فهرست مطالب abdollah dargahi

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, spreads through both direct and indirect pathways. Among the latter, surface contamination is a significant concern due to the virus’s prolonged viability on surfaces. There is ongoing discussion over the impact of environmental surface contamination, especially in light of the introduction of novel viral types. The present study aimed to examine the extent of environmental surface contamination across different hospital wards and evaluate the effectiveness of disinfectants in inactivating the virus.

The samples were collected from critical areas in a hospital, both pre-disinfection (n = 40) and post-disinfection (n = 17), using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect SARS-CoV-2.

The findings indisputably confirm the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on swab samples from frequently-touched surfaces. Notably, 10 samples were virus-positive before disinfection, highlighting persistent viral contamination in vital hospital zones.

This study underscores the critical role of environmental surface contamination in SARSCoV-2 transmission, particularly in healthcare settings. Detecting the virus on frequently-handled surfaces underscores the urgent need for rigorous and frequent surface disinfection. Effective surface disinfection remains a rapid, straightforward, and practical strategy to mitigate virus transmission to healthcare workers and patients. These findings hold significant implications for infection control, particularly amid emerging virus variants. They emphasize the need to maintain stringent hygiene and disinfection practices within healthcare facilities to combat the spread of COVID-19.

The occurrence of COVID-19 as a public health emergency of international alarm was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020. The identified transmission path is due to direct close contact or via respirational droplets. There is uncertainty about other ways, such as transmission of surfaces, air, and other sources. This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines to investigate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus in environmental surfaces, water, wastewater, and air.

In this study, we performed a systematic literature search in PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Web of Science (ISI) databases in August 2022. The investigation on electronic databases resulted in a total of 2049 articles. A total of 249 potentially relevant were identified for full-text evaluation. Meanwhile, 30 articles were included in the synthesis.

According to four included studies, negative detection of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in water is established. A laboratory study has shown that viable SARS-CoV-2 could be found in aerosols for about 3 h. Also, the virus can be found on dry surfaces, depending on the material of the surface, for 8 to 72 h. Our results showed it is possible to exciting SARS-CoVs in air, environmental surface, and wastewater. 

These results can help healthy policymakers make suitable assessments of main prevention measures.

The exposure to toxic metals is a major global health concern due to their stability, bioaccumulation, and high toxicity. These metals can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta and exposure can last throughout life. This systematic review focused on the potential risks of arsenic (As) in breast milk to newborns and infants.

Multiple keywords, such as “human milk” and “breast milk”, associated with “toxic metal”, “heavy metal” or “arsenic” were used to search related databases. Of the 151 articles found, 45 studies were eligible for qualitative review, and 34 were included in the meta-analysis.

The lowest and highest levels of arsenic were found to be 0.04 ± 0.70 and 27.75 ± 28.30 μg/L, respectively. The overall pooled average concentration (95% CI) of arsenic in breast milk was 0.11 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.12). The results indicated that infants who consume breast milk are within a safe limit for cancer risk.

The exposure to significant metals is associated with disease development. Therefore, ongoing knowledge creation through mental acts and continuous observation is necessary to better understand the effects of heavy metals in future studies.

 Coronaviridae is a peculiar viral family with a vast ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome and characteristic appearance, endowed with an astonishing tendency to transfer from animals to humans. Various factors can affect preventing this emerging disease and controlling its severity.

 This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of students of Ardabil University of Medical Science (ARUMS) bout hygiene and food safety and their association with COVID-19 disease.

 This cross-sectional and descriptive study used an online questionnaire by random sampling, and the data were analyzed with SPSS software version 22. In this study, the statistical population was the students of ARUMS, and 100 (59 females and 41 males) students were selected from all the university students. A non-parametric test (Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney), chi-square and Student’s t-test were used for statistical analysis.

 There was a significant correlation between gender (male and female) and the level of understanding in three categories (weak, moderate, and good) (P = 0.048). However, there was no significant relationship with the variable of attitude. Determining the correlation between the variables of students’ knowledge and perspective with the Pearson correlation test revealed that the intersection between hygiene and food safety variables with the variables of awareness, attitude, and COVID-19 is significant.

 Having appropriate behaviors and knowledge about eating habits is essential for medical students who are constantly faced with high-risk environments regarding pathogens and need to strengthen their immune system and keep it at the desired level.

The quality of water consumed by individuals in a society will significantly affect the health of individuals of that society. Various substances that enter individuals’ bodies through drinking water play a critical role in maintaining their health so that the lack or excess of some of these substances can cause many complications. Thus, this study aims to determine water quality parameters of the water of the distribution network, the outlet water of the household water purification device, and the widely consumed bottled waters distributed in the city of Ardabil, and compare them with drinking water standards in 2019.

This study is a descriptive cross-sectional type, in which 30 bottled waters from 10 most widely consumed brands of bottled water distributed in the city of Ardabil and also 30 samples of the water of the distribution network and the outlet water of the household water purification device were randomly selected. All samples were tested based on the method standard reference. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the brands of bottles, the one-sample t test was used to compare the mean of each parameter with the standard value, and the paired student t-test was used to compare the mean inlet and outlet of the water purification device.

The results showed no microbial pollution in the investigated samples. The highest removal efficiency of the parameters by the household water purification device was 93.18% for sodium, and the lowest was 7.0% for nitrite.

In terms of chemical and microbial quality, the widely consumed bottled waters distributed in Ardabil had no health problems. In general, since the concentration of most urban physicochemical parameters is below the drinking water standard limit of 1053 in household water purification devices, the use of these devices is not necessary for the city of Ardabil.

The staff of health and dentistry schools can play an important role in encouraging students and their clients to adopt health and preventive behaviors. The aim of this study was to compare health‑promoting behaviors in staff and students of health and dental schools in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (ARUMS).

This cross‑sectional descriptive‑analytical study was conducted in 2021. The research population was staff and students of health and dental schools. Staff sampling was by census and students were sampled by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been confirmed in previous studies. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and analytical statistics tests using SPSS version 20 software. Linear regression was performed using stepwise method.

The results showed that the mean score of the individuals was 99.2 ± 20.24. In the leveling, the behaviors of 33 people (17.55%) were appropriate, desirable and good, and the health‑promoting behaviors, 154 people (82.45%), were moderate and low. The correlation between age, gender, marital status, and workplace of the individuals with health‑promoting behaviors was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The output of stepwise regression analysis showed that the variables were significant and could predict the scores of health‑promoting behaviors.

Health‑promoting behaviors in <20% of students and staff are desirable, and in more than 80% of them are moderate and poor. Therefore, educational administrators should use these results in curriculum planning to increase health‑promoting behaviors of students and staff. The score of health‑promoting behaviors is related to the above‑mentioned areas, but the relationship may not be linear.

Infection with COVID‑19 has resulted in considerable mortality all around the world. This study aimed to investigate the effect of convalescent plasma on the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID‑19 in Imam Khomeini Hospital at Ardabil, Iran.

In this quasi‑experimental clinical trial, patients over 18 years of age with polymerase chain reaction‑positive COVID‑19 were admitted based on the clinical criteria of respiratory distress with hypoxia (O2 saturation <90) and tachypnea (R Relative Risk (RR) >24) with moderate‑to‑severe lung involvement and in the 1st week of respiratory disease who were not intubated were nonrandomly assigned to two groups: convalescent plasma therapy (CPT) group (197 cases) and control group (200 cases). We used the Chi‑square, t‑test, Fisher’s exact test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient for statistical analysis.

Analyses revealed that length of stay in hospital was significantly lower in the CPT group as compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Twenty‑four cases (22.0%) in the CPT group and 85 cases (78.0%) in the control group needed intubation. Furthermore, mortality was 17 cases (18.3%) in the CPT group and 76 cases (81.7%) in the control group, the difference of which was also found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05).

It seems that CPT can be used as an alternative treatment at the early stages of COVID‑19 to prevent the progress of the disease, reduce the need for intubation and consequently the length of stay in hospital, and finally, decrease mortality

Currently, UVC radiation is used in hospitals to eliminate microorganisms and reduce adverse health effects in operating rooms (ORs) and protective environment rooms (PERs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of UVC irradiation on bioaerosols in ORs and PERs. This experimental study was performed in ORs and PERs in a hospital. Bioaerosols were evaluated according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) standard (No. 0800). The samples were collected from indoor air of rooms before irradiation and after UVC(254 nm) irradiation for 20 and 480 minutes. The sample size of the study was determined to be 432 (216 fungi and 216 bacteria). The difference between the mean concentration of bioaerosols in the UVC radiation at two intervals (20 and 480 minutes) was significant, which indicates a decrease in the concentration of bioaerosols by increasing the duration of UVC radiation. Some bacteria, such as group B Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Listeria, were entirely killed after 20 minutes of irradiation; however, complete removal of the bacteria such as Staphylococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was observed after 480 minutes of UVC irradiation. Fungi, such as Alternaria, Stofelim, and Mucor had a 100% reduction after 20 minutes of UVC irradiation, and Rhizopus and Aspergillus fumigatus showed a 100% decrease after 480 minutes of UVC irradiation. Other isolated fungi such as Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus niger, Rhodotorula, and Alternaria showed a decrease of 75%-98.78%. The ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity of bacterial and fungal bioaerosols depends strongly on their type. The results from this study may offer an important understanding of the control of indoor bioaerosols using UVC irradiation and help abate the environmental impacts of airborne microbes.

By explaining the reasons for non-compliance with the protocols of the National Anti-coronavirus Headquarters, we can help respond better, make better decisions, and control the risks and outcomes of coronavirus in the future. This study aimed to explain the reasons for the public’s non-compliance with the National Anti-coronavirus Headquarters measures from the perspective of academics.

The present qualitative study uses a contractual content analysis approach. The study participants were 19 professors and experts of the University of Medical Sciences with the necessary and sufficient information and experience on the subject. A purposive sampling method with maximum diversity in characteristics such as age, gender, education, the field of study, and work experience was used to select the participants. The study data were obtained through semi-structured interviews until data saturation and analyzed simultaneously.

From the content analysis of the interviews, 5 main themes and 7 subthemes emerged: 1) normalization and simplification of coronavirus risk with 5 subthemes of learning weakness, inconsistency in received information, misperception of coronavirus, perceived harms due to the observance of protocols, and the impracticality of some policies and approvals of the National Anti-coronavirus Headquarters, 2) weak communication, trust and low acceptance of the people by the procedures of the Anti-coronavirus Headquarters, 3) lack of sufficient motivation in people to comply with, 4) family-cultural conditions with two subthemes of the emotionality of Iranian families and the received cultural sediments, and 5) weakness in supervision and compassion in the use of force.

The study results showed that from the point of view of academics, there are reasons for people not observing the recommendations of the National Anti-coronavirus Headquarters, which leads to more ineffective control of coronavirus and consequently human, economic, and social damages to the country. Given the importance of coronavirus control in promoting community health and prevention of this disease and its dangers, further understanding of the reasons for non-compliance with the procedures and recommendations of the National Anti-coronavirus Headquarters to plan and carry out effective interventions seem necessary.

By being aware of the state of critical thinking and the factors affecting it in students, it is possible to help improve the planning and quality of education. This study aimed to comparatively determine the status of critical thinking and the factors affecting it in students.

The present cross-sectional study’s population and the sample consisted of health disciplines students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in Ardabil City, Iran. All students of the two entrances of 2017 and 2020 were enrolled in the study by completing a virtual questionnaire. According to the relevant results, 155 individuals completed the questionnaire. Descriptive and analytical tests in SPSS v. 20 analyzed the collected data.

The minimum score of critical thinking was 4, the maximum was 16, and the Mean±SD essential score of thinking was 10.17±2.56 in all students. Among the studied variables, only the relationship between the subscales of inference and inductive reasoning with the year of entry of the studied students was significant (P=0.02) and (P=0.026). In other cases, there was no significant correlation between demographic variables, such as age, gender, the year of entry, native or non-native, the field of study, and grade point average with the overall scores of critical thinking and its subscales (P>0.05).

The current study results indicated that the critical thinking skills of health students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences are poor in all dimensions and subscales. Considering the importance of critical thinking in the development, progress, and well-being of individuals and societies, reviewing and correcting the curriculum, training and empowering teachers concerning critical thinking skills, and teaching it in higher education and academic centers.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the family Coronaviridae, the order Nidovirales, and the genus Coronavirus. This research aimed to assess the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) among healthcare workers at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil County, Northwest of Iran.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 201 health care workers of Imam Khomeini hospital were recruited. The questionnaire included demographic information (including age, gender, height, and weight items) and information about job and working conditions, the degree of exposure to people suspected of having the disease, and the degree of compliance with health protocols.

The mean age of the healthcare workers (HCWs) was 34.37 ± 7.42 years. In terms of job distribution, most of the HCWs were nurses (57.2%), and only 4.5% were experts. Regarding blood groups, most of the HCWs had the O+ blood group (35.3%). Besides, the PCR results showed that 85.1% of the HCWs had a positive PCR result, and 14.9% were negative.

In general, nurses were the most at-risk group among HCWs. This is because they were more frequently in direct contact with patients than other staff members.

Given the global emergency for COVID-19 infections, only Working-based Individual Protective Behaviors (WIPB) such as health behaviors are emphasized as the most important obstacle in spreading the disease. This study aimed to determine the effect of WIPB on COVID-19 mortality.

This case-control study was conducted on 3088 people (case=1955, control=1133) of the northwest of Iran, Ardabil. Data for infected society people as a case group was collected from medical records retrospectively, and for the control group (noninfected) was obtained from the comprehensive health care system. A designed questionnaire was used to identify WIPB in the Ardabil population during the COVID-19 epidemic. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used in STATA version 16.

The results showed that most patients with COVID-19 in the control group belonged to the Unemployed/Housewives occupational group (27.6%), and the lowest was related to the police officers (2.2%) and transport workers (2.3%). There was a significant difference between groups in terms of sociodemographic factors (p<0.001). Inpatients had used masks, gloves, and disinfectants in the last 14 days by 66.2%, 35.3%, and 44.1%, respectively. There was a significant difference between case and control groups in terms of using a mask (p=0.004), contacting, traveling, and participating in public gatherings (p<0.001).

By increasing WIPBs and teaching how to properly observe such behaviors, including the proper use of masks, disinfectants, and gloves in society, as well as intensifying quarantine by preventing gatherings, the incidence and prevalence of COVID-19 can be reduced.

Corrosion and scaling is one of the major and daily problems in the operation of water facilities and causes problems such as water loss, shortening the life of the facility, creating holes in the pipes, clogging, and pressure loss in the water supply network. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water supply sources in Meshginshahr. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during the two seasons (summer and winter) in 2019. A total of 20 samples which were obtained by averaging 100 samples, were analyzed to determine the corrosion and scaling potential of water resources using Langelier and Ryznar indices in Meshginshahr. The results showed that the annual average of Langelier and Ryznar indices were -1.34 and 10.03, respectively, and the sources of drinking water supply in Meshginshahr were in corrosion and scaling state. Comparison of indicators and results obtained from this study showed that Meshginshahr water has corrosive properties, so it is necessary to constantly study the water supply sources of city and try for adjusting the pH and control other factors affecting corrosion, including concentrations of chloride, dissolved oxygen, and sulfate.

The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of cefixime in the inlet solution and effluent treated with the sono-electro-Fenton process using standard strains of microorganisms. This research was performed as an experimental study, which was conducted on a laboratory scale. The standard strains of Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) were used for bioassay. First, the stock solution of 1000 mg/L containing Cefixime was prepared, and for each bacterium (gram-positive and gram-negative), 5 samples from the inlet solution of the reactor and 5 samples from effluent treated with the sono-electro-Fenton process were collected under optimal conditions. Finally, each sample was transferred to 10 mL of sterile lactose broth, and a loop of E. coli or S. aureus was dissolved in each sample. Toxicity changes were investigated by calculating the percentage of growth inhibition. The results showed that after 10 hours, the growth rate of both bacteria in the control and the effluent samples was higher, while the growth of bacteria in the inlet solution was lower and had higher toxicity. Based on the results of the study, the toxicity rate for E. coli was reduced from 70% in the inlet solution to 9.3% in the effluent (86.7% reduction in toxicity), and in the case of S. aureus, it was diminished from 25.3% in the inlet solution to 7% in the effluent (72.3% reduction in toxicity) after 10 hours. Based on the results of the present study, bioassay using microorganisms is an effective and useful method to study changes in the toxicity of cefixime.

Fluoride is needed for better health, but it can cause adverse health effects if used at higher levels. There are different sources for the uptake of the fluoride, and drinking water is its primary resource.  The aim of this study is the evaluation of fluoride concentration at the inlet and outlet of household water treatment systems and highly consumed bottled water distributed in Ardabil city in 2020. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 60 water samples (30 samples of bottled water from 10 distribution brands of Ardabil city and 30 samples of inlet and outlet of household water treatment system). The concentration of fluoride was measured using the SPADNS standard method and spectrophotometer techniques. The SPSS version 22 software was used for analyzing the data. The concentration of fluoride in all samples was obtained to be in the range of 0 to 0.87 mg.l-1, with an average of 0.35 mg.l-1, which was less than the standard. According to the results, the concentration of fluoride in the studied groups was significantly different (P = 0.001). Moreover, the efficiency of the household water treatment system in the reduction of fluoride was observed to be 67.25%. Although the concentration of fluoride in most samples was lower than standard, further studies on other sources of fluoride, such as vegetables, tea, and so on, are required for accurate comment on fluoride deficiency in drinking water of one area.

The relationship between food and the health of the soul and body is one of the issues mentioned in a monotheistic worldview including Islam. The verse "And We send down of the Qur'an that which is healing and mercy for the believers" confirms the influence of religious teachings in this respect. This study examines the Qur'anic guidelines on food safety and hygiene.

This review study investigates into the health system through library reviews of authentic sources, religious teachings, Quranic verses, authentic statements from the infallibles (Imams and the prophet), important Qur'anic commentaries, statements and books on nutrition on national and international databases. After categorization, the results were analyzed and integrated. The authors declared no conflict of interest.

About 250 Qur'anic verses and dozens of statements from the infallibles point to the importance of food and nutrition. The Holy Qur'an mentions the word “food” 48 times, the word “eating” 107 times, and the word “drink” 39 times. In the verses related to food, it has been mentioned six times that food should be Halal, and in various interpretations, the importance of nourishing the body is emphasized. Attitude to food as a sign in knowing God, believing in divine generosity, enjoying divine intent, asserting the rights of those in need, clean eating, having a balanced diet, adhering to halal food, and avoiding forbidden foods are the most important attitudinal and habitual strategies related to food safety. In addition, human dignity is one of the most important outcomes of adhering to Islamic food safety strategies.

Since in revelatory doctrines, a healthy diet involves physical, mental, spiritual and social aspects of human life, it is essential that health policy makers consider the Islamic nutritional approach to achieve a true universal health.

Consumption of dissolved oxygen by organic substances in water resources result in undesirable environment for living organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of natural wastewater treatment systems and activated sludge for municipal wastewater treatment.

This one year-cross-sectional study was conducted on wastewater treatment plants in Kermanshah province. During the study, sampling of raw sewage and effluent of treatment plant was carried out and the efficiency of treatment plant was evaluated by measuring TSS, BOD5 and COD. All the sampling and testing procedures were adopted from the standard method.

The results showed that the annual average of BOD5 in effluent for Wetland, stabilization pond, extended aeration and conventional activated sludge was 55, 25, 21 and 23 mg/l respectively. Also the annual average was 143, 43, 40 and 40 mg/lfor COD, and 47, 101, 40 and 33 mg/l for TSS, respectively. For COD removal the conventional activated sludge (86.97%) and Wetland (61.6%) were the most efficient and least efficient systems. For BOD5 removal the stabilization pond (85.18%) and Wetland (72.01%) were the most efficient and least efficient systems. The BOD5 / COD ratio in influent were respectively 0.56, 0.62, 0.59 and 0.55 in these systems.

In all of the mentioned wastewater treatment systems, the effluent parameters comply with the Iran environmental protection agency standards and it can be reused or discharged to water bodies. Also it can be concluded that, for above-mentioned parameters the removal efficiency of natural systems was more than activated sludge.

Paying attention to physical, health and safety issues in educational environments is the most effective and fundamental factor for physical, mental and psychological development of students. Therefore, one of the most important and effective health issues of the school is to observe environmental health and safety. This study was conducted with the aim of surveying the environmental health and safety of schools in Khalkhal city with a crisis management approach.

This is a descriptive study with cross sectional design. The study population consists of all primary, middle and high schools in Khalkhal city (n=28). For sampling, census method was used. Data collection tool was an 87-item checklist that surveys the health status of schools and its classrooms in terms of health and safety facilities. It was completed by visiting schools and observing, interviews and measurements. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS and Excel software.

10% of schools had newly constructed buildings and 90% had old buildings. The minimum required area per student was observed in all schools. The green space area required for each student is 0.5 square meters, which was not observed in 73.83% of schools. Only 87.5% of schools had one toilet for every 40 students. Sewage disposal in 98% of schools was hygienic, and 100% of schools had sanitary trash cans. In 60% of the schools, the toilets did not meet the hygiene standards. In 84% of the schools, the number of washbasins was proportional to the number of students (1 per 60). All the classrooms had maximum use of natural light. Moreover, in most schools, health policies, safety policies and emergency and personal hygiene standards were met.

Most schools in Khalkhal city were at moderate level in terms of environmental health and safety and compliance with national school environmental health regulations as well as being prepared to deal with emergencies and crises which indicates a need for more attention and support from the relevant authorities for improving their status.

The combination process of UV/ S2O82-/Al2O3 leads to the production of radicals and radical hydroxyls, which could decompose and remove various pollutants, such as phenol. The present study aimed to investigate the photocatalytic efficiency of aluminum oxide nanoparticles and persulfate compilative processes in the removal of phenol. This experimental study was conducted in a discontinuous reaction chamber with a useful volume of one liter. In this process, we assessed the effects of the initial pH parameters (3, 5, 7, and 9), initial concentration of phenol (10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 mg/l), concentration of persulfate anions (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mg/l), reaction time (5 and 120 minutes), and dose of Al2O3 nanoparticles (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/l). The applied pilot was composed of a low-pressure mercury lamp (55 Watt), which was inside the steel chamber. The obtained data were fitted to the pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics. According to the findings, the process had high efficiency in the removal of phenol. In optimal conditions (pH:5, persulfate concentration: 50 mg/l, nanoparticle dose: 40 mg/l, reaction time: 60 minutes), the efficiency of the process was determined to be 95% at the initial phenol concentration of 10 mg/l, which was fitted with first-rate kinetics (R2=0.98). Furthermore, the highest efficiency was observed in the photocatalytic process of aluminum oxide nanoparticles and persulfates in the optimal conditions of exploitation. Therefore, persulfate could be used as an appropriate oxidizer with aluminum oxide nanoparticles for the removal of phenol.

Urinary tract infection is the second most common cause of infection in the human body. Among the causes of urinary tract infection, Escherichia coli is the most common bacteria causing the urinary tract infection in both genders (male and female). Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria causing urinary tract infection in the urine culture samples of the Shahid Beheshti Hospital Laboratory in Hamadan during 2016-2017. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted based on a purposive sampling for 16 months from April 2016 to July 2017 in Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan. In this study, urine specimens were collected by Midstream Clean Sugar method and then cultured in two Blood Agar and EMB culture mediums using standard loop. The results showed that, out of 1400 urine samples from outpatients referring to Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Hamadan, 235 were positive, of which 105 cases (44.7%) were related to men and 130 cases (55.4%) were women. Escherichia coli isolated with 141 (60%) cases was the most common organisms. Most of Escherichia coli isolates (126 cases) were resistant to ciprofloxacin antibiotic and only 1 case of resistance to Carbenicillin was observed. In general, the results showed that the most common bacterial agent of urinary tract infection was Escherichia coli and the highest cases of this isolate were resistance to ciprofloxacin. In addition, the highest antibiotic susceptibility was related to Nitrofurantoin.

Health is a basic human need. Islam as a comprehensive and temperament-based religion does not waive any instruction to evolve the human’s soul and body, and the health education is also one of the strategies for promoting health of the communities. Spiritual health is one of the most important aspects of health, which plays an important role in providing physical and spiritual health for people. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the Islamic instructions on the health of soul and body. This study reviewed the Holy Quran verses, Nahj al-Balaghah, narrations and interpretive and hadith sources. Data were collected via searching in the national databases, Google scholar, SID, IranMedex and PubMed with the keywords of soul health, body health, spirituality, spiritual well-being, religion and health, mental health, spiritual health, religion and health. The results of this study show that the Islamic religion, in its teachings, on observing health and preventing diseases (especially oral and dental) has preceded treatment of diseases, and has provided many sentences and orders for this purpose. People with high attachment and trust in God are more capable of dealing with problems due to having supportive resources and thereby more capable of coping with psychological and physical problems, too. Adherence and proper implementation of the instructions and teachings of Islam can lead to spiritual, mental and physical health for individuals and increase the sense of security and ability to deal with psychological and physical problems.

Approximately 10-20% of the total dyes in the world is consumed in the textile industry. The present study aimed to investigate the photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) immobilized on synthetic activated carbon in the removal of the acid blue 113 dye from aqueous solutions. This experimental study was conducted in a photo-reactor with the useful volume of one liter. The effects of pH (3, 7, and 9), zinc oxide nanoparticle concentrations (0.1-0.4 mmol/l), concentration of activated carbon modified by zinc oxide nanoparticles (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/l), and the initial concentration of the dye (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 200 mg/l) were assessed. In addition, the kinetics of the reaction were investigated. The results indicated that the optimal conditions for the process were the pH of 3, activated carbon modified by zinc oxide nanoparticle concentration of 100 mg/l, ratio of 0.4 millimole of zinc oxide per gram of activated carbon, and acid blue 113 dye concentration of 100 mg/l, which resulted in the maximum efficacy of 96%. Moreover, removal efficiency using zinc oxide was greater in all the stages compared to removal efficiency using activated carbon. The kinetic rate was also determined, demonstrating that the process followed the first-order kinetics. In addition, the findings indicated that the process had outstanding efficiency in the removal of the acid blue 113 dye. The photocatalysis of nanoparticle oxidation on synthetic activated carbon could be used effectively as an advanced oxidation reaction to remove dyes.

Exposure to formaldehyde in ambient air has attracted a great attention, due to harmful health effects. This study was aimed to determine formaldehyde concentration in winter and spring seasons, in Azadi square region, Tehran, and the relation of variations of CO, NO2, O3, temperature and humidity with formaldehyde concentration was modeled based on Response Surface Methodology.  This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014–2015 in Tehran. For measuring the formaldehyde concentration, NIOSH3500 method was employed. The concentration of formaldehyde was detected at 580 nm wavelengths by PerkinElmer LAMBDA spectrophotometer model of 25UV/Vis. Data of CO, NO2 and O3 concentration were attained from Tehran Air Quality Control Company. SPSS 16 and Design Expert (version 7) were used for analyzing data. Results showed the concentration of formaldehyde in the spring was on average 4.7 ppb more compared to winter season. The Model fitted for the prediction of formaldehyde showed a significant p-value (<0.001). Moreover, the R2 and Adj-R2 values were obtained about 0.8237 and 0.7607. In this model, it is observed the parameters of CO, NO2, O3 and temperature has a direct relation with the variations of formaldehyde, and humidity has an indirect relation.

 Results indicated formaldehyde concentration in spring season is on overage higher than winter spring. The fitted model showed the CO, NO2, O3 and temperature is in a direct correlation with formaldehyde changes in ambient air, and humidity is in an indirect correlation.

Natural disasters are out of human control, often leading to loss of life and property, and particularly affecting public health. Natural disasters influence human lives in different ways. They may have severe, obvious, or hidden consequences. Therefore, the present study aimed at examining the environmental health condition of the cities affected by 2017 earthquake in Kermanshah Province. This was a cross-sectional study. The environmental health experts gathered and analyzed the study data regarding the environment health condition of public places, food safety, solid waste management, types and number of water supplies, number of healthcare facilities and local health centers, etc. According to the results, the lowest and highest number of damaged villages in Kermanshah Province were located in Sarpol-e Zahab (205 villages) and Ghasreshirin (29 villages), respectively. In addition, Eslamabad-e Gharb and Salas-e Babajani had the highest and lowest urban and rural populations, respectively. A total of 138564 people were affected by the earthquake. The improved water sources in the affected areas included 51 low-risk water sources, 171 moderate-risk water sources, 2 high-risk water sources, and 0 very high-risk water sources. In addition, 5059 m3 water was chlorinated by the environmental health experts and 1805 households were under the coverage of methoxymethyl chloride. Moreover, public healthcare centers (1059 intact and 605 damaged), 4564 food safety centers (3204 intact and 1360 damaged), and 20 solid waste management centers (16 intact and 4 damaged) were available in the area after the earthquake. Overall, the results indicate that the environmental health activities in the areas affected by the earthquake were adequate in terms of providing healthy drinking water, garbage and wastewater management, distribution of healthy foods, and so on. Thus it can be used as a good model to response the needs of the survivors from the future natural disasters and crises.

Malachite, due to its features and low degradability, can be removed from aquatic environments with difficulty. Given the Nitric acid effect on the physical and chemical characteristics of scoria, this study was to evaluate the effect of sulfuric acid normality (1, 6 and 12) on the efficiency of scoria in Malachite removal from aquatic environments and to determine model, isotherms and reaction kinetics. Adsorption processes were carried out in vitro at different pH values, adsorbent dosages, contact times and constant concentrations of the dye. Residual concentrations of dye was measured as 665 nm by a spectrophotometer (Cary 50 Perkin Elmer Co). In order to understand the adsorption process, the obtained data were fitted by the Langmuir, Freundlich isotherms, and pseudo-first and second-order kinetics. Findings: The results showed that the dye removal eas increased with the increase of acid normality, pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time. The highest efficiency (100%) was obtained for the adsorbent modified with sulfuric acid 6 and 12 normalities in pH =11, adsorbent dose of 1.4 g/L and contact time of 75 minutes. Adsorption data proper followed both the Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich adsorption and pseudo-second-order kinetic. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that Malachite adsorption by scoria occurs in both multi-and mono-layerd forms and scoria treatment with Nitric acid, due to wide chemical changes (especially silica/alumina ratio) of adsorbent structure, increases the efficiency as compared to natural scoria.