abolfazl rezai

Several arguments have been adduced on demonstrating the individual unity of being. Most of these arguments, which have been presented by such gnostics as Dāvood Qayṣarī, Ḥamzah Fanārī, and Ibn Turkah, suffer from some defects in terms of a confusion of concept and referent. In his glosses on Tamhīd al-qawā’id (the section on the arguments on the demonstration of the individual unity of existence), Ḥakīm Moḥammad Rezā Ghomsheī has presented an argument which demonstrates the pre-eternal necessity of God. However, three criticisms have been advanced against it. The first concerns the meaning of the absolute nature of being, which has been stated ambiguously. The second criticism questions the confusion of concept and referent. The first part of the third criticism targets the whole argument, based on the presupposition of the realization of the essence of nature, and its second part objects to the consistency of the realization of the essence of the nature of existence with limited existences, as acknowledged in Ghomsheī’s argument. Finally, the fourth focuses on the absence of any kind of innovation in this argument. Following an analytic-comparative method, this paper examines all these criticisms and responds to the first three of them. Accordingly, the authors acknowledge the truth of Ḥakīm Ghomsheī’s argument by presenting a detailed discussion in this paper.

Nature has always been an essential and indispensable element and one of the oldest cradles in regard to verse and literature discussions. Also, it has played a significant role in the stimulation of human feelings. Because of this feature, it has been noticed by many poets and literary men. It rarely occurs that a poem is beautiful but there is not a trace of Nature in it. By analyzing these two great poem’s bureaus, a lot of similarities as well as differences in their manner of describing the Nature have been found. This paper aims at analyzing the described Nature in the poems of these two well-known poets by inspiring from the Nature. “Manouchehriye Damghani”, one of the most famous poets of Persia, is very adept in his description of Nature and can represent the Nature in an expressive and tangible manner. In the survey of Arabic literature we come across a renowned poem,”Ebne Roumi”, who has been successful in granting the Nature a new spirit which expresses the internal secret for the readers. When reading Manouchehri’s poems,always a special vivacity which belongs to his spirit is conveyed to the readers. But, because of many difficulties that Ebne Roumi had to tackle in his life, his poems transfer a sense of despair and melancholy to the learners.