فهرست مطالب abolfazl hosseinnataj

To achieve a successful root canal treatment, it is necessary to have a sealer with ideal characteristics that seal the permanent filling of the tooth canal. Over time, various sealers with different compositions have been introduced to increase the obturation quality of tooth root canals, and many studies are still ongoing to find the ideal sealer. This study aims to evaluate the obturation quality of Endoseal MTA sealer based on the void and spreader track in the root canal using intraoral digital radiography (PSP) and compare it with Adseal and MTA Fillapex.

This laboratory study was conducted on 36 central maxillary single-canal permanent human teeth with the same shape and in the pre-clinic of the dental school of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Root canal preparation was done with the Denco rotary system up to size F3 according to the manufacturer's instructions. During preparation, sodium hypochlorite 5.25% was used for washing, and finally  EDTA 17% and sodium chlorite 5.25%  were used to remove the smear layer. The teeth were dried with a paper cone. The samples were randomly divided into 3 groups and were filled with gutta-percha and sealers; MTA Fillapex, Endoseal MTA, and Adseal by lateral compaction method using Master Cone 35 and cone 20. After the sealers were set completely for 24 hours, PSP imaging was done with a parallel technique, buccolingually and mesiodistally, from the root canal of the teeth, and the presence of void and gaps in the form of spreader track in the three apical, middle and coronal regions, was evaluated with 3 independent observers. The data were evaluated with chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and items less than 0.05 were considered significant.

In the current study, the obturation quality of MTA Fillapex, Endoseal MTA, and Adseal sealers was investigated on 36 teeth based on void and gap in the form of spreader track. These evaluations were done according to the direction and location of the sealers. In these evaluations, Adseal sealer had the lowest and MTA Fillapex had the most prevalence of spreader track prevalence, although these differences were not significant based on the chi-square test and there was no significant difference between the prevalence of Spreader track among the three sealers. The void was observed only in the Endoseal group in coronal (mean: 0.5) and apical (mean: 0.7) areas. The results of the Chi-square test showed that there was no significant relationship between the prevalence of void with coronal, middle, and apical sites in Endoseal (P<0.05).

No difference was observed between the three sealers in the voids and gaps in the root canal. Based on the results of this study, the obturation quality of the above three sealers isn't different from each other. Although the presence of more void in Endoseal MTA sealer was not significant, it can indicate that the handling of this material is difficult, on the other hand, according to the manufacturer's recommendation, this sealer is recommended for single cone method and is not suitable for use in lateral compression method.

Moral courage is a crucial aspect of the nursing profession that significantly influences the quality of healthcare services. Moral courage refers to the courage or inner strength that an individual exhibits in ethical situations, acting based on their ethical principles, values, and beliefs despite potential negative consequences for themselves. Enhancing moral courage in nurses can lead to better decision-making and improved healthcare quality, thus, the understanding of the various factors related to this characteristic is of great importance. This article aims to investigate the relationship between moral courage and the personal and occupational characteristics of nurses.

This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The research population in this study consisted of all nurses employed in hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in the eastern province of Mazandaran. The sample size was determined to be 300 individuals. Sampling was conducted using the convenience sampling method. Data was collected through a questionnaire related to demographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education level, type of employment, years of service, service department, shift work, hospital of service, and history of attending ethics courses or seminars), and the Sekerka Ethical Courage questionnaire was utilized. Data analysis was performed using measures of central tendency, standard deviation, independent t-tests, analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression. SPSS 22 software was employed for data analysis, with a significance level of less than 0.05.

The average age of the participants was 32.85±7.54 years. The average score of nurses' moral courage was 60.24±4.37 out of (105), indicating a moderate level. The highest score of moral courage was commonly associated with the moral agent dimension (13.87±1.42) and multiple values (13.43±1.54), while the lowest score of ethical courage was related to the threat tolerance dimension (8.82±1.74). Participation in ethics courses had a significant effect on the moral courage score (P=0.004), where nurses with a history of attending ethics courses obtained higher scores in moral courage. Other variables did not have a significant impact on the ethical courage score. Regression analysis results also showed that only participation in ethics courses had a significant effect on the moral courage score, as nurses without a history of attending these courses scored lower (1.26 units).

Based on the findings of this study, it was revealed that participation in ethics-related training courses has a significant impact on nurses' ethical courage. These results indicate that ethics-related education (familiarity with professional ethics principles in nursing, values, and ethics in nursing decision-making, ethics in patient confidentiality and privacy, ethical collaboration and interaction with colleagues and other members of the healthcare team, patient involvement in ethical decision-making, ethical relationships with patient's families, and respect for their rights) can help strengthen and enhance nurses' ethical courage. Since ethical courage plays a crucial role in nurses' decision-making in challenging situations, designing effective and appropriate educational programs in this area can contribute to improving the quality of care and fostering a more ethical environment in the nursing setting.

Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder associated with chronic hyperglycemia and a disfunction in carbohydrate metabolism, fat, and protein. Oral complications of diabetes include gingival hyperplasia, periodontitis, dental caries, and xerostomia. Although diabetes can be effective on oral and dental health, limited studies have investigated the increase of oral and dental caries in children with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy children. This study compares oral health and quality of life in two to five-year-old children with type 1 diabetes with healthy children in Sari City in 2022.

In this case-control study, 33 children aged 2-5 with type 1 diabetes (case group) and 33 healthy children matched in terms of age and gender (control group) referred to BuAli Hospital in Sari were included using the census method. After obtaining informed consent from the parents, the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was provided to them. This questionnaire was classified into two areas: the child impact section (CIS) and the family impact section (FIS). Generally, the sum of the raw scores of this index varies from 0-52, which includes 0-26 scores for the CIS section and 0-16 for the FIS section. The higher score in the ECOHIS index suggests worse oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL). Children were examined for dmft index under sufficient light. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22 statistical software.

In this investigation, 36 boys (54.5 %) participated, of which 19 (57.6%) were in the case group and 17 (51.5%) were in the control group. The girls also made up 45.5 % (30 cases) of the sample size, of which 42.4 % (14 cases) were in the case group and 45.5 % (16 cases) were in the control group. The findings revealed that the mean FIS, ECOHIS, and dmft scores in the case group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the CIS score. The mean scores of CIS and ECOHIS in the control group were statistically significant between boys and girls (P<0.05), but no significant difference was found in these variables in the case group (P>0.05).

According to the current results, the oral health-related quality of life according to the ECOHIS index in type 1 diabetic children is more inappropriate than healthy patients at the same age. Moreover, as the child with type 1 diabetes grows older, the oral health-related quality of life decreases. The results of the present study also show that children with type 1 diabetes are at risk of dental caries (more dmft), which increases with age but does not have any significant association with sex.

The most important anatomical areas to take into account during implant insertion are the submandibular gland cavity, the posterior part of the mandible, and the inferior alveolar nerve. Therefore, this study aims to assess the location of the submandibular gland fossa and its variations using CBCT.

In this cross-sectional investigation, CBCT images of the mandible of patients who visited a private radiology center in Babol (Mazandaran, Iran) between 2019 and 2021 were included. The submandibular salivary gland fossa was evaluated based on age, sex, side of the mandible, fossa depth and angle, as well as connection with the mental foramen and mandibular canal. Data were analyzed using SPSS V.24.

The study population comprised 59 men (47.2%) and 66 (52.8%) women, ranging from 16 to 70 years old. The mean depth of the fossa on the right side (1.79 ± 0.48 mm) was statistically greater than the left side (1.66 ± 0.46 mm). Regarding the angle of the fossa and the distance to the mental foramen, there was no discernible difference between the left and right sides. Men had considerably deeper average fossa depths on both sides (P<0.05). Moreover, the fossa depth on the right side was significantly lower in patients less than 36 years old (P=0.005).

According to the current findings, the average depth of the fossa is greater on the right side than on the left side. The deepest part of the fossa is located next to the mandibular canal. Therefore, it is crucial to have a thorough understanding of the characteristics of the submandibular gland fossato avoid perforating the lingual alveolar plate during implant insertion.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are becoming increasingly prevalent as a source of occupational disability injuries. Musculoskeletal disorders in midwives are a major concern, as midwifery is one of the professions with a high risk of occupational diseases, in addition to risk factors such as awkward posture, repetition of movements, heavy workload, fatigue, and stress, are also dependent on individual-organizational factors, which can be caused by occupational tensions and may lower the quality of care provided to mothers and newborns. Because there is little research in this field, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among midwives working in public and private hospitals in Sari City, as well as the influence of related risk factors on it.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 (summer) among midwives working in public and private hospitals in Sari City as a census. 193 workers in maternity wards were chosen, with having more than one year of experiencea nd the exclusion being a history of musculoskeletal disorders. The data collection tool included a demographic and organizational information collection form, the Cornell musculoskeletal disorders questionnaire. This questionnaire looks at 12 body areas and the frequency, severity, and impact of discomfort on work abilities throughout the previous working week. Data analysis was done by SPSS statistical software, descriptive statistics, chi-square, and independent t-tests at a significance level of 0.05.

The mean and standard deviation of the age and work history of the studied subjects were 35.60±7.74 and 10.42±6.84, respectively. Analysis of the frequency of musculoskeletal problems revealed that the most commonly affected areas were the wrists, shoulders, lower back, and neck. Meanwhile, 79.4% of people have experienced discomfort in at least one of the various organs. In terms of the amount of pain, the highest average pain sensation among participants was reported the highest average pain intensity at night (40.7%). Based on the results, the highest prevalence of MSDs was found in the neck region (58.4%), followed by the lower back (57.6%), shoulder (53.9%), and then one or both wrists (51%). Also, the average age and history of midwives with MSDs had a significant relationship (P<0.05).

The current study found that the majority of midwives felt pain and discomfort in at least one part of the musculoskeletal system. Also, the highest rate of musculoskeletal disorders was in the neck, waist, and shoulder, respectively, which indicates the high prevalence of disorders in the upper limbs. The study's analytical investigations revealed an effective relationship between the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and demographic and work-related variables. As a result, to improve working conditions and reduce musculoskeletal disorders in midwives, specialized ergonomics

Fatigue is a significant factor that affects nurses and the quality of care they provide. This study aimed to compare the effects of foot reflexology (FR) and foot massage (FM) on fatigue and its impacts in female nurses. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 60 nurses who were randomly assigned to two groups of 30 to receive either FR or FM, in Buali Hospital (Sari-Iran), from January 2022 to July 2023. Nurses received FR or FM for 10 minutes once a day for three consecutive days. Fatigue and its impacts were assessed before, immediately after, and one week following the intervention. Data were collected using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS), and the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS). The mean baseline fatigue scores in the FR and FM groups were 23.33±9.69 and 22.07±6.51, respectively (P=0.65). Both groups showed a significant decrease in fatigue scores immediately and one-week post-intervention, with the FM group exhibiting a significantly smaller decrease (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean baseline FIS scores between the two groups (P=0.91), but both groups showed a significant decrease in FIS scores over time. The GEE model indicated a significant reduction in CFS and FIS scores over time in both groups (P<0.001). Foot reflexology and foot massage were effective in reducing fatigue and its impacts in nurses. Nurses can choose either of these methods based on their preferences and conditions to alleviate fatigue and its effects.

This study reviewed the prevalence of C-shaped root canal morphology in different provinces of Iran.

This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Embase, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Ovid, SID, CIVILICA, Magiran, IranMedex, and ISC electronic databases were searched for articles published from 2000 to 2021. The searched keywords included “C-shaped root canal system” and “prevalence”, “molar teeth”, “premolar teeth”, and “Iranian population”. Full-text assessment of the articles and critical appraisal were performed using the CONSORT and STROBE checklists. Gender, tooth type (first/second molar, first/second premolar), upper/lower jaw, and type of C-shaped classification were extracted from the eligible articles, pooled, and analyzed using forest plots with proportions and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI). Meta-regression was performed to evaluate possible sources of heterogeneity.   

The prevalence of C-shaped canals was 0.06% (95% CI: 0.04-0.08). The prevalence of C-shaped canals was 0.08% (95% CI: 0.05-0.11) based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. The pooled prevalence of C-shaped root canal system was higher in Mazandaran (Sari and Babol) and East Azarbaijan (Tabriz) (0.10%) than other provinces. There was no significant difference between the pooled prevalence of C-shaped root canal system in males (0.26%) and females (0.36%). The pooled prevalence of C-shaped morphology was 0.03% in first molars and 0.12% in second molars.

The prevalence of C-shaped morphology is high in the Iranian population. Tooth type has a significant effect on the prevalence of C-shaped canals.

Aging is a physiological process, but during this period, with the passage of time and the influence of environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyles, the prevalence of diseases, especially chronic diseases, increases. One of these chronic diseases is diabetes. It has negative effects on their physical and mental health and as a result, reduces their quality of life. A relatively new issue that is raised today regarding the quality of life is hope. Because hope can ease the process of facing life's adversities and improve the quality of life. Hope therapy is based on the hope theory of Schneider and colleagues and is based on a positive psychology approach. This study aimed to determine the effect of group hope therapy on the quality of life of elderly women with diabetes.

The study was designed experimentally with a before and after design in two control and intervention groups. Eligible elderly women with diabetes were selected from the diabetes clinic of Imam Khomeini Medical Education Center in Sari and were randomly assigned to intervention (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The group hopes therapy training was conducted in 8 sessions twice a week for 90 minutes. The quality-of-life questionnaire of Thomas diabetic patients (DQOL) of two groups was measured before, immediately, and one month after the intervention. Data analysis was done using the Mann-Whitney, Friedman, Wilcoxon test and SPSS software version 16 and P<0.05.

The level of high quality of life increased from 35% to 50% in the control group and from 45% to 100% in the intervention group. The comparison of the average quality of life in the pre-intervention phase in the two intervention and control groups did not show a statistically significant difference (P=0.472). Comparison of the average quality of life immediately after the intervention in the two intervention groups (59.55±2.84) and control (45.90±3.69) and one month after the intervention in the two intervention groups (60.00±2.714) and the control (45.75±3.75) showed a statistically significant difference (P=0.001). Based on the results of the present study, the average quality of life of the control group was lower than the intervention group at the end of the intervention and one month after the intervention.

The results of the research showed that group hope therapy is effective in improving the quality of life of elderly women with type 2 diabetes. Elderly women with diabetes learned that they can find the meaning of life even in the suffering and pain caused by the disease. The concept of hope in people causes their perspective to widen from the current difficult and suffering conditions. Increasing hope leads to happiness, peace, adaptation to the current situation, increased energy, meaningfulness, and success in life. As a result, group hope therapy can be implemented to increase the quality of life in the daily care programs of the elderly, especially women.

Reducing the desire to have children is one of the most important concerns and challenges in developed and developing countries. Also, the current policies in these countries try to understand the factors related to it, and until today, through this way, it has led to an increase in the population in countries with an aging population. Considering the importance of this issue, we decided to prepare and compile a study to determine the factors related to the desire to have children systematically.

This study was conducted in 2024, which is a systematic review, and was conducted in five stages, which included designing the study question, searching, extracting related studies, selecting related studies, tabulating information, and reporting the results. Was. Searching in domestic and foreign databases including SID, PubMed, magician, Iran doc, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engine with keywords such as "related factors", "childbearing", "psychological factors", "social factors", Cultural factors, "physical factors", "individual factors", "religious factors", "decrease", "Iran" and "tendency" and their English equivalents were carried out. Studies were reviewed in the period from 2012 to 2024 (the last twelve years, due to major changes in the world). To select studies, inclusion or exclusion criteria were considered. Also, the quality screening of the studies was done by the Newcastle checklist. After selecting and checking the quality, the data in the studies were classified.

Based on the answer to the main research question, the findings were classified into three categories: social and environmental factors, psycho-physical factors, and demographic factors. The review of 16 cross-sectional studies showed that factors such as sex, age, marriage, education, race, and place of residence are included in the demographic class. Among other relevant factors is the desire to have children. Religion and religion, technological progress, life experiences, culture and politics governing the society, family structure, peers and economic issues, and access to the media are among other related issues that are included in the category of social and environmental factors and are mentioned in 6 studies. became. The analysis of 7 other cross-sectional studies pointed to the connection of the next class, i.e. psycho-physical factors. In these studies, factors such as personality, depression, self-esteem, underlying disease, and fertility and infertility records were related to having children. It should be noted that some studies were placed in several classes and the classes overlapped.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that there are many factors related to people's desire to have children, which the studies in this research are not sufficient in expressing. But it is possible to take help from these factors that have been mentioned in various studies as a guide to know the related factors and by planning to manage or strengthen some of them, help to increase the desire to have children.

The psychological contract of safety can be conceptualized as the beliefs of individuals about mutual safety obligations that are inferred from implicit or explicit promises. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the psychological contract of safety questionnaire.

After forward-backward translation of Walker's safety psychological contract questionnaire (2010), face and content validity assessments were conducted, including the content validity ratio and content validity index with participation of 20 occupational health and safety experts. Its reliability was evaluated using the test-retest method involving 30 participants, and construct validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis with 320 participants from the target population. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 22) and AMOS software (version 24). A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered.

In terms of face and content validity, one item related to the safety obligations of the employer was removed due to a low impact score and content validity index. The Cronbach's alpha values for the employer and employee safety obligations questionnaires indicated excellent (<0.90) and good (0.75-0.90) reliability, respectively. Additionally, their intraclass correlation coefficient was considered acceptable. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit index for the employee and employer safety obligations questionnaires, which consisted of 15 and 11 items, respectively.

The psychological contract of safety questionnaire, consisting of two indicators, namely employee safety obligations with the dimensions of "communication and reporting behavior" and "adaptive behavior" as well as the employer safety obligations with the dimensions of "employee safety benefits" and "supply of resources" demonstrated acceptale validity and reliability.

The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of moral distress (MD) and itsassociated factors among emergency department nurses. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 on 172 nurses from the emergency departments ofmedical training centers affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The census method wasused to collect the data, which included demographic variables and Corley’s MD questionnaire. The Data wereanalyzed using SPSS software (version 22), using an independent T-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), andmultiple regressions. Out of 172 nurses, 60.5% were women, with an average age of 32.52±6.88 years. The resultsdemonstrated an average MD score of 69.73±25.68. In terms of frequency and intensity, around 53.5% ofthe participants experienced MD at a low level (0-72), while the remaining 46.5% reported experiencing itat a medium level (14-73). A significant association was found between MD and age (p=0.037), workplacehospital (p=0.005), and history of mental disorders (p=0.005). Furthermore, linear regression analysis revealeda statistically significant association between MD, marital status, and occupational type (p<0.05). The results showed that nurses had low to moderate levels of MD. Several factors, includingage, history of mental disorders, marital status, employment type, workplace hospital, and education, wereassociated with the overall MD score. To reduce MD and its negative effects on nurses, it is necessary toaddress these factors and develop an effective strategy for identifying and managing MD to improve nursingcare quality

Occupational hearing loss is mainly caused by exposure to high noise levels, and many individual and environmental factors playing a role in its development. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of personality traits on the relationship between the perception of noise risk and the degree of occupational hearing loss.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 workers exposed to noise levels above 85 dB in a manufacturing industry. Risk perception was assessed using a risk perception questionnaire, while personality traits were measured using the HEXACO personality questionnaire. The degree of hearing loss was measured using a MEVOX-SA900 audiometric device. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 software, which included calculations of means, standard deviations, Pearson correlation coefficients and structural equation modeling using AMOS version 24.

The average total hearing loss was 8.61 dB, and 79% of workers had normal hearing. The average score for workers' overall risk perception was 73.95±6.19. Among the personality traits, emotionality had the highest score, while honesty had the lowest score. Two components of general risk perception, including risk perception and attitude, as well as the personality trait emotionality, showed a positive and significant correlation with hearing loss. However, personality traits did not show a significant correlation with risk perception.

Higher risk perception does not necessarily mean less hearing loss, therefore other variables such as employee personality traits should also be considered when planning hearing protection programs.

Driving is a crucial ability that can impact the quality of life for elderly individuals. Older adults may rely more on driving compared to other age demographics. As individuals age, there are significant changes in physical, cognitive, intellectual, and emotional abilities that are crucial for driving, a skill essential for accessing healthcare, therapy services, work, and social activities, as well as maintaining independence and autonomy in the elderly. Mobility and physical exertion are crucial aspects of health for older individuals, and driving significantly contributes to their ability to move within society. The increase in the elderly population has led to a rise in the number of older drivers. Proficiency in self-efficacy in driving is a crucial ability in this profession that acknowledges the significant aspects of this issue. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between weariness, self-efficacy, and driving behavior among older drivers in an urban setting.

This study was a progressive and descriptive-analysis study conducted among older drivers aged 60 and older who were members of the taxi association. Three hundred and ten eligible participants were chosen using the convenience sampling approach. The data was collected using the demographic data form, the multidimensional fatigue inventory, and Adele's self-efficacy scale. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, and Pearson correlation tests.

The participants had an average age of 28.3 years with a standard deviation of 9.6 years, and their ages ranged from 60 to 75 years. 42% of the participants had university degrees. They mostly had 30 to 50 years of driving experience. The average self-efficiency in driving among older drivers was 101.87±15.74. The Pearson correlation test indicated a significant and inverse relationship between age factors, the history of the driving license, and the self-efficacy score. In other words, as age and years of driving experience increase, the likelihood of self-efficacy driving reduces substantially. The correlation between the fatigue questionnaire scores and self-driving efficiency was significant(P<0.001). There was an inverse relationship between fatigue and self-efficacy in driving. Higher fatigue levels in older adults led to a decrease in self-activity rates. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed strong associations between educational characteristics, the economic-social status of chronic illness, self-efficiency scores, and fatigue rates. The model indicates that the fatigue score decreases by 0.18 for every one-unit rise in the self-efficiency score. The regression analysis showed that monthly income, vehicle type, and fatigue score were significantly related to driving self-efficacy score(R2=39.5).

Researchers recommend implementing a driving rehabilitation program and interventions that provide psychological support in reducing fatigue for older adult drivers based on these findings. The results of the study could assist policymakers in the field of gerontology in planning rehabilitation programs to enhance self-efficacy in driving in older individuals. These programs would consider the factors that contribute to decreased driving efficiency in older drivers and would be implemented in collaboration with welfare organizations and municipalities.

Hemodialysis patients often face various psychological challenges that can significantly affect their overall health. Alexithymia is a construct that refers to the inability to distinguish between emotions and bodily reactions, difficulty describing emotions to others, and a cognitive style that is driven by reality and concrete situations. Various studies have shown that alexithymia is significantly and positively correlated with many psychiatric disorders. Moreover, as a factor, it hurts mental health (especially anxiety) and the quality of life of hemodialysis patients. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the mediating role of alexithymia in the relationship between social support and death anxiety in hemodialysis patients.

This cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted on 235 patients at Sari Shahrvand dialysis center, Iran 2023. Patients were included in the study by convenient sampling method. Data collection was done using demographic information questionnaires, Templer's Death Anxiety Scale (DAS-15), Zimmet's Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Demographic information included gender, place of residence, level of education, duration of hemodialysis treatment, number of visits per week, history of underlying diseases, and history of hemodialysis. Templer's death anxiety scale includes 15 questions in the form of a 5-point Likert scale regarding thoughts of death, fear of death, talking about death, fear, and thinking about incurable diseases. Zimmet's multidimensional scale of perceived social support is a 12-question instrument in the form of a 7-point Likert scale, which was used to evaluate perceived social support from three subscales of friends, family, and significant others. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale was a 20-question questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale, with three subscales: difficulty in recognizing emotions, difficulty in describing emotions, and objective thinking (Externally oriented), which was used to evaluate alexithymia. Finally, the data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling with the bootstrap method, utilizing SPSS 26 and AMOS 22.

The study revealed that most participants were male, comprising 58.3% of the statistical population. The average scores for death anxiety, perceived social support, and alexithymia were 38.97±10.31, 4.88±1.26, and 55.72±9.76, respectively. The results suggest that there is no statistically significant relationship between social support scores and death anxiety (B=-0.13 (-0.30, 0.04), P=0.153), nor between social support and alexithymia (B=-0.12 (-0.28, 0.09), P=0.256). However, there is a significant and direct relationship between alexithymia and death anxiety (B=0.66 (0.46, 0.82), P=0.016).

Considering the significant and direct relationship between alexithymia and death anxiety, it is recommended that managers and healthcare planners regularly evaluate the presence of death anxiety and alexithymia among individuals and formulate targeted interventions to alleviate these conditions.

Successful root canal treatment depends on correct cleaning, widening, and shaping of the root canal system. Root canal preparation using rotary files can cause dentin cracks. This study aimed to evaluate the number of dentin cracks created after the preparation of the mesiobuccal root canal of the first maxillary molars by ProTaper Gold and Edge taper platinum rotary files using a stereomicroscope.

In this laboratory study, 72 maxillary first molars were collected and randomly divided into three groups (n=24): control group, ProTaper Gold group, and Edge taper platinum group. Mesiobuccal canal preparation was performed in Edge taper platinum and ProTaper Gold groups up to file size F2. All roots were cut horizontally at distances of 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex with a disc. The sections were examined under a stereomicroscope at 40x magnification. Fisher’s exact test and Chi-square test were used in SPSS version 22.0 for analyzing data. A significant level of 5% was considered.

In the control group, no cracks were observed in any of the sections. At 3 and 9 mm from the apex, the ProTaper Gold group had the highest frequency of cracks and at 6 mm from the apex, the Edge taper platinum group had the highest frequency of cracks. There was no significant difference in the frequency of dentin cracks between ProTaper Gold and Edge taper platinum groups in any of the sections.

Both ProTaper Gold and Edge taper platinum systems caused the formation of dentin cracks. Preparation of root canals by Edge taper platinum and ProTaper Gold rotary files causes the formation of dentin cracks to the same extent.

 The numerous pre-hospital emergency medicine operational staff interactions with different people cause many conflicts. In addition to affecting their physical and mental health, these conflicts lead to severe problems for the health of society and patients.

 This study aimed to determine the relationship between resilience and conflict management styles from the perspective of pre-hospital emergency medicine operational staff of the Medical Emergency and Accident Management Center in Golestan Province in 2022.

 This descriptive correlational study recruited 200 operational staff working in the pre-hospital emergency center in Golestan Province. They were selected using a stratified sampling method with proportional allocation. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (ROCI-II).

 Pearson correlation results demonstrated a direct and significant relationship between resilience and conflict management styles (P = 0.011, r = 0.180); the resilience score increased with an increase in the score of conflict management styles. In addition, resilience was directly associated with compromising (P = 0.012, r = 0.178) and integrating styles (P = 0.001, r = 0.276). Finally, a direct and significant relationship existed between job interest and resilience (P = 0.01). The linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the resilience score and the score of conflict management styles (β = 0.17).

 Resilience can improve the conflict management styles of pre-hospital emergency medicine operational staff. Moreover, job interest can enhance resilience, indirectly affecting conflict management. Pre-hospital emergency managers and officials should hold resilience training courses for pre-hospital emergency operatives.

Pedestrians are the most vulnerable people in the traffic system, and every year, thousands of pedestrians are injured or killed due to traffic accidents. The behavior of pedestrians is one of the human factors involved in traffic accidents. In the meantime, the damage is more in the age groups of 60 years and older. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between fear of falling and functional status with the traffic behavior of older pedestrians in Sari City.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study conducted in Sari City in 2022-2023. The research population included all the older adults aged 60 years and above receiving care in the health centers of Sari City. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria and using multistage random sampling, 630 people were determined as the sample size. In order to collect information, a demographic characteristics questionnaire, Womac functional status questionnaire, fear of falling (FES), and traffic behavior were used. The data was analyzed using SPSS-22 statistical software. The significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.

The average age of the older participants was 67.34±7.61 years. 53.2% of the participants were male, and 71.4% were married. The mean and standard deviation of functional state scores, fear of falling, and traffic behavior were 56.65±17.62, 30.69±12.56, and 106.06±12.01, respectively. Correlation results showed that functional status has a significant inverse correlation with fear of falling (P<0.001 and r=-0.22) and a positive significant correlation with traffic behavior (P<0.001 and r=0.32). No significant relationship was observed between fear of falling and traffic behavior. Gender, marital status, duration of walking, means of transportation, and age had a significant relationship with fear of falling and functional status (P<0.001). Walking time was significantly related to traffic behavior (P<0.001).

According to the results of the study, the fear of falling and the physical condition of the older have an effect on their traffic behavior, which may increase the number of accidents in this group, so it is important to pay attention to this issue among drivers.

Abnormal fear of childbirth (FOC) can leave many complications. Examining the factors that worsen the FOC is helpful in eliminating or modulating the fear. In this regard, we aim to investigate the relationship between psychological factors and the increase of the FOC.

This scoping review study was conducted in 2023 by searching for related studies in databases Scopus, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, IranDoc, MagIran, SID, and Google Scholar using related keywords. After screening the titles, abstracts, and full texts, 10 eligible descriptive-analytical studies were selected. Evaluation of their quality was done by the AXIS checklist.

The findings from 10 studies were divided into three groups based on the answer to the main research question. Four studies showed the relationship between FOC and depression. Six studies showed the relationship between FOC and anxiety, and three studies showed the relationship between FOC and self-esteem. In all students, the relationships were statistically significant (P<0.05).

Psychological factors of depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are related to the increased FOC in women. In this regard, by designing intervention programs to eliminate related psychological factors, it is possible to prevent the increase of the FOC in women.

Context:

 Academic procrastination leads to dysfunctional learning outcomes in terms of patient care skills, and consequently, the nursing students’ knowledge and awareness declines, which is known as a deterrent to their success. On the other hand, perceived competence, self efficacy, and self esteem significantly influence the students’ health and proper functioning of the study. Hence, it is important to examine the relationship between the mentioned variables with procrastination.

 This study was designed to determine the relationship between perceived competence, self‑esteem, and self‑efficacy with academic procrastination among the nursing students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

Settings and Design:

 This was a descriptive‑analytical study. It was conducted in three nursing schools of Sari, Amol, and Behshahr in the north of Iran in 2020.

 The sample size included 299 nursing students selected by stratified random sampling out of all undergraduate and graduate students. The research tools included the Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, Williams and Desi’s Perceived Competence Scale, Rosenberg Self‑Esteem Scale, Schwarzer and Jerusalem Self‑Efficacy, and Tuckman Procrastination Scale.

Statistical Analysis:

 The descriptive statistics (frequency and mean ± standard deviation [SD], median, and quartiles) and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis.

 According to the results, the mean and SD of the scores for academic procrastination, perceived competence, self‑esteem, and self‑efficacy was 26.05 ± 6.10, 25.77 ± 2.93, 9.84 ± 1.86, and 8.31 ± 11.85, respectively. Spearman’s correlation coefficient revealed a positive significant correlation between academic procrastination and perceived competence (r = 0.56, P = 0.001) and a negative meaningful correlation with self‑esteem (r = −0.30, P = 0.001) and self‑efficacy (r = −0.43, P = 0.001).

 According to the findings, academic procrastination displayed a positive relationship with perceived competence and a negative relationship was found with self‑esteem and self‑efficacy. Therefore, it is necessary to take the variables, namely, self‑esteem, perceived competence, and self‑efficacy into account in order to reduce academic procrastination.

Context: Nowadays, in view of improved patients’ awareness of their rights to receive safe and high‑quality services, many legal issues stand facing the nursing profession. With the aim of providing such services, nurses are thus required to unquestionably have a sufficient understanding of legal issues and professional/ethical/criminal laws specific to nursing, empowering them to protect themselves and their patients.

 Purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of nurses toward legal issues.

Setting and Design: 

The present study is a cross‑sectional analytical study that was conducted in 2021 in 5 medical and educational centers of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The study population included all nurses working in medical and educational centers.

 The data collection tool was a questionnaire related to the status of knowledge and attitude and practice of nurses of legal issues.

Statistical Analysis Used: 

Pearson correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r) and multiple linear regression were utilized to establish the relationship between the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) scores and to identify the factors shaping these values, respectively.

 As well, the knowledge mean score was equal to 13.81 ± 1.32, and such values for attitudes and practices were 8.02 ± 1.62 and 24.15 ± 1.36, respectively. Significant relationships were also observed between gender, employment type, source of information, and attitude mean score, as well as gender and practices mean score.

 Despite the satisfactory levels of KAP about legal issues as well as professional/ethical/criminal laws specific to the nursing profession among the Iranian nurses, there is still a need to broaden their knowledge of the relevant formalities in this domain.

Background and

Low frequency noise (LFN), even at low levels, can have an adverse effect on individual's mental health and performance. However, personality trait is one of the most important influencing factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the perception of loudness, sensitivity, and annoyance of LFN in relation to personality traits.

This semi-experimental research was conducted on 40 students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 2022. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire‐Revised (EPQ‐R) was used to assess personality traits. Participants were exposed to LFN at Equivalent continuous sound level (Leq=65 dB in A-weighted) for one hour in an acoustic room. Then questionnaires of noise annoyance, Weinstein noise sensitivity, and loudness perception were used, respectively. Finally, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V25 and applying Chi-square, independent t-test, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

The mean value of annoyance, sensitivity, and noise perception were 5±2.05, 65.2±14.88, and 3.55±0.68, respectively. The results of the study indicated that extroverted and introverted personality traits did not have a significant correlation with annoyance, sensitivity, or perception of loudness (P>0.05) while the results of the MANOVA test showed that neuroticism was the most influential factor on sensitivity (P<0.05).

The findings of this study have confirmed that personality traits, such as neuroticism, can significantly affect the sensitivity of individuals when exposed to low frequency noise. As a result, it is important to consider factors beyond engineering control solutions to address and  reduce the levels of annoyance caused by noise. Therefore, other influential factors such as individuals' personality traits should also be taken into account.

Background and

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is known as the standard treatment for inflammatory diseases of the gallbladder. This surgical method causes complications in the patients. To prevent gastric aspiration during anesthesia, long fasting periods are considered for the patients before surgery, which itself leads to serious complications before and during surgery. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of oral consumption of honey syrup on the patients' feelings of hunger and thirst before surgery, as well as the hemodynamic symptoms of laparoscopic cholecystectomy operations.

This study was conducted as a double-blind, randomized clinical trial on 68 patients who were candidates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery. The prescription of honey water in the intervention group and placebo in the control group was twice a day (eight and two hours before the operation, each time 15 ml). In this study, the variables of hunger and thirst, blood pressure, and heart rate were evaluated and recorded. The data were analyzed using SPSS V22.

Oral consumption of honey beer syrup was effective on the feeling of thirst and hunger before surgery in the intervention subjects (P=0.004 and P=0.008, respectively). At different times, the average systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were not significantly different in the two groups (P>0.05). Gender had a significant relationship with the average systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate (P>0.05).

Oral consumption of honey syrup before surgery reduced the feeling of hunger and thirst in the patients.

Background and

Patients undergoing hemodialysis experience many problems, both physically and mentally, which lead to low quality of sleep, and subsequent changes in the quality of their life. In addition, dialysis adequacy plays a pivotal role in the quality of their life. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between dialysis adequacy and quality of life with the mediating effect of sleep quality.

A descriptive, analytical, correlational study was performed on 208 patients undergoing hemodialysis in medical education centers of Mazandaran using head count sampling. The implemented tools included demographic information checklist, WHOQOL quality of life questionnaires, Pittsburgh sleep quality (PSQI), and dialysis adequacy checklist. The data were analyzed using SPSS V22 and performing the statistical tests of t-test (comparing the mean of two groups), analysis of variance (comparing the mean of more than two groups), and Pearson correlation (to check the correlation between two quantitative variables). Multiple linear regression was used to identify factors affecting the score of dependent variables and to control confounding variables. Structural equation analysis was also used to investigate the relationship between dialysis adequacy and quality of life with regard to the mediating effect of sleep quality.

The mean and standard deviation of quality of life, sleep quality, and dialysis adequacy were 48.43±17.14, 5.52±3.46, and 1.28±0.30, respectively. Based on the results of correlation coefficient and structural equations, no statistically significant relationship was found between dialysis adequacy and quality of life (P=0.114). There was a significant inverse relationship between dialysis adequacy and the score of sleep quality (a score of less than 5 is desirable) (r=0.15, P=0.034), so that the quality of sleep improved as the dialysis adequacy increased. There was a statistically significant and inverse relationship between sleep quality score and quality of life (r=-0.53, P<0.001) so that improvement in the quality of sleep contributed to the improvement in the quality of life.

Sleep quality, as a mediator factor which is influenced by the adequacy of dialysis, affects the overall quality of life and improves the quality of life in dialysis patients.

One of the factors affecting deciduous occlusion is infant feeding modes. The objective of this research was to identify and document the malocclusions that arise due to various approaches of infant feeding, and to assist in clarifying ambiguities surrounding skeletal growth complications that result from infant feeding practices.

This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2021 on 284 children with an age range of 4-5 years who were selected from kindergartens and preschools in Sari by cluster sampling and then systematic sampling. After obtaining written consent from the parents and recording the child's personal information in the demographic checklist, the surface of the teeth was cleaned with a sterile gauze and then examined. The relationship of deciduous molars, overjet and overbite, open bite, posterior crossbite, and the relationship of deciduous canines were recorded. Data analysis was performed by Chi-square and one-way ANOVA using SPSS software (version 22). P-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. 

Infant feeding showed a significant relationship with the mother's education level, as well as the parents' occupational status. However, feeding type showed no significant relationship with the child's gender, number of children in the family, age of the child, age of the parents, and duration of milk feeding. Mesial step and distal step patterns were significantly more frequent in deciduous molars of breastfed children and those fed with formula milk, respectively (P<0.001). Furthermore, the type of feeding was not significantly associated with overjet, overbite, posterior crossbite, and deciduous canine relationship.

Breastfeeding is regarded as the most complete method of feeding infants, which is also a predisposing factor for developing a mesial step deciduous dentition.