فهرست مطالب abbas ghafari

The image of a city comprises the beliefs, perceptions, and imaginations that citizens hold about their city. These mental images provide a framework for urban planners to propose better futures for the city. In traditional urban planning approaches, this images were typically studied through interviews and cognitive mapping – time consuming, costly methods limited to small samples of citizens. However, today, social media and other digital technologies have provided new opportunities to study urban mental imagery. This research, seizing this opportunity, aims to explore the potential of social media visual data to study image of the city. To do so, a three-phase content analysis categorized 4,919 Instagram image data from the historical fabric of Tabriz. Kernel density estimation then mapped the data. Results demonstrate that images shared on social media can not only represent the perceived cognitive maps, but also provide more comprehensive analysis compared to classical methods. In addition to the physical dimensions of space, these data have the ability to represent non-physical dimensions such as environmental preferences, identity elements, activities, behaviors, cultural events, and beliefs of the society. They also enable remote measurement of mental images of the city at any scale, with minimal time and cost. Thus, social media-based urban images can be a valuable complement to classical methods of analyzing the mental image of cities. The analytical framework developed from this study can be used to evaluate and develop the classical theory of the mage of the city in the digital age.

Considering the importance of sound comfort and speech intelligibility in determining the acoustical quality of a space, especially functional spaces, the important indexes of these two factors should be considered. In this research, acoustics in metro stations have been studied, which are functional in crowded and busy spaces, and structurally and physically have disproportionate geometry (long length) and materials with low sound absorption coefficient, thus, a noisy environment with sound disorders. Relatively high noise, which in addition to the background noise (noise of equipment and ventilation systems, etc.), in the effect of other sound sources (trains, brakes, engines, People talking, etc.), noise in metro stations is one of the most annoying issues that can cause discomfort and physical damage in the long run. Excessive sounds and repeated reflections disrupt the hearing of the audience's safety messages and verbal communication and cause fatigue, confusion, decentralization, and illegibility of the environment.

This research is quantitative because it has quantitative data that has been obtained from field measurements and simulations. simulation in this research is a method for describing acoustical behavior in metro stations. Simulations have been performed to investigate and compare acoustic variables with international standards to devise solutions for auditory satisfaction in metro stations. The case studies were selected from Tehran, Tabriz, and Isfahan and classified into two types and three different volumes. Then, by entering the three-dimensional case studies in ODEON software and determining the surface material, sound source, and background noise based on the data obtained from field measurements, specifying the receiver points and settings related to the impulse response length, simulation is performed and effective acoustic variables are extracted. Variables such as SPL, RT, EDT, STI, ALCons, C, and D concerning the subjects of noise in the environment and speech intelligibility are essential.

The results of simulations show that the maximum sound pressure level in all stations is higher than 85 dB(A) and the maximum reverberation time is more than 2s, which is far from international standards. These effects sound comfort as well as speech understanding, which is the most important factor in creating safety and performance of the space and is directly related to the user`s auditory satisfaction. Quantitative measurement and assessment of acoustic variables were also proof of this claim.

It can be concluded that the type of platform, volume, proportions, and different materials used in the stations are the reason for the heterogeneity of acoustical behavior among stations and the effect of environmental elements, especially space architecture on acoustical conditions and audio dissatisfaction is undeniable.
It is also suggested to study the sound absorption capacity at different frequencies to optimize the acoustic conditions for providing auditory satisfaction to increase the absorption capacities at low frequencies and frequencies of human speech and auditory range by creating cutouts, corners, and cavity-like functional spaces.

What is neglected by designers and even users in today's housing, especially apartment housing in Iranian cities, are various aspects of physical comfort, including sound comfort. Noise is defined as unwanted noise, in other words, extra noise is an annoyance in the living and working environment. This ambient noise should be controlled as much as possible and reduced to an acceptable level because high noise levels being annoying and annoying also has countless harmful effects.

For this purpose, the present article, with emphasis on the field method, tries to investigate the pathology of spatial arrangement and its effect on the category of acoustic comfort. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The tools and methods used in this research have been both library and field research. The field studies section was carried out by the 2260 device manufactured by the Danish company B&K, which also used the booklets published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For this purpose, 9 case samples from different areas of Tabriz have been selected as case studies. Selection criteria were selected according to the appropriate distribution of case studies in the urban context. It should also be noted that in the city of Tabriz in the northern areas and overlooking the Pasdaran Highway due to the worn texture and the emergence of marginalization, apartment units are rarely seen. In each case, point’s related to spatial arrangement and zoning were classified into separate categories.

Findings show that according to the background sound diagrams, the average background sound status taken from the bedrooms is better than the average background sound level in the living room and dining room. It is considered that this issue indicates the correctness of space deployments relative to each other in the face of external nuisance noise.

The outputs from the graphs of the average sound pressure level in the first category (location of the service area next to the bedrooms) are in a completely chaotic state compared to the second category, where the toilets and kitchens are farther away from the bedrooms. The conclusion section is discussed in detail. The reason for this is that the disturbing noise produced in the field of services is not only during the day but also around the clock and is of the type of excretion that the residents do not expect or accept such noise at all. Also in terms of annoyance index, it can be said that the noise from the toilets and kitchens, because it is also connected to the riser or utility pipes and is transmitted through them, has been significantly affected in other neighborhood units. And it disturbs the sound comfort of the residents at night when the background noise is generally low.

In the traditional period, the human-nature relationship was balanced. Despite an increase in human knowledge and awareness about nature after the renaissance, the balance between the human-nature relationship was disrupted, leading to significant adverse effects on human life and the earthchr('39')s life. In the current paper, a holistic perspective on the human-nature relationship was provided to create a proper interaction between the human and nature. The current studychr('39')s questions are: how the traditional holistic view and modern partial view have formed the relationship between man and nature in various historical eras? How could we establish a holistic perspective of the sciences taken form regarding the relationship between man and nature in contemporary architecture? The current research compared the holistic view of the classic era and partial view of the modern era on the human-nature relationship to provide a holistic model on the human-nature relationship in the contemporary era by understanding the effectiveness of the influential factors.

The influential factors on the human-nature relationship in the architecture were obtained by content analysis of the texts and were coded. Among the key factors that orient the relationship between man and nature in architecture, These were the four main variables: "ontology", "human knowledge of nature", "human attitude towards nature", "human needs about nature" and two sub-variables: "teaching role of nature" and "tools and technologies Exploitation of nature ", the way that these factors influence the relationship between man and nature in architecture was explained based on a holistic perspective. The validity degree of the codes was obtained by presenting a questionnaire to the experts and using the CVR method. Cognitive mapping was also used to explain the effectiveness of the obtained codes in the human-nature relationship.

By mapping the causal relationships between the influential factors on the human-nature relationship in the architecture in both traditional and modern eras, it was concluded that the holistic view in the pre-modern era in the human-nature relationship, and consequently, the balance between the materialistic and value approaches towards nature, led to forming a balanced relationship between the human and nature. Furthermore, the partial and quantitative approach and its impact on increasing human knowledge about nature and developing a materialistic perspective about nature in the modern era were influential in damaging the nature and separation of the human-nature relationship in architecture.

In the second part of the research, using the obtained codes in the theoretical section of the study and the results of the cognitive graphs in the traditional and modern eras, a holistic model in the human-nature relationship was mapped for the contemporary era

Islam is a man-oriented religion and it reveals the maxim with various tools. Islam’s noetic approach towards man so that relies on man’s knowledge of Allah, the almighty. Basically, man’s intellect conducts him to be Caliph of Allah, thus he is an inestimable creature from this viewpoint. On one hand naturally he needs to worship Allah as a natural and initialized demand; ipso facto he needs to know Him better via recourse to religious texts. But on the other hand his cognition is limited, he cannot fully understand Allah the eternal, thus he needs a tool for knowing Allah based on his limited knowledge. According to Islam, self-cognition leads man toward Allah’s cognition; he should firstly know himself and then he know Him better. Firstly, all men require a tool for self -cognition but the second one that is named theology is a natural gift bestowed by Allah. Intellection facilitates cognition but how a lightminded stupid man can know Allah.
It seems that architecture is the most tangible rational tool for theology as a constructive skeletal parameter that helps us to reflect more. This paper introduces the architecture industry as a tool for reflection and better cognition of Allah; intellect is an interface between architecture, self-cognition, and theology. Therefore, architecture is naturally for cognition of religion, and this paper reveals more prominent role of mosque architecture. The paper relies on theoretical bases of the documentary-descriptive approach by emphasizing on the Islamic wisdom and by classifying the mosques of Metropolis city named Tabriz as historical and contemporary mosques. Indeed, architectural parameters and the mosques skeleton are viewed as independent variables but intellection and reflection as dependent variables. Both fieldwork and man are tools used in examinations and testing; obtained results are based on questionnaire, audiences’ perspectives, and researcher’s fieldwork evaluation of samples . we studied Masjid Jameh , Seghat-al-Islam, Masjid Kalkatechi , Masjid Ghizli, and Majid Master-Pupil among historical ones but Masjid Angaji, Masjid Amiralmomenin, Masjid Shakelli, Masjid Motahari, & Masjid Molla Reza among the contemporary mosques in Tabriz by selecting the samples randomly. Statistical society are daily users of the research samples, and Likert evaluation tools were applied for replications of randomly selected samples. We implemented quantitative testing but inductive evaluation. Research questions are as follows: 1) How may mosque -architecture be utilized in the sense of intellection and to reasoning? 2) How much is mosque architecture reasoning-based and man-oriented?
Then there are some hypotheses for answering the questions:1) Architecture of mosque is manifestation of implicate science, knowledge to knowledge and it is a suitable tool for intellection.
2) In contrast to the historical mosques, it seems that the contemporary mosques of Tabriz. The metropolis have more effective replications in the field of intellection. we replied the research questions for hypotheses analysis while analysis of users’ comments prove the accuracy of the first hypothesis. Both fieldworks and software analysis of users’ comments are indications of architecture capacity for reasoning facilitation. Based on the samples that cover well needed spaces for intellection, reflection is part of presence in mosque; users’ comments support the idea that religious knowledge is a helpful intellection. Thus. It can be said that mosque and its appropriate architecture facilitate self-cognition and theology where multiplex science and knowledge to knowledge are emanated. The obtained results on the second hypothesis show that according to the findings of religious observations and users’ behaviors, also based on software analysis of their comments , traditional or historical architectural samples facilitate more successful personal intellection and reasoning. In contrast, generally, architecture of the contemporary mosques seems to be a unique and collective space for intellection even with more desirable performance. But more acceptable that is highlighted is simultaneous processing and resplendence of the third domains of mosque architecture; but final analysis of the research evaluation based on Pearson coefficient, it supports maximum effect of personal intellection and reasoning on its totality. As mentioned before, resultant research findings illustrate more desirable the historical samples for reasoning and intellection based results, then their architectural factors are utilized for better and more acceptable designing procedure of the contemporary mosques.