فهرست مطالب abbas pardakhty

 Several coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, utilizing different platforms, have successfully obtained emergency clinical use authorization to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Most published data from COVID-19 vaccine trials have frequently observed mild-to-moderate side effects, with varying severity depending on various vaccine types.

 This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of side effects associated with four types of COVID-19 vaccines among vaccinated healthcare workers following the first and second vaccine doses and to identify possible risk factors for COVID-19 vaccine side effects.

 This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2021 to March 2022 by administering a questionnaire and conducting direct interviews with healthcare workers in Kerman, southeastern Iran, who had received 2 or more doses of COVID-19 vaccines.

 Out of 861 individuals enrolled in the study, 38.7% received Sputnik, 32.4% AstraZeneca, 19.6% Covaxin, and 9.3% Sinopharm vaccines. Overall, the most common side effects after the first and second doses included general symptoms, fever and chills, injection site reactions, neurological symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Furthermore, the frequency of symptoms significantly reduced after the second dose.

 General symptoms and injection site reactions were significantly more common after receiving the first dose of vaccines compared to the second dose. No severe vaccine side effects were observed in this study. However, further research is required to evaluate the long-term symptoms and safety profiles of COVID-19 vaccines.

Mechanical root canal preparations and irrigation solutions are essential for reducing microbial counts in the root canal system. However, these methods do not completely eliminate microorganisms. Intracanal medicaments are used to further decrease microbial counts. This study aims to assess the cytotoxicity of various intracanal medicaments.

In this in vitro study, murine fibroblast cell lines (L929) were cultured in a controlled environment. The MTT assay was employed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of different medicament combinations, including calcium hydroxide and triamcinolone (D1), niosomal doxycycline and triamcinolone (D2), calcium hydroxide (D3), and a combination of doxycycline and triamcinolone (D4). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Dunnett’s test.

The results indicated that D1 and D2 had lower cytotoxicity, while D4 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity. D1 was found to be non-cytotoxic up to a concentration of 500 µg/mL over a period of 72 hours. D2 and D3 showed similar effects up to concentrations of 250 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, respectively, for 72 hours. In contrast, D4 exhibited cytotoxicity at concentrations above 75 µg/mL at 72 hours.

This study suggests that encapsulating doxycycline in niosomal structures (D2) reduces cytotoxicity in murine fibroblast cell lines (L929) for at least 24 and 48 hours. These findings offer promising implications for the development of endodontic medicaments with improved biocompatibility.

Introduction:

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of ibuprofen, Novafen, mefenamic acid (MA), and celecoxib for pain relief in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis prior to emergency endodontic treatment.

This clinical trial was conducted on 120 patients with moderate to severe pain due to symptomatic irreversible pulpitis seeking emergency endodontic treatment. The patients were randomly divided into 4 groups to receive Novafen, MA, Celecoxib, and ibuprofen. The pain score of patients was measured before and 1 hour after analgesic intake using a visual analog scale (VAS). The success of analgesic treatment was analyzed by the binary logistic regression model.

A total of 117 patients including 76 females and 41 males with a mean age of 30.29 years completed the study and were statistically analyzed. Ibuprofen had the highest analgesic efficacy followed by Novafen, and caused a significantly greater reduction in pain score compared with MA and celecoxib [OR (Ibuprofen vs MA)=1.28, OR (Ibuprofen vs Celecoxib)=3.74, OR(Novafen vs MA)=2.94, OR (Novafen vs Celecoxib)=2.94, P<0.05]. Ibuprofen and Novafen had no significant difference in analgesic efficacy (P>0.05). Baseline pain score was a predictive factor for the success of analgesics (P<0.05). The success of analgesic treatment decreased by 0.68 times with each unit increase in pain score (P<0.05). Gender and age of patients had no significant effect on success of analgesics (P>0.05).

Both ibuprofen and Novafencan serve as the analgesics of choice for pain relief in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with moderate to severe pain when emergency endodontic treatment cannot be immediately performed.

Conventional topical treatments for male-pattern alopecia (MPA) have limited penetration into hair follicles and unwanted side effects, resulting in low patient compliance. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of niosomal kopexil 1% lotion compared with niosomal minoxidil 2% lotion in patients with MPA. We conducted a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial at Afzalipour Hospital of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Thirty participants with MPA were randomized to apply 1 ml of niosomal minoxidil 2% lotion or niosomal kopexil 1% lotion twice a day for 24 weeks. We assessed the efficacy of treatments as the percentage of change in hair density in monthly sessions compared to the baseline using a dermatoscope; we also assessed patient satisfaction and side effects. Thirty participants were enrolled, 29 of whom completed the study. The mean change in hair density was significantly higher with niosomal kopexil compared with niosomal minoxidil (23.2 ± 1.3 and 14.2 ± 0.2, respectively). The hair density increased by 57.6 ± 3.7% and 25.6 ± 4.2% in the kopexil and minoxidil groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Patients reported significantly greater satisfaction with niosomal kopexil than with niosomal minoxidil (P < 0.001). No side effects were reported in either group. Despite the lower concentration, niosomal kopexil revealed significantly higher efficacy of treatment and satisfaction of patients compared to niosomal minoxidil.

Free radicals such as hydroxyl and peroxide are contributing factors to neuronaldestruction in cerebral ischemia. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is one of the potent knownantioxidants. Preparation of ALA niosomes allows IV injection and can increase bioavailabilityand penetration into the central nervous system (CNS).

Film hydration method was used to prepare different niosomes composed of Span®,Tween®, and cholesterol at different molar ratio. ALA and niosome-forming compounds weredissolved in chloroform, before removing the organic solvent by rotary evaporator. Animalswere randomly divided into four groups: Sham, control group, intravenous (IV) injection ofempty niosomes plus intraperitoneal (IP) injection of ALA solution, and finally, IV injectionof ALA niosomes. Rats were subjected to deep anesthesia before inducing cerebral ischemia,then, their internal common carotid arteries were clamped for 15 min and reperfusion wasdone for 30 min. Niosomal ALA was injected intravenously just before declamping.

Mean volume diameter of the prepared niosomes was between 4.36 ± 0.82 and 19.95± 1.21 μm in different formulations. Encapsulation efficiency percent (EE%) of ALA in theselected formulation, Span60/Tween60/cholesterol (35:35:30 molar ratio), was 94.5 ± 0.2, and59.27 ± 5.61% of ALA was released after 4h. In the niosomal group, the rate of reduction incomplications of cerebral ischemia such as histopathologic changes and acute damage (fromscore 3 to 1) in CNS was higher than other groups.

The obtained results show that niosomes can be used as effective drug deliverysystems for ALA in cerebral ischemia.

Topical zinc sulfate application has lower efficacy in comparison with intralesional usage, due to less penetration of ionic drug within the epidermis. Niosomes introduce new method of drug delivery with improved penetration and sustained release of medicaments within epidermis. On the other hand, combined cryotherapy with topical immunomodulators can increase the efficacy of cryotherapy with less recurrence rate. In this study, we compared the efficacy of 2% niosomal zinc sulfate suspension with cryotherapy versus combined conventional 2% zinc sulfate and cryotherapy in the treatment of Verruca vulgaris.

This is a triple-blind randomized clinical trial on 60 patients. Patients were randomized in 2 groups including combined 2% niosomal zinc sulfate suspension with cryotherapy versus combined 2% conventional zinc sulfate suspension combined with cryotherapy. The efficacy of treatment was evaluated during the treatment sessions until 12 weeks. Patients were followed for 3 months after the end of the treatment to evaluate recurrence rate. We used chi-square test to evaluate the efficacy of treatment and side effects. Mean number of treatment sessions was evaluated by t-test.

Mean number of the treatment sessions for complete remission was 3.66±0.92 and 4.63±0.66, in niosomal group and conventional group, respectively (P=0.001). The rate of complete remission was higher at the 6th and 8th weeks of the treatment in niosomal group compared to conventional group (P=0.001).

This study demonstrated significant rapid remission of wart lesions treated with cryotherapy plus 2% niosomal zinc oxide suspension in comparison with cryotherapy plus 2% conventional zinc oxide suspension.

Propranolol is a non-specific beta-blocker that is used to treat hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, tremor, and manage thyrotoxicosis. Based on the results of various studies, propranolol can control infantile hemangioma by vasoconstriction, apoptosis induction, and inhibition of cell proliferation signals.

The conventional film hydration method was used to prepare medium size (2-6 m) multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) containing propranolol. At the lipid phase, sorbitan esters (Spans) and their polyethoxylated derivatives (Tweens) were combined with cholesterol, and deionized water was utilized as a hydration medium. Laser light scattering was used to perform the size analysis, and the Franz diffusion cells were utilized to investigate the release of propranolol from niosomal suspensions and carbomer-based niosomal gels. The vesicles were assessed for their stability within six-month storage at 4°C, and ultraviolet spectrophotometer and centrifuge technique were employed to measure the efficiencies of encapsulation.

Based on the findings, the best niosomes were obtained at 40 and 60 spans in the presence of Tween 40 and 60; however, Span/Tween 20 and 80 were not able to form propranolol niosomes. The selected formulations had an MLV appearance and size distribution of 5 μm. Encapsulation efficiency and release rate of selected niosomes were optimal. Niosomes had good stability during six months of storage at refrigerator temperature.

Based on the obtained results in this study, the application of a new topical dosage form of propranolol showed promising results for the treatment of infantile hemangioma.

Application of vesicular drug delivery systems has made major progress in pharmaceutical science and technology. Niosomal drug delivery is potentially efficient to improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of many compounds. Curcumin (CUR) has several documented anticancer activities; however, it has a low bioavailability that necessitates the development of efficient delivery systems. Accordingly, different niosomal preparations were prepared and evaluated in the present study to find a suitable delivery system.

Span and Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80 were employed with various concentrations of cholesterol for studying the ability to form curcumin-loaded niosomes. Multiple characterization techniques including visual evaluation, particle size analysis, stability, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and release profile were studied. Cytotoxicity of curcumin niosomes on MCF-7 and 3T3 cell lines was determined using MTT assay.

Visual and particle size analysis indicated the formation of seven niosomal formulations in the micron size range, while the formulation consisted of Tween 40/cholesterol (50/50 M%) with 0.05% w/v CUR had an average diameter of 475 nm. The latter formulation was selected and it had EE of 78.5%. The CUR release profile showed 18.7% release over a period of 300 min. The MTT results showed that CUR incorporation significantly increased the cytotoxicity of niosomes and the extent of toxicity was higher in MCF-7 cells.

In this study, a simple niosomal formulation was developed for CUR loading with favorable physicochemical properties. The presented niosomal curcumin had also considerable effects in cell toxicity studies, which can be suggested for future anticancer studies.

Pharmacological studies revealed anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of chamomile and its main components. The aim of the present study is preparing and characterizing a niosomal gel containing chamomile extract.

Nisomes containing 2% and 5% of the extract were prepared using film hydration method. Non-ionic surfactants including sorbitan esters (spans) and ethoxylated sorbitan esters (tweens) as well as cholesterol were used. Physicochemical evaluations of the niosomes including microscopic characteristics, stability studies, and encapsulation efficacy and in-vitro release test were performed. The rheological behavior of the niosomal gel was also evaluated.

Morphology studies indicated the formation of MLV and LUV niosomic vesicles. The stability test results show span 60/tween 60 formulations in both 2% and 5% of the extract met the stability criteria. HPLC analysis revealed that encapsulation efficacy of the formulation containing 60% Span 60/Tween 60, 40% cholesterol and 5% extract was 64%. The release test results show a 30% release of apigenin (standard) from the formulation. Rheological study on the niosomal gel revealed a pseudo-elastic behavior.

Niosomes containing span 60/tween 60, 40% cholesterol and 5% chamomile extract showed the most acceptable physiochemical characteristics and is recommended to be used in further pharmacological and clinical investigations.

Oral mucositis is a common debilitating complication of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy that can reduce the quality of patient’s lives. Hence, treating this condition plays an important role in increasing the patient’s tolerance.

Doxepin mucoadhesive gel is useful for treating oral mucosa inflammation caused by long-term effects of chemotherapy, which has low adverse effects.

Doxepin gel’s formulation was prepared with various concentrations of poloxamer 407 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in deionized water. The prepared gels were evaluated for pH, appearance, viscosity, spreadability, stability, and drug release.

After providing gels containing doxepin, formulations 1, 2, 8, and 9 had low quality and, thus, were removed from the study. Based on qualitative evaluations, formulations 3 and 4 did not meet the criteria for mucoadhesive gel and were removed from the study. The best formulation contained 17% w/w poloxamer 407, 10% w/w hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and 5% w/w doxepin.

Suitable physicochemical properties of prepared doxepin mucoadhesive gel enable it to well cover inflamed and damaged oral mucosa. On the other hand, doxepin’s slow release from formulation (8 hours) can increase therapeutic effects and reduce side effects, which can heal and soothe inflammations of the oral mucosa and be useful in cancer patient’s treatment.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the stage between the expected cognitive decline of normal aging and the more serious decline of dementia. In the present study, the effect of Boswellia serrata (BS) on improvement of memory impairment in patients with MCI was investigated.

In this single-center randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial study, 118 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were included and randomly divided into two groups (case and control). Control group (n=59) received BS 300 mg/kg body weight twice a day and control group (n=59) received placebo for a period of three and six months. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test for detecting cognitive impairment was done at baseline, three and six months after the intervention.

A significant difference was reported in the MoCA mean score between the groups after three months (24.64 vs. 22.83) and six months of the intervention (25.22 vs. 22.7). Memory item had the greatest impact on the average final score (P≤0.0001).

BS has a significant effect on the improvement of memory impairment in patients with MCI. Further studies are required with higher doses of BS and longer duration of treatment to assess the effects of BS on memory of patients with MCI.

Cancer is one of the major health problems worldwide and natural resources are being explored to develop anticancer drugs with fewer side effects. Iranian propolis contains components including flavonoids and polyphenols and has various medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ethanolic Extract of Sirch Propolis (EESP) on three breast cancer cell lines.

The MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3 and MCF-7 cells were treated for 24 and 48 h at the presence of 1% and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration. MTT, BrdU and flow cytometry assays were used for measuring cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and apoptosis.

The highest cytotoxicity was seen on MDA-MB-231 cell at the presence of 1% and 10% FBS respectively following 48 h treatment. BrdU assay showed that treatment with 200 μg/ mL of EESP at the presence of 1% FBS for 48 h, reduced proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cell to 75% and that of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells to 70% and 60% respectively. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry showed that EESP at 200 μg/mL for 48h, induced G0/G1 phase arrest in MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells and G2/M, S phase arrest in MDA-MB-231 cell. The cytotoxic effects of EESP were primarily found to be due to the induction of early stage apoptosis on SKBR-3 cell and early and late stage apoptosis on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells.

The results demonstrated that EESP is a natural anticancer mixture capable of reducing breast cancer cells proliferation and inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in them.

Omega-3 fatty acids play a key role in maintaining human health. The present study aimed to reduce the fishy smell and taste of omega-3 fatty acids through the encapsulation of lipid vesicles. Different non-ionic surfactants from the sorbitan ester family and egg lecithin with cholesterol were utilized to form micro-niosomal and liposomal formulations in order to encapsulate omega-3. The size of the selected microparticulate suspension was reduced using the liposome extruder. In addition, the vesicular physical stability, encapsulation efficiency (EE), release profile, and organoleptic properties were evaluated. All the amphiphiles formed omega-3 vesicles with masked omega-3 taste and smell. Span/Tween (ST) 60 niosomes had the highest EE (98.60%), while the physical stability of the liquid state forming the mixture (ST 20/cholesterol) was significantly lower compared to the other formulations. Moreover, the two-step release profile of omega-3 was achieved following entrapment in lipid bilayers. According to the results, lipid vesicular systems on the micro or nano-scale could be used to encapsulate and protect omega-3 for the production of functional foods with appropriate organoleptic properties.

Exosomes are endogenous nanovesicles act as intercellular communication tools which have been considered to utilize as drug delivery systems. As transporting therapeutic molecules into brain has obstacles, preparing exosomes which have the potential to pass through its barriers is great challenge.

Exosomes isolated from cell culture media of U87 glioblastoma cells were characterized. In the next step, paclitaxel (PTX) was loaded into them to investigate the cytotoxicity of this formulation on two cell line of glioblastoma, U87 and T98G. Pharmaceutical characterizations such as size analysis, PTX encapsulation efficiency and FESEM/TEM imaging of exosomes were also evaluated.

CD9 as a biomarker of exosomes was detected in extracted samples to confirm the presence of exosomes.Size analysis and electron microscopy imaging proved nano-range of isolated and drug loaded exosomes. The cytotoxicity of empty exosomes of U87 cells was different on U87 and T98 cells. Exosomes diminished cell viability in U87 cells compared with control group while in T98 cell line they didn’t have any effect on cell viability after 24 or 48 h time intervals. The cytotoxicity of drug loaded exosomes was different at two time intervals where PTX loaded exosomes had no effect or 30 % cell viability decrease on T98 cells after 24 and 48 h, respectively.

Increased cytotoxicity of PTX after entrapment into exosomes and BBB transport capability of exosomes promises an appropriate brain drug delivery system for in vivo characterization in GBM animal model.

Combination of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) with topical antibiotics can lead to higherefficacy and less bacterial resistance, but it in turn increases adverse effects such as skinirritability and dryness. In this study, the efficacy of combination therapy of niosomal BPO 1%and clindamycin (CL) 1% is compared with niosomal CL in acne vulgaris.

This is a double-blind clinical trial study on 100 patients with acne vulgaris inAfzalipour hospital in Kerman. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups (case and control).The case group received niosomal combination of BPO 1% and CL 1%.The control groupreceived niosomal CL1%. The efficacy of treatment protocols was evaluated in 2nd, 4th, 8thand 12th weeks of treatment by counting lesions (severity and grading acne lesions) and qualityof life (QoL). Furthermore, side effect were evaluated at each treatment visits.

The reduction in mean percentage of acne lesions in case group (treated with BPO 1%and CL1%) (64.21%) was higher than control group (treated with niosomal CL 1%) (59.04%),but the statistical difference was not significant. Sum of excellent and good results were foundin 80% and 76.1% of case and control groups, respectively (P = 0.377). Also adding BPO to thetreatment formulation in case group did not increase adverse effects, as statistical differencebetween 2 groups was not significant.

Combination of niosomal BPO 1% and CL 1% in treatment of acne vulgaris showedhigher efficacy with no increase in adverse effects in comparison with niosomal CL 1%, but thestatistical difference was not significant.

 SrCO3 nanoparticles could be used as new biomedical sources in magnetic resonance imaging as a promising noninvasive imaging modality for the preoperative staging of breast cancer and monitoring of tumor response to therapy. The present study aimed to synthesize SrCO3 nanostructures using microwave irradiation in the presence of honey as a green capping agent and reductant. The optical properties of SrCO3 nanostructures were investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Sr(NO3)2.6H2O and NaOH were applied as the starting reagents. Fructose (32.56-38.2%) and glucose (28.54-31.3%), which were the main carbohydrates found in honey, were not only involved in stabilization, but they also acted as the reducing agents in the production of SrCO3 nanostructures. The produced nanostructures were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Method of synthesis and chemical reagents were observed to affect the structural parameters, crystallite size, product size, morphology, and antioxidant activity. According to the results, honey could be used as a green capping agent and reductant for the synthesis of SrCO3 nanostructures as a novel structure to co-deliver therapeutic agents using photo-thermal agents. Moreover, honey has significant potential for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in the future.

Traditionally, Myrtus communis (myrtle) has been used for treatment of several kinds of disorders. However, there are some factors, namely, low solubility and permeability, which restrict use of myrtle extract (ME) in medical applications. Regarding these limitations, the aim of the present study was to develop a new niosomal formulation to enhance ME stability and permeability.
Briefly, several niosomal formulations were prepared by non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol with different molar ratios. Afterward, size, entrapment efficiency (EE%), release and stability of niosomal myrtle extract (nME) were investigated. The effect of ME and nME on viability of 3T3 cells was evaluated using MTT assay. Antibacterial activity of ME and nME was also assessed against staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, and Bacillus subtilis.
Sizes of niosomes were 5.3±0.3 to 15.9±2.2 µm with 4.1±0.3 to 26.9±1.7 mV zeta potential. The EE% of niosomes was varied from 45.4% to 93.4%. An in vitro release study on F5 formulation (Span60: Tween60: cholesterol (3:3:4 molar ratio)) revealed that about 36.9%, 38.5% and 26.7% of phytoconstituents were released within 12h from acetate cellulose membrane, 0.45 µm, regenerated cellulose membrane, 0.45 µm, and cellophane dialysis sack, 12000 Da, respectively. F5 formulation significantly showed lower toxicity on cells. It had higher antibacterial activity that has been shown by lower MICs and higher zone of inhibition compared to ME.
Overall, F5 formulation in the presence of 4% ME produced stable multi lamellar vesicles with optimal in-vitro release and EE%. This formulation also exhibited better antibacterial activity than ME.

Myrtus communis (myrtle) is well known for its therapeutic effects pertaining to the major secondary metabolites including essential oils (EOs). EOs are composed of volatile compounds and simply evaporate or decompose leading to their instability. Preparation of EOs niosomal formulation may be a promising approach to deal with these obstacles. Niosomal formulations of myrtle essential oil (nMEO) were provided using non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol (Chol). In the next steps, vesicle size, zeta potential, percentage of entrapment efficiency (EE%) and physical stability of nMEO were investigated. Finally, the effect of myrtle essential oil (MEO) and nMEO on microbial growth inhibition were assessed. Values for nMEO size and zeta potential ranged from 6.17 ± 0.32 to 7.24 ± 0.61 (µm) and -20.41 ± 0.17 to -31.75 ± 0.45 (mV), respectively. Higher degrees of EE% were obtained by F6 formulation (Span/Tween 60:Chol (50:50 molar ratio)). Moreover, niosomes have been reported to be stable at 4 °C during a three-month time period. It was revealed that nMEO F6 formulation inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Serratia marcescens, and Bacillus subtilis at concentrations lower than that of MEO. Overall, it was found that stable multilamellar vesicles were formed in the presence of 0.5% MEO and F6 formulation. This formulation also exhibited better antibacterial activity than MEO.

Statement of the Problem: A significant proportion of patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy suffer from mucositis. The first symptom of oral mucositis is pain. Severe pain, burning sensation, and discomfort in the oral cavity make it difficult to continue treatment and even continue living in these patients.
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of amitriptyline mouthwash (in two forms of simple and niosomal) as a local anesthetic agent with benzydamine HCl mouthwash in oral mucositis after radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
This double-blind study was performed on 60 patients with oral mucositis caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The severity of mucositis was determined based on patient judgment; then dental examination was performed and recorded in a checklist. Three groups were assigned based on using either benzydamine HCL, amitriptyline, or niosomal form of amitriptyline. Pain and burning sensation were evaluated with VAS at different time intervals: before use and one, five, ten, and thirty minutes and one hour after using mouthwash. T-test was used to compare the intensity of pain between the two groups. ANOVA and Tukey test were used to compare the intensity of pain between groups.
Statistical analyses showed the maximum reduction in pain intensity at two different time intervals (p= 0.04). Ten minutes after the use of niosomal form of amitriptyline, a 95% decrease in pain was observed. A 99% reduction in pain occurred after the use of simple form of amitriptyline (p= 0.04).
Use of amitriptyline mouthwash had local anesthetic effects in oral mucositis without systemic side effects. Decrease in the severity of pain with the use of amitriptyline mouthwash was more than that of benzydamine HCL mouthwash.

Nanomaterials are playing major roles in imaging by delivering large imaging payloads, yielding improved sensitivity. Nanoparticles have enabled significant advances in pre-clinical cancer research as drug delivery vectors. Inorganic nanoparticles such as CdO/GrO nanoparticles have novel optical properties that can be used to optimize the signal-to-background ratio. This paper reports on a novel processing route for preparation of CdO/GrO nanolayer and investigation of its optical properties for application in in vivo targeting and imaging.
Nanostructures were synthesized by reacting cadmium acetate and graphene powder. The effects ofdifferent parameters such as power and time of irradiation were also studied. Finally, the efficiency of CdO/GrO nanostructures as an optical composite was investigated using photoluminescence spectrum irradiation. CdO/GrO nanostructures were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy.
According to SEM images, it was found that sublimation temperature had significant effect on morphology and layers. The spectrum shows an emission peak at 523 nm, indicating that CdO/GrO nanolayer can be used for in vivo imaging.
The estimated optical band gap energy is an accepted value for application in in vivo imaging using a QD–CdO/GrO nanolayer.

According to the unique properties of magnetic nanoparticles, Nickel Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF) was synthesized successfully by ultrasound irradiation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are organic–inorganic hybrid extended networks that are constructed via covalent linkages between metal ions/metal clusters and organic ligands called a linker.
The nanoparticles were synthesized by Ultrasound Method Under a synthesis conditions, All chemicals were used as received without further purification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained on LEO- 1455VP equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy at university of Kashan in Iran. Transition electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained on EM208 Philips transmission electron microscope with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV.
Results showed that Ni-MOF synthesized by this method, had smaller particle size distribution and It was found that the different kinds of ligand leads to preparation products with different morphologies and textural properties. Moreover, ultrasound irradiation method has significant effect on microstructures of as-synthesized MOFs and can improve their textural properties compared to method without using hydrothermal route.The XRD patterns of the samples obtained from ultrasound irradiation was well matched with that of as-prepared Ni-MOF by solvothermal method.
This rapid method of ultrasonic radiation as compared to the classical solvothermal synthesis, showed promising results in terms of size distribution, surface area, pore diameter and pore volume.

Novel drug delivery systems for controlled-release of opioid agonists as a long time painkillers or opioid antagonists for opium, heroin, and alcohol addiction are under development or in clinical use today. In this article, the field of “new drug delivery systems” is momentarily reviewed from the viewpoint of the marketed opioid agonists/antagonists dosage forms today.

Imatinib mesylat as an oral anticancer agent need a controlled released formulation to get steady and stable plasma concentration. The aim of the present study was to develop controlled release matrix tablet formulations of Imatinib using hydroxy propyl methyl Cellulose as a hydrophilic release retardant polymer and to study the effects of different formulation features like polymer viscosity grade, ratio of the polymer, compression force, and release medium on the in vitro release properties. The in vitro release studies were performed using US Pharmacopoeia type I apparatus. The release kinetics was analyzed by Korsmeyer–Peppas model and were also analyzed using statistical method and f2 metric values. The release profiles look like Higuchi’s square root kinetics model irrespective of the viscosity grade and polymer proportion. The results showed that the release rate of the drug is greatly affected by the drug/polymer ratio and viscosity grade. Also, the effect of release medium and compression force was showed to be significant on the release profiles. The release mechanism was found to be anomalous non-Fickian diffusion in all formulations. The formulations were found to be reproducible and stable. Controlled release formulations were developed with different release rates and profiles so that these formulations could be evaluated for more in vivo studies.

Imatinib is known as the drug of choice for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). For adults the recommended daily dosage of 400 mg requires simultaneous intake of up to four capsules or tablets each 100 mg. A new 400 mg film coated tablet developed due to the need to swallow multiple capsules or tablets per dose and that was a negative impact on treatment adherence.Subjects and A group of 36 patients were randomly assigned to receive Imatinib as 4×100 mg capsules, 4×100 mg tablets, and 1×400 mg tablet. Blood sampling was performed for up to 48 h after first dosing. After that, subjects were monitored to assess drug related adverse events. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed using concentration-time curves for plasma Imatinib and its metabolite. Mean area under the curve (AUC (0–∞)) values were 27011, 25811 and 25699 ng/ml for 4×100 mg capsules, 4×100 mg tablets, and 1×400 mg tablets, respectively. Cmax values were 1548, 1605 and 1622 ng/ml, and t1/2 values were 15.7, 15.8 and 15.6 h. The Test/Reference ratios for AUC (0–∞), AUC (0–48), and Cmax were 0.99, 0.99 and 1.02 for 4×100 mg tablets versus 4×100 mg capsules and 0.96, 0.96 and 0.99 for 1×400 mg tablet versus 4×100 mg capsules. The 95% confidence intervals were fully contained within the accepted interval. The mild and moderate adverse events considered to be drug related were reported. These events showed no clustering by type of dosage form and were of little to no clinical significance. Film coated (400 mg) tablet dosage formulations of Imatinib is bioequivalent to the commercial available 100 mg hard gelatin capsule, and is as safe and well tolerated.