abdolreza javan jafari bojnourdi

The main basis for differentiating the responding system in the crimes of children is to pay attention to the pattern of welfare. This model tries to improve the behavioral and personality status of delinquent children and teenagers with a finalist perspective. One of the dimensions of commitment to the welfare model is paying attention to the policy of individualization of sentences. The backbone of individualization sentences of On the other hand, de-authenticization of non-clinical variables such as severity, type and nature of the crime and attention to clinical and extra-legal variables such as emphasis on the personality file are other dimensions of attention to individualization.

This research, using a survey method, aims to evaluate the acceptance of individualization dimensions in judicial procedure. The statistical community has 293 verdicts of final conviction of branches of the criminal courts of East Azarbaijan province in the period of 2019-1400. The data were analyzed in two parts, descriptive and inferential, using spss 24 software, and the Pearson chi-square correlation test was used to measure the significance of the relationship.

The findings indicate non-adherence to the maximum approach to alternative answers to imprisonment and acceptance of the minimum tolerance approach in the target community. Also, according to the chi-square value obtained and the significance level of the test, which is less than (0.05), there is a significant correlation between the variables of intensity, type and nature of the crime and the type of judicial response, and these variables have an effect on the type of response.

Deauthentication of the non-clinical variables of severity,etermining the punishment based on the clinical situation through the generalization of exclusionary responses and avoiding the focalization approach as the dominant criterion of punishment guarantees the right to individualize will be.

Referring to the testimony of witnesses as one of the proofs is not a new phenomenon in legal systems, so that the testimony of eyewitnesses is often considered the only evidence or one of the main evidences in criminal cases to be a reason that is more or less associated with errors or mistakes. It should be kept in mind that false testimonies can have a negative impact on investigations and judicial proceedings. A topic that numerous psychological researches have confirmed the possibility of its realization. The proof of this issue is the issuing of wrongful convictions that were later canceled. Therefore, judges should be aware of the factors that can challenge such an argument. Nevertheless, to what extent is the knowledge of judges in this field? In this survey, the awareness of Iranian judges regarding the indicators related to the cognitive psychological aspect of witness testimony was examined and then a comparison was made with the views of their counterparts in the United States and Norway. The present research method is descriptive-analytical. The research community included 72 judges of Mashhad prosecutor's office and courts in 1400. The data collection method was using a researcher-made questionnaire with 33 questions that evaluated four indicators of memory, nervous stress, unconscious transference, and expectations. Data analysis was done using SPSS 24 version. Finally, the results obtained from this research have been compared with the results of the survey conducted in the countries of America and Norway. The average scores obtained from this research showed that Iranian judges' awareness of the impact of the expectations component (3.78) in witness testimony was higher among the respondents than other components. After that, the components of unconscious transfer (3.66), memory (3.13) and stress (3.02) are placed. In general, the views of Iranian judges were at a lower level than Norwegian and American judges.

Drug trafficking and its consequences is considered the world’s greatest problems and Iran is facing more serious problems due to its adjacency with the main source of drug manufacturing country. The etiology and investigating the reasons of drug smuggling crime have always been the interest of researchers, planners, and social, cultural, military, and disciplinary administrators in order to provide appropriate solutions for preventing and dealing with this phenomenon. One of the recognized ways for explaining social phenomena, particularly the criminology, is to use the existing capabilities and capacities in the established rules and regulations in other sciences. Hence, according to the process of energy transfer between two objects with conductive wall, we have developed a model entitled as “energy transfer and conductive wall” in order to explain the process of drug trafficking from Afghanistan to Iran. The basis of developing the model is the thermodynamics rules, particularly the second rule of thermodynamics in physics. Based on the second law of thermodynamics, thermal energy always tends to move from place with higher temperature to place with lower temperature. The two main pivots of the model are conductive wall and temperature difference through which we can offer a more tangible and objective explanation about the role of geographical and economic factors in drug trafficking as the two effective factors in this crime. In this article, an attempt is made to analyze the issue in the form of “energy transfer and conductive wall” and, accordingly, offer the best appropriate solutions that seem to be preventive and non-criminal actions.