a.a. mohammadi

Numerous scientific texts insist on safe topical application of specific herbal products like those containing Boswellia oleogumresin, but adverse effects arising during clinical trials of herbal medicines give the opportunity to clarify the blind spots in the area of drug safety. A 36-year-old woman without allergic background had two burn wounds because of hot oil. Her hand's wound was diagnosed a superficial 2nd degree while the wound of her thigh was a deep 2nd degree. She was enrolled in a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Having been recruited in the Boswellia group, she received the formulation on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, and 11th day after her injury. The wound of her hand was completely healed on the 13th day without showing any adverse reactions, but she was suffering from irritation and pruritus on her thigh. In our experience, complete healing of the patient’s hand wound without any side effects proved safe usage of the product for superficial burns, but its application in deeper injuries like the one on her thigh demonstrated the higher probability of severe reactions.

Gamma-irradiation is used vastly for both decontamination and sterilization of natural products; but these high-energy rays can affect heat-sensitive essential oils.

The oleo-gum-resin of Boswellia carterii (Burseraceae) was sterilized by γ-irradiation at dose 30 KGy. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of non-irradiated Boswellia (NIB) and irradiated Boswellia (IB) were analyzed by GC/MS and the changes were compared. The structure of octyl acetate as the major component and marker of B. carterii was confirmed by MS/MS.

Twenty-five compounds comprising 99.55% of NIB oil and nineteen compounds comprising 98.61% of IB oil were identified. Major constituents which were common for both oils were octyl acetate (52.67 % in NIB, 76.51 % in IB), 1-octanol (6.37 % in NIB, 5.19 % in IB), duva-4, 8, 13-triene-1,3α diol (5.52 % in NIB, 3.94 % in IB), verticiol (13.63 % in NIB) and verticillane type diterpene (5.4 % in IB) they made up 78.19% and 91.04% of NIB and IB, respectively.

Gamma irradiation was an efficient method for sterilization of Boswellia carterii oleo-gum resin, but it resulted in change in the essential oil composition particularly octyl acetate changed from 52.67% to 76.51%.

Waste produced in dental clinics has been the topic of investigations for many years. These waste materials have important health impacts and are hazardous to humans and the environment.
To investigating solid waste production and its management in dental clinics in Gorgan, northern Iran.
In this cross-sectional study, 45 of 143 public dental practices and 5 of 25 private dental practices were selected and studied. From each clinic, 3 samples were taken and analyzed at the end of successive working days (Tuesday and Wednesday). Samples were manually sorted into 50 components. The measured components were then classified on the basis of their characteristics, hazard potentials, and WHO classification.
The total annual amount of dental waste produced in public and private dental practices in Gorgan was 12 015.1 and 3135.0 kg, respectively. Production percentages of infectious, domestic, chemical and pharmaceutical, and toxic waste in public dental practices were 38.4%, 33.7%, 6.6%, and 0.6%, respectively. The percentages for private practices were 8.7%, 10.6%, 1.1%, and 0.1%, respectively.
Dental waste management in Gorgan is inadequate; dental waste is not properly segregated, collected, and disposed, as demanded by the WHO. Employees in dentist offices must be trained in correct handling of waste products and the associated risks.

Natural water resource is limited and that is essential for human survival. In water resources groundwater for a variety of human activities is a valuable resource. The purpose of this study is investigating the chemical and physical quality of drinking water resource in Khaf villages and compared with Iran and EPAstandards. This study was conducted on drinking water resource in Khaf s villages in the second-half of 2009-2010. 60 sample of deep wells were collected from 30 villages and 14 parameters analyzed according to standard methods suggested by AWWA،2005. The results revealed that parameters of Sulfate، Chloride، Sodium، TDS، EC and Turbidity were respectively at 20، 10، 36، 20،23/3 and 10% which are higher than the standard limits. The fluoride concentration ranged from 0. 15 to 3. 9 ppm، where 33. 3%، 10% samples showed fluoride less and higher than permissible limit respectively. and 56. 6% water samples were within optimum limit i. e. 0. 5-1. 5 ppm. The NO3 - concentration was less than permissible limit (50 mg/l) in 93. 3% villages whereas 6. 6% samples showed higher concentration of NO3 -. This study indicated that most of the physicochemical parameters do not fall within the permissible limit. Therefore، currently the related government departments should focus on strengthening “the three wastes” treatment and sanitation management of drinking water and transmission.

Region 5 of Tehran is a very large and important zone due to population, size, geographical position and number of areas. This region is appropriate for performing separation of solid wastes plan. This study investigated economical and environmental potential of municipal solid wastes in region 5 of Tehran. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2011. Data were collected from interview with the manager of solid wastes recycle in this region and studying documents and library searching. Data were then analyzed by SPSS 16. Paper and cardboard recycled contain 32.1% of total solid wastes recycled per month (1361 tons). Also, recycled percentage of waste bread, plastics and pet, metals, glass, and textiles were 13.7%, 16. 5%, 6.2%, and 4.3% respectively. Recycled papers (16332 tons per year) cause to save 3266400000 Rials due to selling of paper, 2345490000 Rials due to prevention of tree-cutting and 8201547648, 9933840 and 928998000 Rials from decreasing of energy and water using and reduction of collection and transportation costs of solid wastes respectively. Considering these results, source separation and recycle plan of solid wastes in region 5 of Tehran is critical and can be resolve many economical and environmental problems.

Long-term exposure to high concentrations of fluoride is associated with several adverse effects on human including dental and skeletal fluorosis. We studied all the groundwater wells located in rural areas of Khaf city, Razavi Province, northeastern Iran between 2009 and 2010. Fluoride concentration of water samples was measured by SPADNS method. We found that in rural areas the fluoride concentration ranged from 0.11 to 3.59 ppm—the level was less than the permissible limit in 31% of studied samples, higher than the permissible limit in 4% of the samples, and within the optimum limit of 1 to 1.5 ppm in 65% of water samples.

In order to identify critical sediment sources in large catchments, using easilyavailable terrain information at regional scale, a methodology has developed to obtaina qualitative assessment necessary for environmental management. So it has been triedto study and used Fargas and etal, method in this research. This has been done in oneof the sub-basins of Hable Rood basin called Sangab with an area of 7684.71 hac inNE Iran, arid and semiarid climate of Iran. The main objective of this model is to usebasic terrain data related to the erosive processes that contribute to the production,transportation and accumulation of sediments through the main water paths in thewatershed. This model is based on the selection of homogeneous zones regardingdrainage density and lithology, achieved by joining the basic units by a rating system.The values of drainage density are rated according to an erosion class. The lithology israted by erosion indexes, adapted from FAO (1977). The combination andreclassification of the results brings about five qualitative classes of sediment riskaccording to Fargas and etal (1997). The privileges of this method is, it used only twomain factors of the erosion, that are lithology and drainage density, and this factors arein our geologic and topographic maps in Iran. The mapping scale was 1:50000 and themodel were implemented through a vector GIS (Arc GIS9.2). The tested methodologyhas been proved useful as an initial approach for erosion assessment and soilconservation planning at regional level and also to select priority areas where furtheranalyses can be developed and finally for environmental management.

Different natural and synthetic materials were used for temporary burn wound coverage; however, they are associated with disadvantages including high price which prohibit their widespread use, especially in developing countries. Among all, human amniotic membrane is the only easily available and cost free coverage. Its effects on burn wounds have been studied in this survey. One-hundred and twenty four patients with 20-50% second and third degree burns and without any other disease were randomly assigned into two groups. The first 61 patients (control group) underwent traditional method of dressing with silver sulfadiazine and gauze which were changed twice a day. The remaining 63 patients underwent dressing with human amniotic membrane (amnion group), being changed every 3-4 days. Patients in the control group had significantly lower albumin and needed more albumin infusion (231.80±234 gr. versus 111.51±143.82 gr.), received more blood transfusion (1.75± 2.52 bags versus 0.65± 1.18 bags), had significantly more intense pain and so received more narcotics than amnion group (7.97±12.85doses versus 3.84±7.56). Wound infection was higher in the control group (65.66% versus 46.91%) and so was the incidence of sepsis (24.62% versus 6.10%). There was 8.53% mortality in the control group versus 0% in the amnion group. All of the above-mentioned differences were statistically significant. Amniotic membrane dressing in deep and more extensive burns leads to better homeostatic, immunologic and local results and because of its low price, its use is strongly recommended.

Hydatid disease is the most common helminthic disease in human beings; however, spinal hydatid cyst accounts for 1% of all cases. We report a case of spinal hydatid disease that relapsed after surgery in a patient treated with Albendazol for 6 months, and also a combination therapy with albendazole and praziquantel without further surgical intervention.

Gully erosion is one of the most complicated and destructive kinds of watererosion. In order to prevent this erosion, the important factors of gully headadvancement must be recognized. For this case, this research has been done in one ofthe sub basins of Hable Rood drainage basin with name’s of Dehnamak in arid andsemiarid weather. Then, effective factors of gully head advancement of four models:Thompson, SCS(І), SCS(ІІ) and FAO, that are: gully head cut watershed area, claypercentage amounts, gully bottom slope percentage and other factors such as solublesalts percentage, silt percentage amounts and sand percentage amounts have beenminded. Meaning amount of each effective factor with gully head advancementamounts in stage of 95% in period of time 1956 to 2005 studied.Result of statistical studies shows, factors such as gully head cut watershed areawith correlation coefficient of 0.98, soluble salts percentage with correlationcoefficient of 0.97 and clay percentage amounts with correlation coefficient of 0.96,intermittently have a most meaning in stage of 0.95. After this, model with usingeffective factors, above mentioned, and SPSS software and two methods, Enter andBackward formed. Then, potential of gully head advancement in following years in theway of comparison estimated amounts by models and measure amounts by aerialphotos studied. Finally with regards to minute difference of 0.001% between twomethods Enter and Backward, Backward method proposed.

The aim of this sutdy is to prepare Histocompatability Y(HY) antibody in female mouse at the first phase (current study), and to separate mouse embryos with regard to their sex, to be able to obtain offsprings of disired sex, by means of HY antibody, at the second phase. Totally 421 BALB/C inbred mice were used. Antibodies were produced in females by intraperitonial injections of spleen and testis cells of neonatal male mice. The sera of females were tested by five different immunological techniques, as follows: Double gel diffusion, Counter Immunoelectrophoresis, Plain electrophoresis, Immunofluorescence and Cytotoxicity test. The first two techniques showed no positive results, but the remaining three methods proved the existence of HY antibody in sera. In electrophoresis, an increase in gamma-globulin and total globulins index, over albumin, was detected in injected mice sera. In immunofluorescence assay HY antigen was revealed on the surface of the mouse testis and spleen cells. Cytotoxicity test has been the most suitable method for detecting HY antibody. Also, the possibility to differentiate X-bearing and Y-bearing embryos could be used in prevention of X-linked diseases as well as in population control.