فهرست مطالب aboulfazl tahmasebi

 Dealing with rangeland degradation factors and rehabilitating these resources are fundamental and necessary steps toward sustainable development. So, decisions and protection programs can reduce land use change and tenure. In this regard, the present study has excavated and analyzed strategies to prevent land use change and tenure of rangelands from the perspective of experts in Gonbad Kavous city of Golestan province.

This research is a descriptive-survey type in which the statistical population consists of 45 judges, experts, and conservation guards in the city. Forty individuals were randomly selected as a sample size based on the Krejcie Morgan table. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Through five focus group interviews, we obtained items related to it. So that after removing the common and unrelated items, 25 items were summarized as protection solutions from the rangelands of the city. Based on that, a questionnaire was prepared and distributed. Each of the specified items was evaluated on a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire validity was assessed using natural resources experts' opinions. The reliability was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, equal to 0.81. After collecting and analyzing the data, the mean and standard deviation were used to describe and prioritize the items in the SPSS25 software environment. An exploratory factor analysis technique was used to examine the internal correlation and categorize the protection strategies of land use change and rangeland tenure in the form of several strategies and to determine the amount of variance explained by each. After collecting and categorizing the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the SPSS25 software environment.

 According to the results obtained from factor analysis, the values of KMO and Bartlett were respectively equal to 0.806 and 967.830, significant at 99% confidence. This indicated the appropriateness of the variables' correlation in the analysis. Based on this, five strategies were extracted that explained 71.74% of the total variance of the variables. The educational-cultural solution to preventing land use and land tenure change in the study area was ranked the highest, and the legal-control solution was ranked the lowest in importance. The results indicate that the items "culturalization and information in crime prevention" from the educational-cultural strategy, "creating job opportunities, empowerment and alternative sources of income for local communities and pastoralists" from the strategy support-service, "privatization of rangeland and handing it over to qualified pastoralists" from the management solution, "correct implementation of laws by executive organizations" from the legal-control solution and "using the potential of mobilizing local communities and their participation in rangeland conservation" from the collaborative approach, with the highest amount of factor load, had the greatest impact in different protection strategies on preventing rangeland tenure. The sample t-test results showed that the most effective strategy in preventing land use change and rangeland acquisitions was related to educational-cultural, and the least effective was related to participatory.

 According to the research results, the focus is on culture and information using advancing communication technologies and social networks, monitoring and evaluating pastoralists, and creating a control process to neutralize crime in rangelands. This is proposed as the most effective prevention strategy. Developing a two-way comprehensive program, one side of which is related to government support and services, and the other side is related to the mobilization of local communities and their participation in the activities of conservation, restoration, improvement, and fundamental exploitation of rangelands, can be another recommendation to reduce rangelands degradation.

Allelochemical production by plants can affect the growth of adjacent plants. In this study, an experiment was conducted to identify some secondary metabolites through the standard procedure of phytochemistry in the dominant species of Artemisia sieberi Besser prior to the flowering stage from the rangelands of the eastern regions of Golestan Province. All the parts of the selected plant were soaked in 10% ratio of distilled water for 72 h. Then, the allelopathic activity of various concentrations including 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100% of the studied plant on the germinating (radicle elongation, shoot and seedling, seed germination, rate of germination and vigor index), physiological (chlorophyll a, b, total) and biochemical (total phenols) parameters of the seed of Agropyron elongatum were examined. This experiment was performed in order to set a completely randomized design with three replicates. Qualitative analysis detected and confirmed some allelochemicals such as saponins, terpenoides and tannins. The results of ANOVA showed that there were statistically significant differences between different concentrations of aqueous extracts among all the studied parameters (P>0.01) except for radicle length. Comparison between the mean concentrations indicated that the treatments have a greater inhibition effect on the germination percentage and germination rate, compared to seedling growth. The effect of various aqueous extracts (except for the 10 percent concentration which caused a stimulation effect on the aforementioned parameters) on the vigor index, chlorophyll a, b, and total indicated significant inhibition processes as the concentrations increased.