a.r. khoshdel

 The pilot has a continuous flow of various activities that require navigation, attention, and navigation working memory. Fighter pilots are more vulnerable to cognitive impairment due to positive gravitational acceleration. This point indicates the importance of their cognitive assessments.

 This study aimed to evaluate visual-spatial cognitive function and attention in the pilots of the Airforce of the Islamic Republic of Iran and compare these factors between fighter pilots and other aviation personnel.

 An analytic observational cross-sectional study was performed on 49 fighter pilots (group 1) and other aviation personnel (group 2). A list of demographic variables and flight histories was recorded. Then Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised, Rey– Osterrieth complex figure test, Forward and Backward Digit Span (FDS and BDS), and Brief Visual-spatial Memory Test-Revised were token. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 (P <0.05).

 Both groups were homogeneous regarding age, sex, education, military-grade, flight history, and complaints of cognitive symptoms. The scores of the tests were not statistically significant between the two groups. More than 10 years of flight history and equal or less than 10 years of flight history were respectively related to higher and lower scores in BDS and “recalling words”. The scores of FDS were higher in those with equal or less than 400 hours of flight history. The scores of “delayed recalling” were higher in people with more than 400 hours of flight history and those with more than 40 hours of flight history in the last 6 months.
Discussion and

 There was no difference in visual-spatial function and attention between fighter pilots and other aviation personnel, but flight history was related to the scores of some cognitive subtests.

Type 1 diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is a disease associated with metabolism. The most common form of type 1 diabetes is its autoimmune type. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a member of the serine protease inhibitors family and its role is to protect tissue degradation by protease. Hence, its defect or deficiency significantly increases the risk of various diseases. This study aimed to compare the activity of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein in patients with type 1 diabetes with healthy individuals.

This descriptive study carried out on 42 patients with type 1 diabetes between the ages of 18-28 years old who referred to the Diabetes Clinic in the city of Rafsanjan in 2015. Healthy people were chosen among native male and female students aged from 18 to 28 years of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences who were matched for age and sex with the patients. AAT activity by trypsin inhibitory capacity (TIC) was studied. For statistical analysis the chi-square test, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used.

The amount of TIC in the patients with type 1 diabetes was 2.35 ±0.40 (μmol/min/ml) which was significantly lower than the amount in the healthy individuals that was 3.36 ±0.36 (μmol/min/ml) (P-value

The results of this study revealed that AAT activity in the patients with type 1 diabetes was lower than the healthy individuals. Therefore, it can be stated that AAT can be introduced as a potential target for treatment of type 1 diabetes.

Hyperlipidemia is one of the factors contributing to cardiovascular disease (CVD). One way of reducing the complications of this disease is the use of medicinal plants. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Pistacia atlantica powder consumption on lipids and other biochemical factors in hyperlipidemic individuals.
This double blind clinical trial was conducted on 60 hyperlipidemic volunteers with blood triglycerides more than 200 mg/dl and cholesterol level over 245 mg/dl. The individuals were randomly divided into two groups, consuming 2.5 (30) and 5 gr (other 30) pistachio powder daily. Before using pistacia powder, fasting blood samples were collected from both groups then, they used pistacia atlantica for two months every day and at the end of study, fasting blood samples were collected again. Blood factors including: triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C were measured. The results were analyzed using SPSS software and p Blood triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL-C decreased significantly but the level of HDL-C increased significantly in both groups. There was no significant difference between the two groups based on the other factors.
According to the results of the present study, pistacia powder consumption can decrease triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL and increase HDL levels, therefore the pistacia atlantica can be useful for individuals with mild hyperlipidemia.

Each year، 10 million people are faced with cancer and about 6 million of them die throughout the world. This study aimed at investigating the geographical distribution of cancer and its environmental risk factors in Iran.

The present study was mapping the available data collected from the reports of Iranian Center for Disease Control (Cancer Bureau) regarding the frequency of 10 common cancers (stomach، esophageal، colorectal، bladder، lung، CNS، lymphoma، prostate، ovarian، and breast) as their age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) for each province in between 2005 and 2006 using ArcGIS 9. 3. The published information about environmental risk factors was also gathered based on reviewing available public sources of digital databases including Scopus، Pubmed and Persian sources of IranMedex، Iran DOC، SID، and magiran، as well as through hand searching of books and manuals using keywords.

Geographically، the incidence of certain cancers varied in different regions of Iran. Between 2005 and 2006، the estimated ASR of cancers was 102. 4 and 117. 3 per 100،000 among females and males، respectively. The ASR of cancer was higher in the north than in the south of Iran. This difference is possibly due to the methods of registry and difference in the site. Lifestyle، infectious agents، environmental exposures، and constitutional factors are risk factors that have been attributed to certain types of cancer.

Development، establishment، and implementation of Comprehensive National Cancer Control Program should be the first priority for health policy-makers. Given its nationwide distribution، Iranian Army can provide substantial assistance in collection and analysis of data on cancer in case of access to a record and control system of cancer.

Decisions in health promotion are multidimensional. It means that there are multi criteria situations in decision-making for health promotion. Regarding the importance of designing ast selecting appropriate alternatives, some Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods for health promotion have been introduced ast explained in this article. Articles published in some reliable data bases such as Web of Sciences, Medline, Ebsco, Science Direct, Google scholar as well as some Persian articles ast dissertations specially in health education ast health promotion fields were reviewed. Reviewing health education ast health promotions articles ast dissertations published in Iran isticated that some decision-making techniques such as Delfi method, Brain Storming ast Nominal Groups ast some other approaches have been applied, but methods with mathematical, theoretical, ast reliable predictive power backgrousts have been ignored. Applying Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods that typically consider different factors simultaneously with economic assessment are necessary for health education ast health promotion interventions.

Resistance training is one of the most essential components of exercise programs. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of blood flow restricted resistance (BFR) training on serum levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). A total of 30 healthy young men (aged 19-24 yrs) were volunteered for this study. Subjects were randomly assigned into three groups: a low intensity blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFR) group (20% of 1-RM, 3 sets 15 reps), a traditional high intensity resistance exercise without blood flow restriction (HI) group (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 80% of 1-RM) and a control group. Both BFR and HI groups trained 3 days per week for 3 weeks for knee extension and squat exercises. Fasting growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 levels were measured in the morning pre-and post- exercise sessions. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA in the level of p< 0.05. GH and IGF-1 significantly increased in post exercise in BFR group compared to baseline (P<0.05). GH significantly increased in post exercise in HI group compared to baseline (P<0.05). After 3 weeks, serum GH and IGF-1 levels increased significantly in BFR group compared to HI and control groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, short term BFR exercise stimulated increases in anabolic hormones in young men.

The cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of present study was to determine prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome among military parachutists in Iran. In a cross-sectional study on 96 military parachutists، arterial blood pressure، weight، height، body mass index، waist circumference، hip circumference، fasting blood glucose، and lipid profile were assessed and then the rate of metabolic syndrome was evaluated. Mean age was 37. 4 years. Totally، 24 (25%) parachutists fulfilled the criteria of hypertension، while 36 (37. 5%) exhibited blood pressure in the range of pre-hypertension. Five (5. 2%) cases suffered from diabetes mellitus and 4 (4. 2%) were pre-diabetics. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia was seen in 23 (24%) and 46 (47%) participants، respectively. The rate of metabolic syndrome based on ATP III and IDF criteria was 5. 2% (5 cases) and 13. 5% (13 cases)، respectively. Although war-related stressors and high intensity physical activities are associated with both acute cardiac events and cardiac risk factors، our data is in favor of lower frequency of cardiovascular risk factors among military parachutists. However، routine monitoring of military parachutists is necessary to find the cardiovascular risk factors.

The initial treatment of patients with gun shot trauma، before reaching proper care، can be effective in patient’s morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trauma system in the pre-hospital approaches for patients with bullet trauma. In this study، the bullet trauma patients presenting in four major hospitals in Mashhad between 2010 and 2011 were studied. A total of 66 patients admitted to our hospitals (51 with directly admission and 15 were referred from other centers). The most common anatomic site of injury was extremities (60. 6%) and the highest mortality rate was seen in patients with more than one site injury (e. g. chest and abdomen). The length of stay in hospital had no significant difference in these groups (P = 0. 188). Also، the length of stay in hospital was similar between patients who were transferred with ambulance and others who were transferred with other vehicles (P = 0. 553). Similarity in the length of stay in hospital between emergency ambulance and other vehicles transmitted patients reflects the need for more strengthening the manpower and equipments in the health care in emergency services.