فهرست مطالب abdolhamid pap zan

Rural women make up Forty percent of the agricultural workforce in developing countries, however, due to limited access to resources, especially land, limited access to inputs and credit, insufficient technical competence, and poor participation in decision-making. Restricted access to mass media and lack of media coverage do not have a good socio-economic status, especially in developing countries. Also, rural women are from poor and disadvantaged sections of society who have job opportunities. And do not have independent income. The situation of women, especially rural women, indicates the unfavorable trends of the past and the failure to achieve the goals of the development program in the field of women. Therefore, one of the main weaknesses in developing development strategies is not considering the role and capabilities of women in the economic, social and cultural development of society, while women are not only the subject and goal of any kind of development. Empowerment is a process that helps women gain greater access to resources, participate in decision-making, and achieve independence and self-reliance. Therefore, considering the importance of women's empowerment and their role in development, the question arises whether rural women in Kermanshah are capable?

This descriptive correlation study was conducted to evaluate the empowerment of rural women and the factors affecting it. The statistical population was active rural women in Kermanshah (women aged 15 to 64 years) which according to the statistical yearbook of 2016, was determined as 41267 people. The sample size was 381 using Krejcie and Morgan table, but 400 questionnaires were collected. Sampling was performed using a multi-stage method. In the first stage, a village was selected from each of the four geographical locations of the north, south, west and east of Kermanshah city (four villages in total). In the second stage, 3 villages and a total of 12 villages were randomly selected from each village, and finally, samples from 12 villages were randomly selected by proportional assignment.
Data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the dimensions of Gates model
(2017). Gates model Resource dimensions (physical well-being (9 items related to insurance, leisure time and leisure activities), critical awareness (13 items related to the importance of recognizing rights, pursuing rights, defending rights and awareness) Legal) and assets (financial and productive resources (14 items related to ownership, access to financial and credit resources, productive resources and inputs, income, sources of income, savings, borrowing and loan repayment capacity), Knowledge and skills (63 items related to participation in training courses, skill level, and level of different knowledge), time (3 items related to empowerment-related activities) and social capital (15 items)), Agency (decision making (13 items), leadership (9 items) and collective action (6 items related to membership in collective institutions and activities)) and institutional structures (family support (6 items), community (7 items)) , The market (9 items) and the government (6 items)) In general, the range of questions included open-ended, two-sided, multiple-choice and Likert questions. A panel of experts in rural sociology, agricultural extension and rural development was used to validate the questionnaire. Cranach's alpha coefficient was calculated to estimate the reliability of the research instrument and to evaluate the internal consistency of the items. This amount of 0.72 Up to 0. 85 A questionnaire was obtained for different structures. After evaluating each component and total capability, stepwise multiple regressions was used to investigate the effect of independent variables on rural women's empowerment.

The results showed that the average resources available to rural women in Kermanshah are lower than average. They are inferior to men in terms of access to resources, and this has been confirmed in many studies. Vital awareness is one of the resources that women can use to empower themselves. The results showed that the average vital knowledge of rural women in Kermanshah is moderate. The average is. The assets of rural women in Kermanshah were below average. This is the result of various issues such as the very low ownership of women by basic sources of production, including land and water. According to the findings, the leadership power of rural women is low. Leadership requires characteristics such as self-confidence, self-efficacy, awareness and dominance and active participation in society. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen these characteristics and skills among rural women. The findings showed that the highest level of support for women by the family and the lowest level of support by the government and the market. According to the findings, the level of education accounted for the largest share in women's empowerment, and the education of rural women increased their control over various aspects of their lives. Participation in non-formal education classes is also an individual variable that had a high impact on women's empowerment in rural areas, but due to various reasons, the presence of women and girls in these classes is low. Women's financial power is one of the dimensions of their empowerment, which increases women's economic self-confidence by playing more economic roles in life. It can be said that women's bargaining power increases with earning, and according to gender literature. Women who are in control of their income are more likely to be empowered. I n the experience of the International Labor Organization, when access to women is limited, their increasing access to information is the most beneficial option for empowerment. The results indicate that the women studied had limited membership in various organizations such as cooperatives, credit funds, etc. Membership in organizations can help women become more aware of social roles by increasing their connections. Most rural women do not have direct access to the market to sell their products, and most of them are forced to sell their products through intermediaries.

The higher education system, as the most obvious manifestation of human resource investment, plays a key role in training and providing effective human resources. So The development of higher education is very important as one of the infrastructures of the development of any country. In this regard, the development of agricultural higher education can play an important role in the growth of agriculture and guarantee the achievement of comprehensive and sustainable development of agriculture. The main purpose of this research was to identify the most important and the pillars ways to improve agricultural higher education. Due to the exploratory approach, qualitative approach was used to identify the solutions. The statistical population of the research was university experts, graduates, agricultural entrepreneurs and managers of agricultural jihad, and 32 experts were interviewed using purposeful sampling until reaching the threshold of usefulness. Agriculture has been used in Zanjan province. By analyzing the text of the interviews, 200 conceptual propositions related to the purpose of the research were extracted during open coding.These concepts were classified in the form of 52 sub-categories during axial coding and then in 6 general categories during selective coding. According to this classification, the most important aspects of improving the agricultural higher education system include educational-research, infrastructure, structural (infrastructure), individual-skill (human resources), administrative-management (organizational) and economic aspects.

Climatic diversity, soil and water richness, the land potential for growing horticultural products, and the economic value of horticultural products have turned Kermanshah province into one of the areas prone to producing horticultural products. The cultivation and processing of olives in the hot regions of the province is not an exception. In this regard, the identification and development of agricultural clusters (orchards) are one of the solutions adopted in developed countries for agricultural development. The purpose of this research was to study the feasibility of a cluster of olive processing businesses in Kermanshah province. The research was based on a mixed-methods Design (sequential-explanatory) that used a survey method, a document study, and a few case studies. The research population was composed of gardening and processing experts in the Agriculture Jihad Organization, experts of industrial township companies, processors of garden products, and gardeners who were sampled by the snowball technique. The sampling continued until theoretical saturation. The research investigated the feasibility of creating an olive processing cluster in the study site by considering the characteristics of the cluster feasibility study, including geographic focus, cooperation and competition between businesses, and shared advantages and challenges. The results showed that the geographical concentration of olive processing was in Dallaho County. Also, the results revealed that the olive processing businesses had competition and cooperation with each other and had common challenges and advantages. The results can be used by the Industrial Township Company Office and the Ministry of Agriculture.

The agricultural higher education system and its institutions have a serious mission for the sustainable development of this sector, considering the vital and pivotal position of the agricultural sector in food security, job creation, environmental protection and rural development. Higher education in agriculture, like other sectors of higher education, faces problems and obstacle. The aim of this study was to identify the challenges and problems in higher agricultural education. The aim of this study was to identify the challenges and problems in higher agricultural education. The approach of this research is qualitative and based on the method of basic theory or data base, in which to collect the required information from a semi-structured interview with 32 academic experts, graduates, agricultural entrepreneurs and jihad managers.Agriculture has been used in Zanjan province. By analyzing the text of the interviews, 335 conceptual statements related to the purpose of the research were extracted during open coding. These concepts, in axial coding, in the form of 82 subcategories during axial coding and then into 7 general categories during selective coding. According to this category, the most important obstacles and problems of agricultural higher education include educational-research, structural, economic, individual-skill, cultural-social, administrative-organizational and infrastructural barriers.

Taking into consideration the priority of providing healthy food for all society and eliminating all forms of nutritional deprivation mentioned in the Islamic Republic of Iran's Vision Policy of 1404 which declares the government's political commitment and overall determination in national-level policies to reduce hunger and malnutrition and achieve sustainable food security, the aim of the present study was to design a model for commercialization of organic products in Kermanshah Province. The present study used qualitative research methodology and with data foundation theory approach. The statistical population of the research included active professors in the field of organic products in the Faculty of Agriculture of Razi University, as well as city stores of organic products and experts of organizations related to the research topic. Targeted sampling was used first and then the snowball method. The number of participants in the study using the theoretical saturation index reached 19 people. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and library and online document study. The results of the research showed 27 main categories drawn paradigmatically. At the core of the paradigm model was the production and commercialization of organic products. Based on the findings in research of equipped laboratories, research and development of organic products in scientific centers, consumer disposable income level, marketing mix design, support rules and regulations, the need for a single organ in the field of organic products and alternative production process strategies were the most important factors influencing the commercialization strategies of clean (organic) products in the agricultural sector of Kermanshah Province.

Today, the need to engage in conservation agriculture is vital, but it was not been adequately paid attention by Iranian farmers. The promotion of agriculture as the main founder of this must have an active and appropriate presence, which undoubtedly faces countless strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Therefore, the present study aimed at designing an optimal conservation agriculture model in Kermanshah province. The research population in this section is the experts of the Conservation Agriculture Office and agricultural extension specialists. The identification of the samples was done purposefully and using the maximum difference method. Data collection tools are in-depth individual and group interviews and questionnaires and data analysis tools are SWOT technique. The findings showed that despite the weaknesses and threats, the presence of young experts, the low cost of implementing agricultural conservation, the existence of government credits for equipping could promote the conservation of agriculture in the Kermanshah province. According to the findings, the dissemination of knowledge and information required by the stakeholders of the agricultural sector such as farmers and consumers; encouraging the participation of international, national and local institutions and institutions and facilitating and collaborating efforts between the government and local organizations; providing special research and financial services in the field of conservation agriculture; and providing access for farmers with government funds and support were among the appropriate strategies in the field of promoting conservation agriculture in Kermanshah province.

The crisis of climate change, and especially dust phenomenon, has become more apparent in the last decade as it now involves all aspects of the society, especially farmers and villagers. The growing number of natural disasters has sounded the alarm for the agricultural community in Kermanshah province. In this province, most people are working through agriculture and the slightest change in the climate can have an immediate impact on the agricultural sector, thus leading to bigger problems such as immigration, and the country's lack of independence in meeting food needs and resolving social, economic, cultural, or even political issues. Accordingly, dust management and planning for it can be effective when we identify and classify the areas affected by dust based on the intensity and concentration of fine dust particles.Dust phenomenon has imposed a lot of costs on the agricultural, economic, and health products of people living along the Zagros Mountain Range in recent years. Zoning of the affected areas can be a tool for planners to deal with priorities, determine an optimal land use, and provide warning systems and protection, etc. in arid and semi-arid regions, especially in the involved cities. Although the issue of dust is an almost uncontrollable phenomenon, it is at least possible to know the time table and circulatory patterns, based on which infiltration of particulate matters from the regions occurs. The related infrastructure is ready to deal with this phenomenon. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the areas that suffer from the most damage caused by fine dust and effectively contribute to the reduction of its destructive outcomes. 

In this research, quantitative, applied, and descriptive-analytical approaches were taken in terms of paradigm, objective, and data collection, respectively. To conduct this study, 14 synoptic, complementary synoptic, and meteorological stations working through the complete and longest statistical period were selected during a common statistical period of 16 years (2002-2018). At the meteorological stations, two-digit codes were utilized to report on the atmospheric phenomena like precipitation type, including precipitation with thunderstorms and snowstorms, as well as the amounts of dust or sand. These codes started from 00 and continued up to 99, each of which represented an atmospheric phenomenon. Code 06 was for dust phenomenon. The frequency of this code was different from those of the other codes when filtered in Excel software, after which its annual frequency reported in each of the selected stations during the 16-year statistical period was calculated by SPSS software. In the final stage, zoning patterns were formed and the information layers were analyzed in the ArcGIS software environment. 

Based on the annual frequency of airborne dust storms, dust pollution in the cities of Kermanshah province fell into 3 categories: very severe, severe, and moderate. The cities of Sarpol-e-zahab, Qasr-e-Shirin, Paveh, Gilan-e-gharb, and Thalas-e-Babajani fell in the category of very severe frequency; Kermanshah, Javanroud, Ravansar, Dalahou, and Islamabad cities had a severe frequency; and Sahneh, Kangavar, Songor, and Harsin cities were categorized as having a moderate frequency. There was almost a big difference between the first category and the second and third one in terms of frequency of dust days. The reason was that the first group of stations were located in the vicinity of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Jordan, and Kuwait, which were the sources of dust spread over the western regions of Kermanshah province. Also, the drought and lack of vegetation in these regions leading to the separation of soil particles were known as the aggravating factors contributing to the occurrence of more dust days in this group. However, the stations in the second and third districts had fewer dusty days due to being far from the mentioned dust centers. 

The agricultural sector is one of the most important economic sectors in all developing countries, which, in addition to creating jobs for people, is responsible for producing the food needed by the members of the society. Agricultural activities can lead to independence in other aspects. Apart from all the benefits of agricultural activities for a country, it is important to consider what happens if a factor has a negative impact on them. Unfortunately, we have witnessed dust occurrence in the country, especially in the western and southwestern regions in the last decade. The effects of dust on agriculture can be a threat to the health of producers and consumers, as well as the environment and natural resources. On the other hand, most people make a living from agriculture and animal husbandry in Iran, particularly in the study area. Therefore, long-term dust would destroy people’s productive resources in the study regions and thus reduce food production and independence. In this research, we sought to conduct zoning of the areas affected by dust phenomenon in Kermanshah Province. This way, we could identify areas undergoing the most damage from dust. Eradicating the causes and factors leading to severe damages triggered by dust phenomenon can be the basis for policy-makers and developers of appropriate programs to prevent natural and priority crises and deal with them in strategic decision-making and planning. The results revealed that the cities in the western and eastern regions of Kermanshah province had the highest and lowest frequencies of dust occurrence during the last 16 years, respectively. 

Iran is located in the alpine-Himalayan seismic belt and is considered as one of the seismic countries in the young and developing mountain range and by large seismic activity, very large earthquakes with long recurrence period.The earthquake in Kermanshah province, which occurred on November 12, 2017, had dire consequences and this caused the earthquake-stricken community not to show the necessary preparation and planning to deal with such an event. Therefore, non-resilience to earthquakes is the main subject of this study, which was conducted in a qualitative approach and based on fundamental theory. The study population was the key informants of Ghaleh Shahin village of Sarpol-e Zahab city (15 people) who were selected purposefully according to the nature of qualitative research. Data were collected using semi-structured individual interviews, focus groups, direct observation and field notes. For the validity and reliability of the research, the validity of the findings was obtained by using multiple methods in data collection in qualitative research. The results showed factors such as; Lack of social capital, poor economic situation, lack of awareness about earthquakes, loss of life and property, psychological problems, ethnic and tribal disputes and lack of access to equipment and facilities have caused the earthquake victims consequences such as family problems Health, acute psychological problems, loss of work motivation culture, loss of privacy and violence against women and children. Therefore, it is suggested that the authorities should use psychologists to create a sense of intimacy and empathy to be able to increase brotherhood and solidarity among earthquake victims and strengthen social capital.

This qualitative research was conducted with the aim of investigating the challenges of rural women's environmental literacy extension in Kermanshah province. The study population consisted of experts’ environment, natural resources, agricultural extension and nongovernmental organizations in Kermanshah province. Samples were selected using purposeful and criterion sampling method. Content analysis of data showed that the lack of systematic, comprehensive and appropriate planning with context, the lack of accountability and responsibility for environmental issues, the lack of between and within sections communication, the lack of priority of rural women in environmental education, problems related to the provision of skilled force and adequate funding for education, especially for women's education, inefficient policies and organizational structure and the lack of environmental perspectives has led to the lack of planning and proper implementation of programs and environmental education, especially for women. The results of this study can help planners to improve the level of environmental education for rural women.

Problems facing the agricultural sector of Kermanshah province, such as; emissions of greenhouse gases, soil erosion, excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers have caused that in this province and there is no choice but to turn to conservation agriculture. Despite promotional activities and programs to promote conservation agriculture, this has not been well received by farmers, and there are only a handful of farmers who use conservation agriculture. Therefore, the present study deals with the pathology of non-acceptance of conservation agriculture in Kermanshah province.

The research community in this research is the experts in the Agricultural conservation Office in Jihad Agricultural Organization of Kermanshah Province. Identification of the samples was done purposefully and using sampling with maximum diversity. The data gathering tool was interviewed and data analysis was content analysis and paradigm model of grounded theory.

The results showed that there are countless factors that prevented farmers from accepting agricultural conservation, including factors such as lack of government support, economic and cultural problems, lack of access to equipment, etc.

Considering to findings research on the existence of supportive, economic and cultural barriers and the inability of farmers to deal with these dilemmas and problems., Therefore, it is recommended that planners and policymakers extension and develop agricultural conservation by removing barriers and holding suitable training courses and field visits to extension of agricultural conservation.

Present study was designed to investigate the effect of Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus) extract on performance and some blood and anti-oxidantparameters of Sanjabi lambs. Eighteen Sanjabi lambs were randomly allocated to three experimental treatments with six replicates in each individualcage for 75 days. The experimental treatments were: 1) control group including basal diet without Artichoke extract, 2) basal diet plus 5 ml ofartichoke extract, and 3) basal diet plus 10 ml of artichoke extract per kilogram dry matter. The blood samples were collected from jugular vein oflambs before feeding at morning monthly. The concentration of glucose, cholesterol, total protein, urea, albumin, and the activity of glutathioneperoxidase, superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase enzymes and malondialdehyde were measured. The results of thisexperiment showed that artichoke extract had no significant effect on lambs' performance and growth parameters, but significantly decreased bloodconcentration of cholesterol, triglyceride and malondialdehyde index at the level of 10 ml extract per Kg/DM of diet. The urea and cholesterolconcentrations affected by time and at days 40 of experiment, the amount of this parameters was lower than other times. In general, it can beconcluded that artichoke extract at the level of 10 ml extract had no significant effect on average daily gain and growth performance of lambs butimproved some blood parameters.

One way to achieve sustainable agriculture in the country and region is to transfer farms to organic farming fields. This is the case if farmers and producers tend to increase organic production, which means that the producer has the advantage of organic production. Commercializing and increasing the income of producers is one way to create this advantage. In Iran, there are problems and limitations in the production and commercialization of organic products. This research examines the commercialization challenges of organic products in Iran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and from the perspective of the paradigm in the research group is qualitative and a methodology of ground theory has been used. The sample size was first determined by targeted method and then determined by snowball method. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, direct observations, library documents and Internet documents. The statistical population consisted of faculty members of the Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University of Kermanshah, and experts of the organizations (Deputy of Health Food and Agriculture and Kermanshah Organic Society). The main objective of this study is to explain and design a challenge model for selling organic products in Iran from the perspective of experts. In order to achieve this goal., the following questions have been raised: What are the business challenges in organic products? What are the root roots of these challenges? What are external factors outside the control of manufacturers in commercialization? In order to evaluate the research based on a theoretical method based on the criterion, acceptance is proposed instead of the criterion of reliability and reliability. Acceptance means that the amount of research findings is reliable and reflects the experiences of colleagues, researcher and reader on the phenomenon under study. Ten indexes for acceptance criteria have been introduced, of which 5 cases have been used in this research to improve scientific accuracy and validity. The strategies used include researcher sensitivity, methodological coordination, sampling proportions, repeatability of findings, and feedback from colleagues. The results of this research show that the challenges of commercializing organic products in Iran are divided into two categories of administrative-structural constraints and environmental constraints: the need for government support, complex licensing permits, complicated and difficult standards, lack of cooperation of the organization Related to the inadequate economic situation of society, the need for proper culture, lack of confidence in organic products, lack of market surveillance, costly production processes, agricultural dependence on climate, opportunity cost, inadequate infrastructure, lack of proper training for producers and proximity problems . What is learned from the research findings is the complexity and breadth of issues and challenges that are exposed to the marketing of organic products, which requires careful planning of the government and related institutions. Administrative-structural problems that threaten the commercialization of organic products can be met with the help of the government and the reform of administrative structures, cultural development and promotion of organic products, as well as increased support for producers and suppliers of organic products to the market. But manufacturing-environmental problems, which are a fundamental and fundamental problem in the production and commercialization of organic products, need to be fully and properly trained by manufacturers, and also need to be aware of the need to adapt themselves and their products to environmental conditions and readiness Enhance your own and your products with these problems. Given the challenges mentioned and based on the results of this study, it is proposed to reduce the business challenges of organic products: low interest payments and loans to support organic producers, the establishment and operation of cultivation and industry in agricultural areas and Away from contaminating sources, training courses for manufacturers to increase awareness and willingness to produce organic products, establish regulatory devices in organic products markets and organic producers, compensate farmers and insure their products, establish standards for the production of organic products In accordance with the environmental conditions of the country, the creation of a single organization on the ground Organic products improve the structure of the licensing process for organic products and build trust in organic products through the creation of a national organic brand in the country.

The destructive effects of the environment, the reduction of human health and other living organisms, and the food security crisis, is one of the most important issues facing the global community, which has attracted the attention of many researchers. The question is whether the nature of self-farming alone is responsible for all such destructive effects, or is the actions of actors within the agricultural system stimulating and exacerbating these unsustainable effects? So, in the present study, we try to investigate the unsustainable Behaviours of farmers in Kermanshah using a qualitative study on the typology and depth of the event. In this regard, the studied samples were farmers and experts in agriculture and environmental Jihad, which according to the number of villages (10 districts) were selected through purposeful sampling (chain type). The number of participants in this study was 33. Data Collected from interviews and focus group discussion continues until theoretical saturation has been achieved. The validity and reliability of the results were confirmed by the plurality of data and feedback from the participants. Aggressive unsustainable Behaviour was extracted in 8 main themes. Relationships among these Behaviours are also displayed using the C-map software. Investigations and interviews provided a researcher with a new picture of unsustainable agronomic Behaviour and uncovered the fact that unsustainable agronomic Behaviours were influenced by the conditions, factors, and different intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

One of the strategies for sustainable development the agricultural sector is business to business collaboration in the form of a cluster that has attracted the attention of the world's scientific communities in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting development of cluster orchard crops business in Kermanshah province. Research paradigm, is mix-method qualitative – quantitative. The research method used in the qualitative section is the Grounded theory and in quantitative section is AHP. The population of the study included experts Industrial Township, Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization the Kermanshah province. The data collection process continued as the theoretical saturation was reached. The results indicated that 65 concepts were extracted from open coding; concepts were classified in 18 subcategories and 4 classes of cluster conditions, cluster development fields, intervening factors and effective strategies for the development of clusters. To prioritize these components, of AHP was used. The results of this section showed that in the created classes, the components of trust, access to manpower, cluster development and government support and support institutions are in the top priority. The results of this research can be used by rural development planners, experts Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization and Small Industries Organization and Industrial Township.

This survey research was conducted to study of environmental knowledge and behavior of rural women in Kermanshah Province. The population of the study consisted of 203,504 of rural women (15-64 years) in Kermanshah Province which 384 women were selected as sample using sample size determination table of Bartlett et al and multistage stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire was developed for gathering information. Validity of the questionnaire confirmed by panel of  experts in agricultural development and extension, environment and natural resource, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (knowledge=0.86, behavior = 0.93). Results showed the level of environmental knowledge of rural women was moderate (M=10.29 and S.D=3.29) and their environmental behavior is fairly good (M=12.19 and S.D=1.64). Findings showed that there was positive correlation between environmental knowledge and environmental behaviors. Also, there were positive correlations between environmental knowledge and education, and between environmental behavior and age. Kruskal wallis test indicated that there were significant differences between environmental knowledge of rural woman with different source of information and environmental behavior of rural woman with different work activities. Rural women with the source of information through publications and magazines have a higher level of environmental knowledge and gardeners also had a better environmental behavior. Results of this study can be used by planners to development of environmental program in order to increasing knowledge and promoting environmental behavior of rural women.

The purpose of this study is to investigate problems and barriers of greenhouse growers in Isfahan Province, Iran using the qualitative paradigm. Data were collected with semi-structured interviews and direct observations. Most participants were questioned by phone interview. The response rate to phone calls was 59.2 percent. Data are analyzed by the grounded theory. Structural analysis is utilized to evaluate open-ended questions. The components of the questionnaire including the words, concepts and their correlations in terms of frequency, the number of words, vocabularies, metaphors, and idioms used in the sentences are investigated to discover the existing patterns in their statements. As a result, 849 problems are expressed by greenhouse growers. At the open coding stage, the extracted phrases are formulated in 27 terms of meaningful expressions by integrating the same items and removing repetitive cases. At the axial coding stage, 27 formulated concepts are obtained. Subsequently, the extracted phrases create eight main factors. At the selective coding stage, the greenhouse owners' basic problems are categorized into four categories: economic, infrastructure and strategic, human, and extra-organizational. The study shows that about 50 percent of greenhouse growers’ problems are caused by three factors as follows: extreme price fluctuations, brokerage interval, and high costs of fuel. Finding solutions can improve the greenhouse sector.

The purpose of this study was to design a model to develop a series of businesses for the cluster processing of garden products in Kermanshah province and its relationship with rural development. This study is based on a qualitative research design and the grounded theory method. The study population included the experts of the industrial town and the horticulture industry affiliated to the Agriculture Organization of Kermanshah province as well as cluster developers in the province. They were selected through purposeful sampling. A total of 83 concepts related to the research topic were extracted through open coding. These concepts were formulated in 23 subcategories that formed the conceptual basis for the cluster development of businesses in garden products. Geographic focus, trust, cooperation and competition, opportunities and challenges facing businesses as causal conditions, entrepreneurship and collective identity, access to appropriate infrastructures and markets, regional economic prosperity and access to appropriate technology, cluster development agents, startups, existence of boycott and climate change are the tenets, concepts, and phenomena that need the attention or support of the government and the institutions involved. Also, business synchronization, training of the workforce and effective provision of business services are considered as the interaction strategies for the cluster development of horticultural products in Kermanshah province. The outcome of such a state of affairs would be agricultural development, economic development, market development, human development and socio-cultural development. Designing this native model can set an example to follow by rural development planners, industrial towns, the Agricultural Organization, the practitioners of the related businesses, and gardeners

Today, one of the main indicators in the assessment of development in countries is their share in producing knowledge .Thus, performance evaluation of educational units, which in turn leads to efficiency enhancement, has gained significant importance. Because the success of each faculty requires performance measurement and planning to improve it, Performance Appraisal of Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Departments Agricultural Extension and Education in Entrepreneurship Sciences production using Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) his descriptive analytical study was done in 2016. A researcher-designed form was used for datacollection Departments Agricultural Extension and Education In this research, the aim of measuring the relative efficiency and rankings of the Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Training Group, which consists of 12 groups, is using the applied analytical research method and the data envelopment analysis method, including BCC and CCR multiples models, and Gray Relationship Analysis with WinQSB software. And Deap 2.1 have been used to determine the relative efficiency coefficient of the output-driven axis, and for comparing and ranking the effective education and training group, Gray relationship analysis has been used. The results showed that 34% of the education and training education group under the CCR model, and 48% based on the BCC model, have the ability to generate knowledge of entrepreneurship and the educational groups, have a relative efficiency in the production of knowledge of entrepreneurship. Based on the analysis of Gray's relationship, the promotion and education groups of the universities of Gorgan, Razi, Ahvaz, Zanjan and Tehran are effective in producing knowledge of entrepreneurs.

Local water conflict is incompatible behavior between water stakeholders within communities over common water resource. If these conflicts are not addressed, they will have adverse consequences. Therefore, interests for managing water resources conflicts have been increased by policy-makers and planners. Gawshan basin is one of the regions has experienced agricultural water conflicts. Hence, in this qualitative research with a naturalistic view, in the first step a dynamic process for negotiating with stakeholders was implemented and then win-win solutions to manage agricultural water conflict with involving stakeholders were explained. The study population included all stakeholders of agricultural water in Gawshan dam network. In line with the nature of qualitative research, purposeful sampling was used in the study and 26 particiapants involved in the research process. The data were collected by conducting focus group discussion, conflict matrix and problem tree. Water distribution, the issue of water charges, land acquisition and maintenance of the network were the most important conflicts which were identified. The results showed that structural reform of water governance by delivering water to farmers, empowering local people in conflict resolution and negotiating, creating a win-win mechanism for conflict resolution at the local level, with the participation of farmers, holding workshops and training courses in the field of network equipment repair and maintenance were the most important solutions. The results of this research can be useful for optimizing management of agricultural water resources in the Gawshan basin.

Understanding the mysteries of the biological complexes, such as ecovilages and indigenous mechanisms in the sustainable livelihoods of these communities can be a pillar for achieving sustainable rural development. In this research, the Hajij village as an example of an indigenous and touristic area with many natural and cultural data is qualitatively studied using a grounded theory approach based on the combined, applied and exploratory approach to discover the secret of this survival. There are 53 heads of household from 171 families in the village (with a population of 571) were chosen in a chain targeted sampling method and interviewed deeply. In addition, the direct observation, document review and personal experience were also used. Then, the results were content analysis. With using axial coding and following the trajectory of the story from four categories, 20 subcategories and 132 concepts, paradigmatic model of study as a model for sustainable livelihoods of Hajij was presented. According to the resulted-based pattern, the people of this village with use of the collection of natural, social, human, physical, indigenous knowledge and culture, various strategies for keeping their environment long have adopted. Whereas, the invasion of negative consequences and intervening elements threatens the life of this sustainable pattern at the present time and requires serious attention.

One of the recent achievements to reduce the ecological footprint of human is creation, expansion, and rehabilitation of a large number of small and sustainable habitats called ecovillage. In this context, many developed and developing countries pioneered and scored extraordinary measures. To identify and compare the development patterns of such communities, it is very important to make shorter way to achieve this goal for other countries. It is the concern of most governments in Iran to benefit from an efficient model of sustainable development. Hence, the current study used the qualitative research approach and qualitative content analysis websites of the world's ecovillages, an inductive approach seeks to provide a model for the development of ecovillages of this country . For this purpose, from a random sample of 50 ecovillages in the developing and developed countries, 25 were extracted and the coding approach in qualitative content analysis was used for them. Finally, motion patterns and development of ecovillages of the developing countries over time were designed, analyzed, and compared to the trend in the developed countries, and a model was proposed for the development of ecovillages in Iran.

Transaction costs of agricultural enterprises are an affective factor on product cost price, net exchange price and farmer’s participation in market. The aim of this survey research was to examine the role of agricultural cooperatives in reducing the transaction costs of Potato production enterprises in Qurveh Township. The sample size (351) was obtained by Bartlet Table and the sampling method was Multistage Cluster. For data collection questioners have been used which its validity was verified by viewpoints of panel of experts and reliability by Tests-Retest. The results showed that farmers cooperative members are facing with lower transaction costs(41%) and their participation in markets outside the province have increased significantly. the variable of membership in the cooperatives could be entered in the Probit model to estimate the farmers participation in relevant market. On the other hand, transaction costs included the cost of information and measurement, significantly entered in the Logit model to estimate the membership of farmers in the cooperatives. Also, index of relations network, cost price and transaction volume were entered into the model.

This qualitative study was conducted to identify the factors and barriers of entrepreneurship development from the perspective of Iranian entrepreneurs. In terms of purpose, this study is applied- developmental and it is performed via descriptive phenomenological method. Qualitative content analysis was used to collect the data. The study population comprised of recorded interviews with the entrepreneurs invited to the Payesh TV program –a combined economic program produced and broadcast on Channel 1, IRIB- during 2015. A total number of 21 interviews were selected purposefully and analyzed by qualitative phenomenological research. Data collection process was continued until theoretical data saturation was reached and efficacy threshold of accessibility was obtained. The results of study showed three classes of factors identified from the perspective of the entrepreneurs, including: 1-background factors (role model, prior experience, and individual characteristics), 2- inhibiting factors (financing, socio-cultural, and legal factors) and, 3- empowering factors (opportunity identification and recognition, knowledge and expertise, and access to social networks).

The present study was conducted to investigate the yield and some morphological characteristics of Echinacea Purpurea. The experiment was conducted in Research Farm of the Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2013- 2014. The experiment was performed as a split plot factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The foliar application of vermicompost tea (control and vermicompost tea) was applied in the main plot and other factors include organic fertilizer (control, vermicompost and cow manure) and biofertilizer (control and of Azospir biofertilizer) were used in the sub-plots. Results showed that maximum diameter of the flower was obtained by vermicompost application. The maximum root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, number of flowers per plant and lateral shoot number were obtained by mixed application of vermicompost and Azospir biofertilizer. It was also found that vermicompost with Azospir biofertilizer treatment caused the highest flower, dry weight, biological yield and root diameter. Most collar diameter was created by the integrated treatment of manure and bio-fertilizer. The highest LAI value was obtained by combined Azospir biofertilizer and vermicompost tea. The foliar application of vermicompost tea and Azospir biofertilizer caused the highest plant height. However, the highest harvest index was observed in control treatment. As a result, it was found that integrated treatment of vermicompost and vermicompost tea was remarkably recognized better than other treatments which could improve the yield of Echinacea Purpurea.

Development of sports and physical education due to the positive effect on physical and mental health, spend leisure time and its dramatic effects on various aspects of social, economic, political, cultural, can be considered as one of the main tools to be considered human beings as central to sustainable development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the main elements of indigenous and local sports In order to exploit the rural sustainable development. The present study uses a qualitative approach with a naturalistic worldview. The games and sports in Kermanshah, Iran were analyzed. The data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews and semi-structured, individual interviews and focus groups, direct observation and complementary methods such as photographs and video. The results showed that local and indigenous games and sports, in various aspects, includes a series of activities are interesting, So that planning in order to revive and promote Games, can handle a wide range of rural development goals, because of sports and recreational activities associated with rural development programs, by providing healthy and active workforce, enhance social capital, increase participation of rural people, improving social cohesion, preserve local values and beliefs, as well as villagers enrich leisure time and reduce social abnormalities, leads to the formation of a dynamic and vibrant community with improved efficiency and productivity and improving the quantity and quality of rural life.