فهرست مطالب abbas norouzi

Due to its specific location, the Persian Gulf has been at the center of attention throughout Iran’s history. Apart from commercial ships that passed through this strategic waterway, the Persian Gulf turned into a major point for the emergence and export of various thoughts and religions from one place to another in the region and beyond. In addition to historical texts, burial practices and rites seem important enough to evaluate and assess religious tendencies of the people who lived in this area. Among these rituals, those belonging to Zoroastrians on the edge of the Persian Gulf are of immense importance, which include some known samples found in Khark Island, Siraf Port, and Bushehr’s Shoghab. Man-made caves located on the Persian Gulf shores near the Parsian (=Gavbandi) next to cultural remnants of Islamic periods called “Javad Al-Aemeh Fishing Port” near the Bostanu Village help us know this kind of architecture. It seems that Bostanu caves served as rock-cut tombs and were included in the burial tradition of the Sassanian period that was also used in the Islamic period. Also, the location of Bostanu can be matched with the ancient Apsaneh and take its history back to the era of Alexander of Macedonia.

Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) test is performed by Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute (SPCRI) or its legal representative according to articles 17-24 of second part of the executive regulations of the law on Registration of Plant Varieties. In this regard, in order to value for cultivation and use test of two imported chickpea cultivars (Araz and Goksu), an experiment is conducted based on complete randomized block design in three replications and four locations (Oshnavieh, Moghan, Saral and Kamyaran) during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. Results show that the amount of chickpea seed yield in Oshnavieh location (temperate cold rejoin) is significantly higher than other studied locations (3365.5 kg.ha-1). Due to the significant interaction of cultivar × location on seed yield, different cultivars have had the highest yield in different locations. The highest 100 seed weight has belonged to Araz (39.11 gr), Goksu (37.04 gr), and Saeed (36.22 gr) cultivars. Goksu has had the highest height of first pod (21.59 cm), followed by Hashem (20.13 cm), Araz (19.43 cm), Saeed (19.02 cm) and Mansour (18.08 cm). Goksu, Mansour and Saeed cultivars has had longest physiological maturity period. The physiological maturity period in Araz and Areman cultivars is significantly shorter than other studied cultivars. Araz and Goksu cultivars are considered two suitable chickpea germplasm for cultivation in Iran due to their appropriate yield, higher 100 seed weight and higher first pod height.

This study aimed to conduct a path analysis of the relationship between environmental awareness, -seeking behavior, and the attitude undertaken by the survey method. The target population consisted of M.Sc. and PhD students of two colleges at Tehran university, including the agriculture and natural resources college and environmental science college in 2017-2018 (N=1342). Using the Cochran formula, the sample size was determined as 150 people, and stratified proportional methods were applied as a sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire whose content validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient approved its reliability. The results showed that students had moderate attitudes toward the environment. It was also found that the perspectives of participants were not significantly different regarding gender, place of living, and educational level, but in terms of the college of education, the students of environment college significantly had a more favorable attitude toward the environment. The result of the correlation analysis indicated that attitude toward the environment had a significant relationship with information-seeking behavior and students' environmental awareness. The finding of path analysis showed that two variables of information-seeking behavior and ecological awareness explained 82 percent of attitudes toward the environment. So, increasing people's knowledge and awareness is essential for changing their behavior and participation in environmental protection. Besides, students' most important information resource about the environment was the Internet.

Today, in the 21st century due to the enormous amount of information, people are directed to the management of information, communications technology into the organization, training management functions can be changed. The change in the effective manner in the field of information technology and communications capabilities and activities to identify and then provide the context of these activities. The subsequent educational management familiar with the new conditions necessary to find the exploitation of the capabilities that information and communications technology can create, promoting educational managers. In this paper has been trying to start a brief history of both of communications and information technology and management and education, and then the impact of the consequences of the information and communications technology to promote education management to explain. It further conditions and opportunities that the application of information and communication technology management provides training, reviewed. Research Methodology present descriptive analysis - research materials include: (books, papers, the end of the letters) associated with the issue.

Chlorpheniramine, a first-generation antihistamine, is widely used for allergic reactions. Previous studies showed the interaction between antidepressant activity and nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO/cGMP) pathway. Thus, we aimed to assess the possible involvement of NO/cGMP pathway in this effect using forced swim test (FST) in male mice. To evaluate the locomotor activity and immobility time, we performed open field test (OFT) and FST on each mouse. Chlorpheniramine was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) (0.1, 0.3, 1, 10 mg/kg) 30 minutes before FST. To assess the involvement of NO/cGMP pathway, a non-selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME (10mg/kg, i.p.), a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor, aminoguanidine (50 mg/kg, i.p.), a selective neural NOS (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, 30 mg/kg, i.p.), a NO precursor, L-arginine (750 mg/kg, i.p.) and a selective phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor, sildenafil (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was co-administered with chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine significantly decreased the immobility time at doses of 1mg/kg (P<0.01) and 10 mg/kg (P<0.001). Administration of L-NAME (P<0.01) and 7-NI enhanced the anti-immobility activity of chlorpheniramine (P<0.001), while aminoguanidine did not have any significant effects on the immobility time (P>0.05). Moreover, pretreatment with L-arginine (P<0.01) and sildenafil (P<0.001) significantly reduced the anti-immobility effect of chlorpheniramine. These treatments did not alter the locomotor activity of mice in OFT. Our results revealed that the antidepressant-like effect of chlorpheniramine is mediated through inhibition of NO/cGMP pathway.

The purpose of this study was to develop a systematic model for assessing students’ intention towards organic food purchase through the application of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). In addition to the original components of the TPB, this study has explored constructs such as moral attitude, health consciousness and environmental concerns on students’ consumption behavior. In this research, information was collected from 420 agricultural students adopting the convenience sampling method. A research instrument was a questionnaire which its content validity was confirmed by a panel of experts at the University of Tehran and Tarbiat Modarres University. Also, its reliability, using related coefficients, met satisfied threshold value. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling to determine the causal relationship between research components. The results showed that the developed TPB explains the willingness to purchase organic food among students (R2=0.629). Among the structures of the developed model, two added constructs including moral attitude and health consciousness have a direct and significant effect on the willingness to purchase organic food. Also, environmental concerns with affecting the moderating variable indirectly affect the student's willingness to purchase. Therefore, the present study, by adding new constructs and structures in the TPB, has improved the predictive power of the proposed framework in determining the students' intention for organic food purchase behavior.

The present study seeks to investigate the factors influencing the development of entrepreneurship skills among students of science-applied education centers of Fars, Khorasan Razavi and Alborz provinces. The present study is an applied research in terms of the purpose, a causal-relational research in terms of the approach, and a survey study in terms of the method. A researcher-made questionnaire is the main tool of the research which validity was assessed by the expert's point of view, and its reliability was evaluated by the Composite Reliability (CR).The statistical population of the study included the last semester students of scientific-applied education center of the Agriculture Jihad in Khorasan Razavi, Fars and Alborz provinces (670 students).  .The sample size (245 students) was determined using Krejcie and Morgan tables. According to the results of the research, more than 60% of the subjects assessed their entrepreneurial skills at weak and moderate levels. It was also found that three types of educational, economic and psychological factors can explain 61% of variance changes in the development of students' entrepreneurship skills.

Regarding the importance of employment in the rural areas, as one of the most important policies in agricultural higher education programs, nevertheless a significant proportion of graduated does not involve in rural activity. So this study was aimed to investigate the attitudes of agricultural students towards occupation in rural areas. The study was a correlation- descriptive survey and target population consisted of agricultural students of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in the 2016-2017 educational year (N=1192). Sample size determined using Cochran formula as 170 people and stratified random sampling method was used as a sampling method. The main research instrument was questionnaire which its validity confirmed by the panel of expert and reliability approved by AVE with the value of 0.40 to 0.48 and CR coefficient with a value of 0.77 to 0.88. The results indicated that almost 55% of respondents had the positive and relatively positive attitude towards occupation in rural areas. Also based on comparative analysis significant differences were found regarding gender and living place in term of attitude as boys and rural students had more favorite attitudes towards occupation in rural areas. Based on correlational analysis there were a significant statistical relationship between families’ income, years of living in rural areas and students’ interest with attitude. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) also showed that three factors of "entrepreneurial individual characteristics", "social and economic factors", and "government supportive policies" explained about 86 percent of variance in dependent variable of attitudes toward occupation in rural areas.

The aim of this paper is to compare the performance of the Agriculture Committee of the National Assembly in the 19th and 21st terms. The aforementioned terms have been selected because the land reform, as the most important scheme of Shah's White Revolution, took place during the interval between these two terms. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of the Agriculture Commissions in the pre- and post- land reform periods. The three criteria selected to achieve the objective of this study are: Question of commission members and other cabinet members from the Ministry of Agriculture about the agricultural sector; pre- and post-commission speeches of members focusing on the problems of the agricultural sector; and comments by members of the commission on plans and bills relevant to the agricultural sector. The research method is historical, and the data collection method is documentary and based on the detailed debates of the 19th and 21st terms of the National Assembly. The results of the study showed that, from the point of view of questions posed to the Ministry of Agriculture, the Agriculture Commission of the 19th term was more prominently active with 25 questions versus no questions posed by the 21st Commission. On the other extreme, from the perspective of commenting on plans and bills relevant to the agricultural sector, the Agriculture Committee of the 21st term can be assessed as being more successful. In view of addressing the problems of agricultural sector in the delivered speeches, the performance of both commissions can be considered equal.

Studies have demonstrated the effect of different dietary fats on blood pressure (BP) in general population. However, these associations have not yet been described in people with spinal cord injury (SCI).
Referred patients to Brain and SCI Research Center between 2011 and 2014 have been invited to participate. Only paraplegic individuals were recruited and patients with injury at cervical or higher thoracic sections were excluded to omit the bias effect of autonomic dysreflexia. Dietary intakes were assessed by recording consumed foods by 24-hour dietary recall interviews using Nutritionist IV 3.5.3 modified for Iranian foods. Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured 3 times and the mean values entered analysis.
Higher intakes of cholesterol were related to higher BP (P = 0.010 and 0.011 for SBP and DBP, respectively). Similarly, intake of saturated fat was positively correlated to both SBP (P = 0.016, r = 0.21) and DBP (P = 0.011, r = 0.22). The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on BP was insignificant (P = 0.760 and 0.720 for SBP and DBP, respectively). However, intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was related to lower BP among people with SCI.
This study has demonstrated that higher intakes of cholesterol and saturated fat are associated with increased BP, whereas DHA is an antihypertensive agent. Dietary modifications with reduction of cholesterol and saturated fat along with intake of additional DHA supplements may help to reduce BP in spinal cord injured-individuals with hypertension.

The aim of this research is to study factors affecting teachers’ job satisfaction in agricultural applied scientific centers in Tehran and Alborz provinces. Research population included all the teachers in the mentioned centers (N=156), 72 of them were selected by stratified random sampling method. The main tool for data collection was a questionnaire whose content validity and reliability are confirmed. After conducting factor analysis, four influencing factors on job satisfaction were identified: salary, educational equipment, the interactions between the management and teachers, and participation in educational affairs. The dependent variable was measured by 35 questions. The results indicated that job satisfaction in the majority of research sample is about moderate and there is a positive and significant correlation between the three factors (salary, interactions between the management with teachers, and the educational equipment) and job satisfaction. Also, the increase in the communications between the managers of the mentioned centers and teachers and the fulfillment of teachers’ financial needs are some of the recommendations of the present study.

In this study, our aim was to produce a generation of GMP-grade adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells for clinical applications. According to our results, we fulfill to establish consistent and also reproducible current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) compliant adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells from five female donors. The isolated cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and characterized by standard methods. Moreover, karyotyping was performed to evaluate chromosomal stability. Mean of donors’ age was 47.6 ± 8.29 year, mean of cell viability was 95.6 ± 1.51%, and cell count was between 9×106 and 14×106 per microliter with the mean of 12.2×106 ± 2863564.21 per microliter. The main aim of this project was demonstrating the feasibility of cGMP-compliant and clinical grade adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells preparation and banking for clinical cell transplantation trials.

Health-related quality-of-life (HR-QoL) may be affected by various factors including injury-related characteristics among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the impact of the influence of these variables has not yet been fully described in Iranian population. Here, we assessed the relationships between injury-related characteristics and HR-QoL among Iranian people with SCI. HR-QoL was assessed using short-form health survey (SF-36). Referred patients to Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center between 2010 and 2012 were invited to participate in this investigation. Injury-related characteristics including injury level and completeness, time since injury, plegia type, and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale were evaluated. Total of 104 patients (85 men and 19 women) entered the study. The majority of patients had a complete injury (77.9%). The most frequent ASIA score was A (75%), and the most common level of injury was at thoracic sections (61.5%). Lower injury levels were associated with higher scores in physical component summary (P = 0.040), mental component summary (P = 0.010) and subsequently total score (P = 0.006). Mean age and time since injury were 52.58 ± 12.69 and 10.88 ± 16.68 years, respectively, and were not related with HR-QoL (P = 0.950 and 0.220, respectively). There was no difference in HR-QoL between patients with tetraplegia vs. paraplegia and participants with complete vs. incomplete injury. lower injury level is a significant predictor of better QoL among individuals with SCI whereas other injury-related characteristics including completeness, time since injury and plegia type may not influence HR-QoL.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, neuro-inflammatory disease of central nervous system affecting physical, emotional, and cognitive aspects of patients. Association of vitamin D deficiency and MS has been shown in previous studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum vitamin D level in MS cases and their sex-matched healthy siblings (who are genetically near similar) and non-relative sex-matched healthy controls. A total of 135 subjects enrolled in this case-control study. Group one (n = 45) consisted of patients with established MS. Group two (n = 45) included sex-matched healthy siblings of the group one and group three participants (n = 45) were non-relative sex-matched healthy controls. Demographic data (age, sex), level of education, daily sun exposure duration, and month of birth gathered for all. Serum sample of all participants was collected for 25-hydroxy vitamin D measurement. There was no significant difference between vitamin D level, sun exposure duration, education level, and season of birth in three evaluated groups. Mean vitamin D level was 8.2 ± 10.1 (nmol/l) in women and 13.3 ± 7 (nmol/l) in men (P = 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between daily sun exposure duration and vitamin D level in whole participants (r = 0.28, P < 0.001) as well as in MS patients (r = 0.32, P = 0.030). Mean vitamin D level was significantly lower in participants who have born in spring and summer. Vitamin D deficiency is high among Iranian population as well as MS patients.

Methylprednisolone (MP) has been widely used as a standard therapeutic agent for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). Because of its controversial useful effects, the combination of MP and other pharmacological agents to enhance neuroprotective effects is desirable. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been shown to have neuroprotective and antihyperalgesic effects. In the present study, we sought to determine the effect of combining MP and MgSO4, on neuropathic pain and functional recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI) in male rats. A total of 48 adult male rats (weight 300–350 g) were used. After laminectomy, complete SCI was achieved by compression of the spinal cord for one minute with aneurysm clips. Single doses of Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), (600 mg/kg), Methylprednisolone (MP), (30 mg/kg) or combining MgSO4 and MP were injected intraperitoneally. Prior to surgery and during four weeks of study Tail flick latency (TFL) and BBB (Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan) score and the acetone drop test were evaluated. In mean values of BBB score, a significant difference was observed in SCI+veh compared with other groups (P<0.05). Mean TFL also was significantly higher in SCI+veh compared with other groups (P<0.05). Mean acetone drop test score and weight were significantly different in MgSO4, MP and combining MgSO4 and MP treated groups compared with SCI+veh group (P<0.05). These findings revealed that MP, MgSO4 and combining MgSO4 and MP treatment can attenuate neuropathic pains following SCI in rats include: thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia. They also can yield better improvement in motor function and decrease weight loss after SCI in rats compared with the control group.

Nowadays, scientific c findings in the field of regeneration of nervous system have revealed the possibility of stem cell based therapies for damaged brain tissue related disorders like stroke. Furthermore, to achieve desirable outcomes from cellular therapies, one needs to monitor the migration, engraftment, viability, and also functional fate of transplanted stem cells. Magnetic resonance imaging is an extremely versatile technique for this purpose, which has been broadly used to study stroke and assessment of therapeutic role of stem cells. In this review we searched in PubMed search engine by using following keywords; “Stem Cells”, “Cell Tracking”, “Stroke”,“Stem Cell Transplantation”, “Nanoparticles”, and “Magnetic Resonance Imaging” as entry terms and based on the mentioned key words, the search period was set from 1976 to 2012. The main purpose of this article is describing various advantages of molecular and magnetic resonance imaging of stem cells, with focus on translation of stem cell research to clinical research.

The goal of this study was to assess attitude towards plagiarism in faculty members of Medical School at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. One hundred and twenty medical faculty members of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. They were asked to answer to valid and reliable Persian version of attitude towards plagiarism questionnaire. Attitude toward plagiarism, positive attitude toward self-plagiarism and plagiarism acceptance were assessed. Eighty seven filled-up questionnaires were collected. Mean total number of correct answers was 11.6±3.1. Mean number of correct answers to questions evaluating self-plagiarism was 1.7±0.4 and mean number of correct answers to questions evaluating plagiarism acceptance was 1.4±0.2. There was no significant correlation between plagiarism acceptance and self-plagiarism (r=0.17, P=0.1). It is essential to provide materials (such as workshops, leaflets and mandatory courses) to make Iranian medical faculty members familiar with medical research ethics issues such as plagiarism.

In this study, the effect of various doses of ouabain (1, 2, and 5 mg/kg, i.p.) on weight and flow rate of submandibular gland (SMG) and changes in zinc and copper levels in pure saliva and serum of rats was investigated. The time interval between injection of drug and sampling was 30 min. In addition, the effect of a single and toxic dose of ouabain (5 mg/kg, i.p.) in various time intervals (30 min, 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days) was also studied. The results showed that in all groups, normalized weight of SMG did not differ significantly. Meanwhile, flow rate decreased 30 min after injection in those animals receiving 2 and 5 mg/kg ouabain and one day after injection in the group receiving 5 mg/kg ouabain. After this time period, all flow rates recovered. In addition, level of zinc increased in serum and saliva in those groups receiving 2 and 5 mg/kg ouabain after 30 min, but it decreased in the group receiving 1 mg/kg of the drug and in recovered groups after 2, 3, and 7 days, serum zinc concentration showed a negligible elevation. Further analysis of data showed that there was no correlation between serum and salivary copper levels. In this respect, only salivary copper level decreased in groups receiving 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg of ouabain and in recovered group after 1 day, whereas copper level only decreased in serum in groups receiving ouabain after 2, 3, and 7 days. Therefore, alterations in zinc level correlate with the inhibitory effects of ouabain on sodium-potassium pump, which may also be the mechanism responsible for the uptake or transport of zinc in this gland. It is noteworthy that alterations in zinc and copper level were opposite of each other in saliva of groups receiving 2 and 5 mg/kg of ouabain and in recovery groups and also in the serum obtained from recovery groups. Taken together, it seems that a period of 14 days is enough for recovery from all of the changes due to the toxic doses of ouabain.