills and personality traits that can be helpful in other walks of life. The purpose of the present study was to identify the comprehensive structure of extracurricular activities for female junior high school students in Yazd (District 1) in 2017-18 school year. This study had a mixed methods design (content analysis in the qualitative part and descriptive survey type in the quantitative part). The statistical population was comprised of three groups, i.e., school principals (28 individuals), female students (7000 individuals), and mothers (7000 individuals). In the qualitative part, ten school principals were selected through purposive sampling method and then interviewed based on saturation principle. In the next step, 375 students and 355 mothers were selected by random cluster sampling method and completed two researcher-made questionnaires. The qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed via content analysis and Friedman's ANOVA, respectively. The triangulation of the results showed that the extracurricular activities priorities for school principals, students and their mothers were sports activities, arts and cultural activities, skill-based and vocational activities, autonomous activities at home, educational and academic activities, and religious activities, respectively. The findings of this research can be utilized for designing and implementing extracurricular activities at schools.