فهرست مطالب abolghasem amir ahmadi

The main purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the factors preventing a person from promoting and growing spiritual intelligence according to Rumi and Sana"i based on the two works of Masnavi and Hadiqeh. Therefore, an attempt has been made to first examine spiritual intelligence as one of the inner and sublime skills in order to find spiritual and valuable life issues from the point of view of prominent thinkers in this field, then the obstacles of each of the components and propositions of this type of intelligence that It is abbreviated as SQ. Let"s analyze it from the mystical point of view of Rumi and Sanai.

The present research has been carried out in a descriptive-analytical way based on library studies and the Sandekavi method. The statistical community of the research includes Masnavi Manavi and Hadiqeh Sanai. In order to achieve the goals of the research, examples and samples will be analyzed and analyzed based on the components of spiritual intelligence psychologists such as Gardner, Zohar and Marshall.

The findings of the research indicate that in the two works under review, Rumi and Sana"i paid attention to the factors, veils and obstacles that prevent the soul from transcending and reaching high levels of spirituality in the form of various components and propositions. Seekers of the path of tariqat have been warned against getting trapped.

The results of this research show that Rumi and Sanai are in line with the modern psychology of spiritual intelligent components, including having critical and creative thinking, attention to the sacred and sublime, trust, avoiding imitation, patience, raising They have considered the threshold of tolerance, the social mission of the individual as a member of the society, etc., and for each of these propositions, they have well analyzed and explained the obstacles and roadblocks in order to improve the capacity of intelligent spiritual excellence.

In this article, a comparative study of the female image in Khamsa Nizami and Ahmed Shoghi's poems is done based on Phyllis Chesler's theory. The type of research is analytical-descriptive and its method is library. The results of the research show that there are significant similarities in terms of the classification of women and some of their personality traits in the military style of thought and Ahmed Shoghi's point of view; Of course, this does not mean that the views of Nizami and Shoghi are completely similar, and they have completely different views in some fields. Ahmad Shoghi is a traditional poet who has not been freed from the shackles of traditionalism and has not taken steps that are very different from his predecessors. He pays attention to the external features of women and describes them following the example of ancient poets, but in his plays, when he talks about women and love, he seems like a poet in love. In this type of poetry, the poet is freed from the constraints imposed by the social situation, so it expresses sincere and sensitive feelings. In the introduction of women, Nizami introduces women with chastity and modesty, the profession in love making; Wisdom is a distinctive feature of women in love in Khumsa. A decent quality that Shoghi's desired women are miles away from.

Among the remaining literary works, the story occupies a large part and every story written in the past and present has elements that each of these elements contribute to the success or failure of a story and its author. It plays an important role. The theory of structuralism regarding cognition examines narratives based on the rules and patterns created by the fundamental structure. The plot is one of the most important elements of the narrative and the main component that is analyzed in the structuralists" analysis. The two books "Mam and Zain" in Kurdish literature and "Laili and Majnoon" in Persian literature can be compared in the field of constructivist plot theory due to their structural and semantic similarities and the characters of the lover and the beloved.

This research is descriptive-analytical and with the help of library sources, it has studied the narrative structure of the lyrical plot of Nizami"s "Laili and Majnoon" in Persian literature and Ahmed Khani"s "Mem and Zain" in Kurdish literature.

The findings of the present research show that in both narratives we are faced with a romantic genre that has a similar design and the same narrative flow. In both stories, there is an introduction including the introduction of the characters, place and time, and the stories move towards the climax while creating a knot.

The resolution in these two narratives is similar to the end of modern stories, and it seems that the narrator has left it to the audience, because the story is not resolved. In terms of the plot structure, there are many similarities between the two stories, and in both stories, a lot of suffering is inflicted on the lovers.

Salman Sawoji and Hafez Shirazi are two great ghazal poets of the 8th century and are contemporary with each other. It is known that Hafez has used many poets" divans and has used countless terms, combinations and descriptions, even stanzas and verses almost completely from them in his sonnets. Therefore, Salman"s influence on Hafez is more logical and reasonable. In this article, an attempt has been made to compare the poems of these two poets on two intellectual and literary levels.

The type of research method in this research is descriptive-analytical.

At the intellectual level, both poets" mystical drink is destructive and romantic mysticism. There are also critical and social themes in the poetry of these two poets, which are mostly expressed as satire; But Salman does not have Hafez"s almost fixed and specific theory about Sufi and Sufism. At the literary level, the poems of Hafez and Salman are very similar. The most characteristic feature of Hafez"s style is the use of allusions and their types, which is also present in Salman"s poetry. Salman"s sonnets and odes are full of poetic and elaborate ideas, and some have considered Hafez"s style to be close to Salman"s style in this regard.

There are common intellectual and literary themes in the poetry of Hafez and Salman, and Hafez was influenced and benefited from Salman Sawoji in some intellectual and literary commonalities, and he accepted these themes; But as it is evident and certain, Hafez"s poetry is placed in a higher and higher order than Salman"s poetry (due to its artistic value).

Sustainability literature has wide and varied themes, one of the most significant of which is martyrdom. Martyr and martyrdom is a category that is mentioned in most of the holy battles, and many poets speak of the arena of resistance against them. In the religion of Islam, this issue is also given great importance, and Islam does not consider those who sacrifice and lose their lives alive in the way of God. Rather, they are the living who rest in the presence of their God. Commemorating and honoring the martyrs of the country who sacrificed their lives to protect the country and religion is also one of the themes of the poetry of Bisandari.This research aims at a comparative study of the concept of martyr and martyrdom in the poems of Iranian and Arab poets. The results of the research show that Iranian and Arab contemporary revolutionary poets have greatly benefited from this concept in their poems, and their poems contain themes related to the martyr and martyrdom, including: praising the status of a martyr, avenging the blood of a martyr, writing a eulogy for him. and the use of symbols.

the present study aimed at developing an integrated decision-making model based on remote sensing (RS) and GIS to identify the geomorphotourism potentials of Tajnood Valley and Hemmatbad Desert in Zirkuh County.

In the present study, after identifying landforms, geomorphological features, and geosites through RS, the Fassoulas, GAM, and Comanescu models were employed to prioritize and value geotourism potentials, including geosites, geomorphosites, and economic and cultural sites. Finally, in order to overcome the challenges of each model and take advantage of the capacity of all models, the Fassoulas-GAM-Comanescu integrated model (FA-CO-GM) was used based on the Analytical Hierarchy Method (AHP). In this way, it is possible to combine several factors that are considered separately in each model and to use the advantages of all models.

The final map of the decision-making model based on RS and GIS integrated from Comanescu, Fassoulas, and GAM shows that 36% of the region is located in a high potential zone, corresponding to the geomorphological landforms, proper access, extended perspective, and high viewpoints. 51% of the region is located in a very high potential zone due to its representativeness, geomorphological diversity, rarity, intactness, and integrity in geosites. In order to verify the accuracy of Comanescu, Fascilos, GAM and AHP models, a sample t-test was used. The significance level of the test is less than 0.05 and it is within the standard and significant test limit.

While identifying and evaluating the capability of the geomorphosite of Tajnood Valley and Hemmatabad Desert in the dry region of Zirkuh county, it was found that after applying several valuation models, with one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) in GIS, it is possible to fix these defects and prepare a suitable zoning map for the geosite and combine the results of several models.

Water contamination with the toxic arsenic element comes from two sources of human and Earth. The layers and water-soluble arsenic-rich geological units can contaminate both ground and surface water sources. The high concentration of arsenic in water limit of 10 milligrams per liter higher than its standard amount can cause disruptions in human health as well as creating cancer.

In this study, samples of surface and ground water resources at 10 stations in northern and southern Vial located in highlands of Joghtay were gathered in April 2014. Then the samples were sent to Laboratory of Mashhad Ferdowsi University to analyze chemically. The analysis was planned to be done by atomic absorption spectrometry method.

This shows that: (1) The litology of the region has affected the water quality, so that the arsenic density varies from 1.9 to 6.7 m/l. (2) The direction of the slope of Geology layers has affected on the arsenic contamination of water and based of this consumption the highest concentrations of arsenic is in the northern slopes and in the direction of slope Geology layers which has been recorded. (3) Arsenic dissolved in water has no direct correlation with pH.

It concluded that the arsenic density in the selected samples were at the standard level. But some fluctuations were seen in the water-soluble arsenic.

This research aims to identify, interpret, and evaluate the elements of geodiversity to organize specific areas and the whole earth and coordinate conservation or efficient management.

This research is descriptive and analytical and uses quantitative and statistical methods and remote sensing to study the role of morphometric and geological factors and climate as the main parameters in forming and expanding geological diversity. Dividing Binalood Mountains into northern and southern slopes, we have separately assessed them using Benito-Calro et al.'s (2009) qualitative assessment method. Comparing roughness density indices (PRD), Simpson roughness index (SIEI) and Shannon (SHEI), Shannon diversity index (SHDI), and Simpson (SIDI), we got some results about the northern and southern slopes of Binalood Mountain.

The amount of calculated indices for southern slop is as follows; roughness density indices (PRD) is 0.0025, Simpson diversity index (SIDI) is 0.6, Simpson roughness index (SIEI) is 0.81, and Shannon diversity index (SHDI) is 1.5 and Simpson roughness index (SHIE) is 0.76.

According to the findings of this research, the difference in indices between the two slopes is very small, but due to structural form and stratigraphic situation and the effect of secondary factors, the southern slopes of Binalood Mountains have higher geodiversity than the southern slopes. The results show that based on comparing the northern and southern slopes of Binalood mountains with the five geodiversity indices, the contribution of geological factors was more than the morphometric and climatic factors.

 Innovation:

 In this research, mountain geodiversity has been investigated for the first time in the country. The results can show the importance of geodiversity in the region and be used by managers and decision-makers in geo-heritage management and better protection of these resources.

To find the geotourism potential of a region or to measure the tourist potential of geoparks, researchers in Iran and the world have always sought to evaluate the geosites and geomorphosites of regions. The purpose of this study is to compare the models of Brilha, Comanescu, and Fassoulas, with Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s native model. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of each of the international models with the Iranian model. The study area with an area of 4257 square kilometers is located in the west of Khorasan Razavi, which can include parts of Sabzevar and Davarzan cities. This research has dealt with the subject with an analytical-comparative method. The data were collected using documentary and field methods and analyzed using GIS, SPSS, and Excel graphic and statistical software. The results of the research show that geomorphosites that are water erosion subsets have the highest scores in all models, and in contrast, wind erosion geomorphosites have the lowest scores. From the comparison of the models, it can be concluded that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model is the most consistent with Brilha’s model. The Brillha model can be used to evaluate the ophiolite and desert regions. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh is designed for the dry and semi-arid deserts and mountainous regions, and it seems that it is necessary to give a few changes and modifications for coastal and glacial areas. Regarding the innovation of the study, it investigates the latest Iranian model for evaluating geomorphosites and geosites and examines its strengths and weaknesses.

The poems of the great poets reflect the conditions of their time, and in the meantime, due to the closeness of the poets to the rulers, as well as being sympathetic to the people and coming from the body of the society, the behavior of the rulers and their type of government is clearly manifested in the works of the great poets of this land. Rulers have a significant impact on reforming or corrupting the society and, as a result, the lifestyle. Tyranny rule is an act of corrupting the lifestyle, and in order to reform the society, the government must be reformed. In the history of Iran's past government, the people were the herd and the ruler or the king was the shepherd, which is clearly evident in the hadiths of the elders. Another important point is that the power of a government comes from its popular support, and the ruler is actually the trustee of this valuable support, which he should be grateful. In this article, using the library method and using the works and documents of the discussed poets, including Ferdowsi, Rumi, Saadi and Hafez, as well as the works of prominent scholars who have addressed these great men of Persian literature, indicators of the history of government and governance were identified and be introduced.

Prayer in Persian poetry is a sign of my effort to connect with the Creator. The poet appreciates the valuable opportunity to speak to God through prayer, and regardless of rejecting or accepting prayer, he considers himself indebted and thankful to God. Prayer in the poetry of the greats of Persian literature, especially in the four pillars and pillars of this precious literature (Ferdowsi, Rumi, Saadi and Hafez) has a real, celestial and Qur'anic origin and is the result of the grace and mercy of the God of the world who blesses the servants and It gives the opportunity of prayer and the life-giving nectar of prayer to its special people. That is why prayer in the works of these pillars of Persian literature is a matter of pain, need and lamentation, and it is a kind of need and supplication, and in fact it is the key to opening. This article will try to answer the question that the difference between their way of looking and their poetic style - according to their essence and nature - in the discussion of prayer and supplication, despite having a common ultimate goal which is to transcend the human soul and psyche, to the extent Extent and strength to be answered.

As the most devastating natural disasters, floods are often associated with significant loss of life and property. Every year, floods in Iran cause a lot of damage to economic resources. The occurrence of floods and the resulting damage in Iran has been increasing in recent years. The study aims to investigate the risk of floods and assess the damage to Sabzevar city. To study the flood, the support vector machine model was used for flood modeling. After investigating 56 recorded flood points, ten factors influencing floods' occurrence, including land use, population density, canals, slope classes, residential density, CN coefficient, runoff rate, population density, open space, and age of buildings were considered. Then, Justin and ICAR methods were employed to estimate the study area runoff. According to the envelope and Deacon curve, the flood in the region was evaluated in 25-year and 50-year return periods. The results showed that the model's amount of rainfall could be quickly converted into runoff and after routing to yield and water level in the desired sections. The model was evaluated by various accuracy measures, including kappa coefficient, RMSE, system ROC curve performance and prediction rate curve (PRC). The study aims to investigate floods and the factors affecting their occurrence and identify areas prone to floods using the support vector machine (SVM) model to reduce the crisis and vulnerability to urban floods. According to the studies, it was found that the flood dams on the north side of the city do not correspond to the existing problems in Sabzevar city so that the network of urban thoroughfares is more involved in directing urban floods than the network of Sabzevar canals. Therefore, it is necessary to create suitable channels for directing running water and floods in Sabzevar city so that the role of channels in leading floods is more than urban roads. The results of this study can be used to manage flood vulnerable areas and reduce crises.

The purpose of this study was to identify evidence of late Quaternary glaciers in the northern highlands of Binalood. Topographic maps, satellite imagery and climatic data are the tools and data used in this study. Arc gis 10.4 software was used for data analysis. Quaternary glacier evidences were identified based on four types of evidences including morphic indices, climatic evidences, geomorphological evidences and laboratory indices. Using morphic indexes, the curve lines were identified on topographic maps of satellite imagery, ice-dominated areas, and the effects of 28 glacial circuses. Climatic evidence shows that not only was Quaternary at about 7 degrees cooler than the present time, but its precipitation was almost twice as high as at present. On the other hand, glacier circles, moraines, thales and glacial mounds were the most prominent geomorphologic evidence of glaciers in the Binaloud Heights. Finally, granulometric laboratory indices supplementing the evidence of glaciers have confirmed the existence of glacial sediments at the Binaloud Heights. Also, using Wright's method, the permanent snow boundary line during the reign of Binalood Heights Glaciers was estimated at 2600 m.

The folk culture of any nation is the same culture, thought and belief of the people of that nation;  This type of culture expresses the customs and thinking of the people of each region;  In addition, by analyzing folk culture, information can be obtained in the field of historical sociology (cf. Mahjoub, 1387: 139).  Proverbs, beliefs, songs, stories, legends, etc. form part of popular culture, which itself is a subset of people's culture (cf. Derri and Khairandish, 2013: 82-83).  "Proverbs and sentences are also one of the subsets of popular culture" (Rahmati, 1383: 105). Proverb is one of the manifestations of popular culture.  The popular culture of every land is the result of the thought and experience of the past and represents the beliefs and customs of the people of that land.  Therefore, one of the manifestations of the culture, civilization and literature of any country is the proverbs, sayings, and aphorisms that have emanated from the mouths of the great people of science and literature or the common people of that land.  More than any living language in the world, Parable and wisdom are used in Persian language, each of which has a world of taste, thought, sweetness and good interpretation in fulfilling its purpose.  Thousands of years ago, Aristotle believed that proverbs and decrees are among the clusters of ancient wisdom, which have been spared from the danger of destruction in the light of brevity, correctness and correctness (Kolpaygani, 1376). The popular culture of Kerman is also a part of the culture of this ancient land with a long history. Therefore, by examining the historical figures and the common sayings of the people of this land, you can get to know small bits of the culture of this land. The purpose of this article is to examine the role of proverbs and common sayings of Kerman city in the cultural spread of the people of this country and to examine how they evolve.  For this purpose, with an analytical approach, we have investigated common proverbs and sayings in the city of Kerman, and we have examined the historical characters of these proverbs and sayings.  In the end, we have drawn conclusions about the prevalence of these historical figures on the cultural spread.

In this research, the authors first collected this special and common narrative of proverbs and sayings among the people of Kerman city in the field and through interviews;  Then, from the sources related to the subject, they investigated the titles of historical figures like Akhmel and Hakem, and took a picture.  Then he analyzed and presented the results.

Understanding the wealth of popular literature such as proverbs and sayings, myths and stories is one of the effective ways to create understanding and a sense of altruism and empathy between different nations of the world and to realize the ideal of dialogue between civilizations.  Examining these kinds of works can explain the basic physical and emotional needs of humans, and without a doubt, efforts to meet these needs will help foster a sense of brotherhood.  And this is where people will know each other better, and each one will see himself as a member of the great human family on this planet.  The cosmopolitan thought will gradually take shape, and everyone will be far from selfishness, racism, and blind religious prejudices, and will agree with the renowned Pakistani poet Muhammad Iqbal (Iqbal Lahori, 2033: 203).  Diffusion of culture means the spread of culture sometimes from one area to another, sometimes from one time to another and in a two-way manner.  The cultures created in the new world are sometimes independently developed from the old cultures and sometimes they are changed and replaced.  This view has been proposed in the form of a theory about the evolution of culture by people like Edward Tyler.  According to them, the dissemination of culture plays a very effective role in the development and development of culture (see: Bashiriyeh, 1385:128).  The people of Kerman are famous historical figures such as;  Shah Abbas Safavi, Mullahadi Sabzevari, Sardar Nusrat and Sardar Majal of Kerman governors, Iskandar Makdoni, Yusuf Kafi Chi, Nawab Safavi, Bilal Habashi, Bahlul, Bektash Khan governor of Kerman, Issa Khan Jalali, gendarme of the southern region of Kerman, and Shah Nematullah, but according to the measures  They have used their culture and society in proverbs and sayings.  Examples of proverbs and sayings of the people of Kerman and their historical roots are examined. One can have art!  (/dam mibâ honar dâšte bše/) The food should be hot, the bowl should be wooden! /âšeš xədang bâše kâsəš čubi bâše/ Oh, the house of the leader, the leader is left! /a: xune sardâr sardereš munde/ Be a nailer to a nailer, Hader Boon! /a mixkan tâ mixkub hâder bun bâš/ As if Yusuf is at a crossroads! /engâr yusefu səre dorâhiye/ He is great and the Nawab is a beggar and Abbas is a friend! /bozorgiš va: navvâb mimune gədâyiš va: abbâs-e dus/ Bilal is a man, don't ask for permission! /bəlâl ke mord dəge azun nəgoftan/ Bahlool and Barley Bread and Vinegar! /bohlulo: xərq-e nun-e jəvo: sərke/ Homeless son! /peser-e bytâš xâne: / The old man is burning with curdled ash! /pirət bəsuze âš-e kašk-e pādane/ It's annoying! /de 'səre bâr mikone/ A disciple of a donkey is better than a hundred and six dengi! /ye moride xar az sad dəhe šişdongi bəhtəre/ .

In proverbs and sayings, it is an attractive and heartwarming part of language and popular culture, which makes its use in writings and speech more beautiful and pleasant.  It prevents boring and lengthy speech.  Considering that some proverbs are very short, but they help the speaker and the writer in expressing the concepts.  By studying and examining the historical roots of proverbs and sayings common among the people of Kerman, one can understand the spirit, thinking, customs and especially the history of these people.  It is also clear that the function of proverbs and rulings for raising and teaching children is common among families, which makes traditions, manners and customs survive and transfer them to children and future generations in other regions.  With the spread of proverbs and rulings, altruism is promoted and empathy and understanding are created between the people of the same community and other regions.  These are the characteristics that make culture contagious, and throughout history, continuous cultural diffusion occurs among societies.  By examining the historical roots of proverbs and sayings common among the people of Kerman, the manifestations of culture, civilization, literature, habits, customs, ways of life and thinking of the predecessors of this region are determined.  Kermans have authenticity, that's why it spreads in other cultures.

Wind is one of the important causes of erosion in arid and semi-arid regions, which due to the limited vegetation in these areas, is able to move portable particles and results in wind erosion. Erosion defines as the transfer of discontinuous sediment from the earth's surface by water or wind. Wind erosion is a process that occurs because of increased speed and due to wind turbulence on a surface free of cover and as one of the main factors of land degradation and limiting soil fertility has created serious problems in many parts of the world, including Iran. Therefore, there is a serious problem against sustainable production and management of agricultural lands. The process of wind erosion destroys the soil and makes it inaccessible.In arid and desert areas, soil erosion and particle transport are more affected by wind than other factors. Wind erosion and deposition of materials by wind or wind erosion occurs in more than one third of the land surface. Soil displacement and its destruction in such areas is very important; Due to the climatic conditions of these areas, soil is formed late. Wind erosion first picks up loose soil without vegetation and during the course of the attack, the impact of moving particles by the wind intensifies the erosion and increases the damage, and finally leaves the transported material in the form of sand dunes.

In this study, the physical-laboratory method of wind tunnel was used to estimate the amount of erosion and sedimentation of geomorphological facies of Gonabad city compared to wind erosion. Firstly, the landform units and their types were distinguished and after identifying the facies, one square meter was taken from the surface soil and the samples were transferred to the wind tunnel aerodynamics laboratory of Hakim Sabzevari University for analysis. Then, in order to measure the amount of sedimentation of lands through wind erosion measuring device, first the erosion threshold for each sample was determined and the sediments were exposed to wind erosion for ten minutes and its erodibility was determined. To measure the wind erosion threshold, initially the tray was filled with sediment and weighed, and the sediment sample was placed inside the wind tunnel and the wind tunnel was lit at a base speed of 4 meters per second. Then the speed was increased to reach the wind erosion threshold. Wind erosion threshold is the speed at which the first sediments begin to move. At the wind tunnel threshold speed remained on for ten minutes and the sediments were exposed to wind. After this time, re-sedimentation of weight and after calculating the percentage of pebbles in each facies, the amount of winding was estimated. Three samples of each facies were placed in the wind tunnel and the average velocity of the winding threshold was considered as the wind erosion threshold of the facies.

The results of measuring the amount of eroded soil of geomorphological facies were estimated for the erosion threshold speed of each facies. Wind erosion threshold varies from 6 m / s in sand dunes to 15 m / s in low and high plains and relatively high water erosion and new deposits. Wind gauge was measured between 20 g / m2 in earthen hills with low and high erosion and moderate erosion up to 350 g / min in 10 minutes in sand dunes.Examination of wind erosion threshold map in different facies and its adaptation to sand transport flow direction show that in sand dunes facies with threshold velocity of 6 m / s dominant direction of northwest flow was consequently threatening in north part It is in the way of communication. However, part of this facies is located in the north of Gonabad, which can be hazardous due to the location of industrial settlements and the establishment of industries for moving sand.

Lowland plains with relatively high water erosion and new deposits with a threshold speed of 15 meters per second are resistant to wind erosion and sand dunes with a threshold speed of 6 meters per second (12 knots) have the most sensitive facies and the highest amount erosion (350 g / m2 in ten minutes). After that, plains with gentle slopes without elevations and facies of earthen hills with elevations and thresholds with a threshold speed of 10 meters per second were estimated from areas sensitive to wind erosion in the region. The adaptation of the sand dunes to the speed of different thresholds showed that the city of Gonabad is prone to wind erosion by being located in the sensitive facies of a plain with a gentle slope and without elevation and the direction of the northern flow of sand in this facade. The results of calculating the wind erosion threshold in the study area showed a threshold speed of 6-15 m / s in different facies. The most sensitive facies are sand dunes (6 m / s) followed by plains facies with gentle slopes without elevation and elevation of earth hills with elevation and wind erosion (threshold speed 10 m / s). Considering that the city of Gonabad and Beidokht, as the two most important population centers, are located in the facies of plains with gentle slopes and without slopes and heights, special attention should be paid to this facies for stabilization. Also, sand dunes cover a large part of the city and in terms of location, are located on the main road north to south of the country (Mashhad-Zahedan) and also has the lowest erosion threshold and the highest wind volume. Management of these lands and planning to stabilize this facies seems to be necessary. An overview of the wind erosion susceptibility map showed that the northern areas of the city have more potential than the southern areas. As moving toward south, wind erosion decreases, and the topographic factor plays an important role. Due to the fact that the study area is one of the arid regions in terms of climate, so the unfavorable climate has prevented the establishment of vegetation and has intensified wind erosion in the region. It is suggested that in areas where the soil surface has hardened (floodplain facies and clay soils) and gravelly lands (sandy plains) the most important action to prevent wind erosion is to maintain this cover and prevent from damage cover.

The study area is one of the landslide prone areas due to its geographical location and natural and geological features. In this study, we have used statistical modeling to select the most important landslide factor in the region and also the extent of involvement of each factor in landslides in Latian Basin; The information layers used include: lithology, land use, precipitation, altitude, slope, slope direction, vegetation, fault, road, dam lake and river; More than 120 landslides and landslides were identified and landslide distribution maps have been prepared for the area. To determine the relative importance and effect of effective factors and factors in landslide risk zoning, first the degree of correlation of factors was calculated by Pearson correlation coefficient, then the weighting or scoring method was used and by two-variable statistical modeling of landslides, two factors were considered. Then, by weighting or scoring method and by bivariate statistical modeling with the obtained weights, the factors were examined together to obtain the degree of involvement of these factors in landslides. Finally, we have prepared zoning maps. By field visit of the basin after zoning and recording the location of new landslides that have occurred in the basin, we have matched the location of these recorded landslides with zoned maps, the most overlap in the very sensitive and highly sensitive classes is the information map. Achieved, the results show that according to the total quality index, the information value method is more efficient than the information value method for the Latian basin.

One of the most important and essential steps in using rain water harvesting systems is to locate and identify suitable places for implementing this technology.Considering that the utilization of the agent based spatial systems is rapidly expanding and the technology of operating agent based systems has become a growing field of research and research,the purpose of the present study is to develop a framework for the identification of areas with potential for rain water harvesting within the campus of Hakim Sabzevari University to provide appropriate tools for supporting decision making by managers and managers of the operation and management of local water resources.As a result, in this study, the simulation environment with NetLogo software as a tool for creating agent based spatial models was investigated and after mapping for each index in the ArcGIS environment, analyzes related to decision making of agent based were performed in the form of existing functions, and finally an assessment of the spatial collection rain water harvesting was studied in the studied area. The results showed that by using agent based spatial models modeling, it is possible to identify areas site selection of collecting rain water harvesting by simulating rain conditions and assessing the location of rain water harvesting collection. Also the results showed bayer lands without construction, appropriate empty space, placing on the course of runoff and a significant drop in water flow in the southwest of the university due to slope reduction, the main factors have been suitable places for collecting rain water harvesting.

From the beginning of their lives, human beings have been constantly faced with geomorphic threats, and these risks have led to human and financial losses in human habitats, especially in cities and villages, for human societies. One of these risks is earthquakes. According to a report by the United Nations Planning Office in 2002, Iran ranked first among the countries in the world in terms of the number of earthquakes with a magnitude of 5.5 and one of the highest ranks in terms of earthquake risk and the number of casualties. The risk is assigned to itself. In this study, an attempt was made to express the effect of several indicators on the spatial pattern of earthquakes in the study area. The relationship between eight parameters including distance from faults, density of faults, slope, altitude points, distance from garden, distance from forest, distance from barren lands, distance from city, earthquake density and earthquake depth were investigated. For this analysis, two ordinary least squares regression models (OLS) and geographic weight regression model (GWR) were used. The results indicate that the magnitude of the earthquake is directly related to fault density indices; It has a distance from the fault and altitude and showed the least correlation with the distance from the barren lands.

The purpose of this research is to use granulometric analyzes in desertification studies in Gonabad city,  To achieve this goal, after the preparation of geomorphological maps of the region, 14 sediment samples were taken from the erosion-sensitive facies of the region. In the laboratory, a series of sieve with a diameter of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, and 64 micrometers, and a container Gatherings of sediment smaller than 64 μm were screened. The results showed that the highest frequency of particle diameter in sand samples was in the 250-225 micron class. And, given the average particle relationship with their transport intervals, it can be concluded that the distance between the particles was close to a point. Variants of different samples varied from 1.502 to 1.319. The most prevalent plots of ridge and the smallest slopes with low slope were the highest. In surveys in the skidding section, precipitates were mostly positive tilted, indicating the prevalence of fine particles in the region.

Dialogism is a two-way exchange of ideas in which one party supports a particular action, practice, procedure, hypothesis, or theory, while the other is opposed with it and tries to overcome the others by argumentation. Parvin Etesami is considered as one major great poet in this genre of speech that has expressed her moral and social claims and advice through dialogism via allegory. The aim of this study was to identify Parvin's reasoning style in debates using Tolmen's theory. Sample argumentations were analyzed from three aspects including a. identification of arguments; b. identifying the claims and their rationales and c. the indicators of certainty. From among the thirty-two arguments (rational position) as identified in Parvin's poems, the positions of history and experience; the need for caution and prevention of danger and threat; the control of sensual desires; affordability and provision of definitions had the highest frequency. The arguments had formed the basis for claims and recommendations in areas such as chronology, cosmology, aesthetics, jurisprudence, risk caution, combating government and administrative corruption, denial of superficiality, fighting with oppression, identifying the challenges of poverty, rationalism, perfectionism, kinship rituals and companionship customs. Another finding of this research is the high frequency of certainty tokens such as "should", "should not", "nothing" and "never" in the poet's reasoning style.

  Method and Aims of the Study

     In this library research, data analysis was conducted with "inductive" techniques with the aim of examining the components of Parvin Etesami's reasoning style in the design and context of rational arguments, and the persuasion of the audience. Studies in this field include the relationship between dialogism and logic and its use as a logical argument to prove the claim and persuasion of the other party. Some instance include Vashghani Farahani and Mehri in which case, they brought “Stylistic features in Parvin Etesami's debates” or  Ebrahim Tabar’s study titled "A Stylistic Study and Analysis of Parvin's Drunk and Conscious dialogism with Rumi's Drunk and Wise Man";  Expression of dialogism and its relation with rationalism by Zakeri and Samsami titled "Sparks of dialogism in Persian Literature (rhymes)"; expressing the most official method of discussion and reasoning, as in Mohebbi’s study titled "Debate in Persian Literature"; "Sociological analysis and analysis of Parvin's poems and debates through political and social ideas", Majdaldin and ModirShaneshchi, and "Manifestation of the two principles of imitation of ancestry and ethics in Parvin's poems" by KordNowdeh. According to above-mentioned ideas, in this article, an attempt has been made to study the method of reasoning in debate based on Parvin Etesami’s works as mapped on Toliman's theory.

In the present article, the dialogic poems were analyzed in terms of three aspects including identification of arguments, identifying the claims and their rationales and finally the indicators of certainty. In all, thirty two arguments based on rational positions were identified in the poems, within which the arguments associated with cleanliness as a necessity, concentration on beauty, the balance between supply and demand, kinship interest with and obliteration by the stronger companions based on their ideas and descriptions, definitions and existing nomenclature in the literature were finally identified and extracted. In terms of frequency, history and experience, the need for caution and risk prevention, control of sensual desires and affordability had the highest frequency. Arguments for necessity and urgency, and efficiency and productivity were in the second place, and positions of honesty, coping with abuse, decompression, sequence of difficulty, and inefficiency in the third place. Rational positions, kinship interest, destiny, philanthropy, reality, responsibility, culture, work-life balance, consensus, concentration on beauty, the effects of companionship, and prohibited tendencies towards extremes were also detected. On the other hand, the above-mentioned arguments had triggered various claims such as cooperation, punctuality, maternal love and endeavor, truth seeking, denial of racism, unity, gaining experience, governmental ethics, anti-government corruption, anti-crime movements, hopefulness, challenging the poverty, rationalism, and perfectionism.  Certainty-enhancing indicators such as "should", "never", "always", "times", "unless (except)" were also frequent in her argumentative style.

Considering the natural conditions of Iran, not paying attention to floods can cause irreparable damages, among which flood estimation and zoning of floodplain areas are very significant in controlling hazards, so zoning of climate change is necessary. The present study aims to investigate the risk of floods in selected basins of Khorasan Razavi using the VIKOR, L-THIA, and ANT models. Then, fourteen variables affecting the occurrence of floods including climate, land use, altitude, drainage density, geomorphological units, lithology, runoff height, permeability, slope and direction, distance to rivers/waterways, precipitation, temperature, and soil were used. The results showed that among the mentioned variables, climate parameters, land use, slope, drainage density, distance to rivers/waterways, precipitation, soil, and geomorphological units have greater effects on the occurrence of floods according to statistical calculations. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the results using various statistics showed that the L-THIA model, with a γ=0.8, had the highest correlation with the primary layers and was more accurate and efficient than the two VIKOR and ANT models in flood prediction.

Identifying various natural phenomena is essential for many scientific branches. geodiversity has provided the foundations for providing the living conditions of modern societies and puts it at the disposal of man natural resources, such as construction stones, aggregates, mines, natural gas, oil and groundwater; it forms the basis of agricultural land and fertile soils; Affects our place of residence; enhances the valuable and special landscape around us. In order to assess the perspectives used in geomorphology, in addition to the values of cultural, scientific and economic diversity, also from geodiversity, to provide more reliable data for the protection of the geological heritage. The proposed geopark of West Khorasan Razavi has unique forms and geological heritage dating to the Cretaceous. Therefore, it is essential that the geodiversity is evaluated to list priorities to protect heritage. To do this first, collected required documents and maps and field observations, processed map with GIS software, grided and calculated the diversity of geomorphology, hydrology and geology phenomena in each grid, then, the geodiversity map was prepared in four categories: low, medium, high and very high. The findings of this research show that 9.3% of the area is very high in geodiversity, which is observed in the north and southwest of the region. 11/5% of the area has a high geodiversity that is most seen in the north and west of the region. 37/2 % of the region has moderate geodesy, which can be seen in all areas except the southwest and center. 47.4% of the geodecimal area has a small amount, which are centralized in the central and southeast, where the wind process is dominant geomorphic formation of the region.

Landslide is one of the most destructive types of erosion of slopes, causing substantial financial losses.  Identification of causative factors in the landslide occurrence and providing a zoning map of the susceptible areas is one of the basic tools for minimizing the possible damages. In this research, the landslide susceptibility map in the Neyshabur Watershed was prepared using three algorithm including, Support Vector Machine, Maximum Entropy, and Random Forest Algorithm. A map of landslide distribution was prepared along with 12 thematic layers including slope, aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, elevation, land use, geology, distance from the road, distance from the rivers, distance from the fault, topographic wetness index, and drainage density in the GIS environment. The landslide susceptibility map of the studied area was prepared using three methods of random forest algorithm, maximum entropy, and support vector machine algorithm, and using Receiver Operating Characteristics and 30% of unused landslide points in the modeling process. The results of an assessment of the models indicated that the accuracy of the estimated maps prepared by the Support Vector Machine, Maximum Entropy, and Random Forest Algorithm were 86, 75, and 82 percent, respectively. Therefore, it can be stated that the presented maps can play an important role in identifying the slide-prone areas as well as in the implementation of development plans, especially road construction in the studied area. Given the potential of tourism in the catchment area, it is necessary to pay attention to the landslide potential in the catchment.

Alexander the Great has been one of the most influential figures in the history and civilization of mankind. Apart from the historical texts that spoke about the life and personality of Alexander, in a few works, as a poem or prose, Alexander's story has been considered very much. The fictional collections of Nezami have the considerable prominence in the presence of strong and enduring characters. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine and to analyze Alexander's figure as the main character of the story in Sharafnameh and the ways of characterizing of Nezami and how Alexander evolves. The purpose of this research is to investigate the ways of characterization in Sharafnameh poem. For this purpose, the story of Alexander, who is the main character of Sharafnameh will be discussed. The research findings show that, unlike many classical storytellers, Nezami has benefited from the indirect methods more than the direct ones, and the methods used in his work are progressing and they have shown the most complete pattern of characterization in Sharafnemeh.

According to the US Geological Survey, the phenomenon of land subsidence involves the collapse or downward saturation of the earth that can have a slight displacement vector. Earth subsidence is a geological phenomenon that causes the earth to descend slowly and horizontally. This phenomenon is due to a variety of factors including natural factors such as earthquakes, volcanoes, fault activity, subsidence caused by sea level rise, dissolution in rocks, oxidation, compaction of organic sediments, pit development in karst lands, or human activities, Includes unseasonable harvesting of fluids from the ground such as oil and gas water. In recent years, in Iran, with the increase in the amount of subsidence due to buildings, runways, bridges, tunnels, streets, rail and road transport, agricultural facilities change the direction and direction of river movement. The canals and canals and fertility of agricultural lands have been damaged and also damages the flow pattern of hydrology, tilting and diversion of power towers and so on. Buildings that are larger and taller are more vulnerable, such as railways, earthen dams, canals, power towers and telecommunications.

The method of this study is analytical and field research. In this study, ground data consisting of 18 piezometers from 1382 to 1396 for the calculation of groundwater loss rates, groundwater levels in the minimum and maximum periods were prepared by interpolation of their interpolation maps. Exploration wells were used to calculate aquifer discharge levels and radar data including Sentinel 1 images were used to calculate subsidence rates from 2015 to 2018 and finally between the groundwater and subsidence factors in the correlation area. It was obtained from field survey data of their validation

In this research, differential radar interferometry has been used to determine the extent and extent of subsidence in Noorabad plain. In order to produce spatial pattern maps of the extent and amplitude of the meeting, a pair of radar sensors were used at different time intervals to perform interferometry. Due to the variability of the amount and amplitude of the meeting, caused by water harvesting as a positive factor as well as the role of natural endowments (precipitation) as a moderating factor, images were processed over time periods consistent with the crop calendar and rainy seasons. . The findings confirm the occurrence of a maximum annual subsidence of 3 cm in an area of 186 square kilometers. The occurrence of such phenomena is largely contemplated due to agricultural structures in other parts of Iran, because in Iran, due to the existence of a special agricultural calendar for irrigation in spring and summer, as well as the possibility of recharge in winter and early spring, The relative importance of the table and its impact on meeting rates for later periods is accepted and relatively inclusive. With the output of radar imagery output over 4 years, the results show that from 2015 to 2018, the aquifer level will increase substantially, with areas in the central and eastern parts of the aquifer having the highest aquifer rate in the regions. The residential and agricultural area has been developed in such a way that the effects of these meetings are evident in the residential and agricultural land and the blue areas show signs of uplift when descending to a subsidence area. It does not occur, but rather a double or elevated aquifer surface. In the analysis section, we study the status of the subsidence rate in the study area using radar images during the years mentioned, by examining the status of the piezometers and the rate of subsidence during these years showed that the situation of the subsidence area which is very high in 2015 is 8 km Which is 34 km in comparison to 2014 and in 2016 is 40 and 86 in 2017 and 2018 respectively. Based on the maps we see in these 4 consecutive years that we see the sum of each year The level of the plain has been increased and thus the summit on the plain has become a danger.

The average subsidence rate is about4 cm per year. The average subsidence over the four years is about 36 square kilometers of aquifer area, which covers about 5% of the area, with wells concentrated and the highest groundwater abstraction and concentration of existing cities and villages. In these areas, due to the water supply of the residential community including Nourabad and the surrounding areas, as well as the supply of water to the industrial sector, including factories and agricultural activities, the availability of more water resources and the availability of groundwater is very high. The high drop has been attributed to the high potential of these areas in the subsidence debate with the involvement of arid climates in the area, and has been identified as one of the critical areas of the city in the subsidence map. Radar interferometry results show that excessive withdrawal from the surface of the underground reservoirs has caused the downstream portion of the aquifer to collapse, as well as the presence of numerous aquifers at the aquifer level causing damage to residential sites. One of the areas most exposed to flooding in the plain is the groundwater loss in the eastern, central and southern part of the aquifer within about 14 m of about 14 m in the same well and the results of R2 coefficient correlation of 72% The significance level of 99% was obtained indicating that there is a direct relationship between these two parameters.