فهرست مطالب abumohammad asgarkhani

The multidimensional world needs a new variable called scientific diplomacy in all its affairs. No international unit or independent government can ignore this new dimension of politics. Science diplomacy as a soft field of power, not only by using the variable of political science and international relations, but also by internalizing cultural, social and economic structures and their new dependence on the nature of science, establish new boundaries in modern conceptualization. has done. One of these concepts is the interwoven relationship between science diplomacy and development. The country of Iran in the West Asia region, having a young and educated workforce and having the experience of continuous growth of scientific and technological indicators, has a definite ground for using this variable in the development of its foreign policy. Therefore, the most important aspect of the country of Iran in the current situation is the full use of this irreplaceable capacity in regional development, taking into account the economic, cultural, social and political priorities. This research has analyzed the logic of the relationship between scientific diplomacy and regional development in a qualitative way by examining various documents in the considered fields and by enumerating the characteristics of each of these variables.

Various theories have been proposed to analyze behaviors in the international arena. Some theories, such as mainstream theories, are influenced by the linear approach of classical science, considering the international system as mechanical, closed, and far from interaction. Others, such as complex systems theory, considered the concept of nonlinear relationships and interaction used in the analysis of biological systems to explain the behavior of the international system and tried to explain human behavior as a biological system. Interaction is the main concept in explaining the behavior of natural and living systems that causes chaotic behaviors. Because the concept of interaction in human systems, as the highest example of biological systems due to the power of thinking, is a different concept. The purpose of this article is to introduce the interaction in the international system with features; Flow-creation and interpretation of information, purposefulness, sensitivity to the initial condition and impact and effectiveness. Studies show that due to the differences between human interaction and the interaction of other living organisms, Chaotic behaviors in the international system have characteristics; Simplicity in complexity, certainty in uncertainty, and order in disorder.

International peace and security are one of the values ​​and aspirations of humanity in the world, and for all human beings, regardless of ethnicity, race, religion or nationality, enjoying a life of peace and security is a vital value. This common sense, the study of the history of human life, tells of bitter events and bloody wars that have disrupted the order of the international community and endangered peace and security. All factors have led to the implementation of any rules related to the public interest of the international community to solve this problem; International humanitarian law and human rights are part of international law that builds peace and security. They communicate internationally and exchange and coordinate with each other for the sake of international peace and security. This article will provide a comparative study of humanitarian law and human rights in the context of international peace and security and will answer the question of how human rights and humanitarian law contribute to international peace and security.

Today, science and technology are a fundamental principle for countries and societies seek to acquire knowledge in various ways. This research seeks to show that scientific and technological diplomacy is a necessity in development and part of a country's development process is achieved through scientific exchanges. For this purpose, this research seeks to find provable answers and clear implications of the role of scientific and technological diplomacy in development. The statements made in response to this question are: Scientific and technological diplomacy it will eventually lead to development by accepting and exchanging foreign students, international academic cooperation and establishing scientific relations and interaction and cooperation of researchers in the world arena through study opportunities, joint research projects, joint conferences and articles. The data collection method is based on the documentary method, the research strategy is deductive based, and the data analysis method is based on the descriptive-explanatory method and is inspired by a theoretical framework corresponding to scientific and technological diplomacy.

The approach of the third generation of human rights towards the environment and guaranteeing the implementation of environmental protection is one of the important issues to be investigated in the present paper.

This paper is descriptive and analytical, using the library method, and it investigated the above-mentioned subject and the data was collected by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations:

In all stages of writing the present research, the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

For damage to the environment, punishments such as compensation, financial fine, and restoration to the previous situation have been considered. The guarantees of civil and administrative actions in the field of environmental damages are not able to fully compensate the damages caused to the environment and its human victims. In other words, financial fines have not been able to deter environmental violations. Therefore, this inefficiency has been taken into consideration by applying criminal law as a supplement to the guarantee of existing implementations. In Iran's laws, punishments such as fines and imprisonment have been determined for environmental destruction as a guarantee of execution, but the determined punishments, especially the amount of fines, do not have sufficient deterrence.

The international community has noticed the use of the guarantee of criminal implementation in the protection of the environment in the international arena, and it has brought the criminal mechanism into the field of international environmental law in a limited way, but it faces the challenges, such as classical and sovereignty-oriented international law, the nature of the environment itself as well as the limitations of criminal law. In Iranian law, it is necessary to determine a more efficient criminal guarantee as a surety for criminal execution.

Exploitation of the common heritage of humanity in the light of maritime knowledge is one of the important topics that are rarely discussed and in this paper; an attempt is made to examine how the transfer of maritime technical knowledge can be analyzed under the protection of intellectual property rights.

This paper is descriptive and analytical, using the library method.

Ethical Considerations:

In all stages of writing the present research paper, the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Although according to the rule of the common heritage of human beings, the exploitation and use of the existing wealth of the seas belongs to all mankind, despite the support of intellectual property for the transfer of maritime knowledge, it is not possible to exploit the common heritage of mankind for everyone, and there is a kind of conflict between the transfer of maritime technical knowledge according to intellectual property rights on the one hand and the rule of the common heritage of humanity on the other hand. This means that the transfer of maritime knowledge is the monopoly of developed countries and many of these countries cannot afford to buy and use these technologies, therefore, maritime knowledge under the protection of intellectual property rights causes the monopoly of maritime technical knowledge and thus prevents the transfer of maritime technical knowledge.

It is necessary to take a middle approach that in the framework of intellectual property, protection of marine knowledge is done on the basis of selective support that is different from other categories of intellectual property both in terms of time and in terms of strictness, in a way that does not completely limit the realization of the principle of the common heritage of humanity.

Despite the independence of the local governments of the Southern Caucasus and the regions under their control from the rules of governance of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, the Nagorno-Karabakh issue is still seen as a fire under the ashes, despite the geopolitical and political turmoil of a mere issue. Internal conflict in the Soviet border region has become a regional event, not only there is no new opportunity and solution for the Republic of Azerbaijan and Armenia, but also the deepening of the crisis and the escalation of tensions with the more serious involvement of regional actors and International achieved as the consequences. As a result of a series of long-standing military conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh, the fourth battle took place in the region, which was far more extensive and had more consequences. There are various motives and reasons that provided the necessary background and motivation for the expansion and multiplication of the September 2020 conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh by the Republic of Azerbaijan, and in the forthcoming article we have tried to rely on the views of Offensive realism and component and available sources, as well as an overview of the Islamic Republic of Iran's approach to Nagorno-Karabakh, to analyze them.

Unilateral sanctions go beyond multilateral sanctions imposed by the Security Council under the Charter of the United Nations. In this research, we are looking for the question that what is the nature of US sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran in the light of international sanctions law?
US sanctions has been of a mixed nature in the context of congressional and Treasury sanctions, as well as in the context of multilateral sanctions imposed by international organizations and in terms of international law governing sanctions it could only have legal validity in the absence of a bilateral treaty. Various laws in the United States allow US institutions to impose unilateral sanctions on other countries. Sanctions within the framework of the internal resources of the United States of America include: executive orders or decrees of the President, congressional sanctions of states, sanctions of states and governorates, and the Constitution of the United States.

Equality, justice, judicial security and the right to exercise and ensure the right are the most important principles of civil rights. Also, the most obvious effect of civil rights is good governance, which includes the components of individual and group rights in public and judicial law. Accordingly, we seek to answer the question of how the components of good governance can prevent the violation of citizens' rights?

Due to the nature of the subject, the present study has been done in terms of practical purpose and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and by studying valid laws and sources and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically.

It is the basis of civil rights in the civil, political, economic and social fields. The basis of every right is a social obligation that lies in the socialization of individuals. Thus, citizenship is not only based on rights but also on the obligations explained in a society, because people feel a close connection between their destiny and society, so the place of citizenship rights in domestic law that lies in rights is to create a set of rules. Coherent between the issues of "security" and "order" refers to a society that is formed on specific foundations. Government, quality of regulation, rule of law and control of corruption can prevent the violation of citizens' rights. On this basis, in the field of criminal prevention of abuse of citizenship rights, two things,

This article seeks to compare the structural barriers to the formation of parties in Iran and the United States comparatively. The main question that this research seeks to answer is what factors and components are considered as common obstacles in the formation of parties in Iran and the United States? The research hypothesis is also based on the fact that both countries have structural barriers such as electoral and governmental structure in the formation of parties, although there are structural differences between them. Since the emergence of democratic societies, parties have been an integral part of political analysis. However, there are always obstacles to forming parties. To overcome obstacles, they must first be identified. This study is based on the theory of political institutionalism. The findings of this study show that "electoral council", "primary election" and "psychological structure" are the main obstacles for parties in the United States. In Iran, these barriers include "absolute power structure", "inconsistency between political and economic development", "partisanship of parties", "weakness of civil society", and "influential groups". The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected in the form of library and internet by taking fish.

International sanctions, whether in the form of unilateral or multilateral sanctions or in the form of UN Security Council Chapter 7 sanctions, although imposed to change the policies of the sanctioned government, have different effects, including on women and children. Based on the existing experiences in relation to Iraq, Libya and finally the Islamic Republic of Iran, they seek to reduce the level of economic growth, the level of education, many socioeconomic problems for societies and as a barrier to development, Lead to the rise of inflation and economic inflammation, minimize opportunities to expand the activities of women and children, and violate their fundamental human rights. In this regard, the issue of international responsibility of sanctioned governments is raised. Given the concept of fundamental human rights, which is mainly enshrined in international jurisprudence, how is the international responsibility of governments in imposing sanctions on women and children violated in the first place, and secondly, the international responsibility in the situation of sanctions? How will it be achieved? The results of the present study show that international sanctions, both in general and in the situation in Iran, can be a right to life (as emphasized in Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child); The right to adequate living standards, the right to health, the right to education, the right to development, etc., affect women and children and lead to the violation of their rights.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the origins of international regulations of world governments in the fight against terrorism from the perspective of international law, which is followed by a descriptive-analytical method. Terrorism, as one of the most important security problems in the contemporary world, has been the subject of considerable reflection and research in various fields of the humanities, including international law. Studies of relevant documents show that this phenomenon has increased with the expansion of world relations and the growing imbalance of social classes and political inequalities. According to the results, despite the ratification of international conventions along with the ratification of the internal laws of countries, the contemporary era has witnessed a lack of agreement and collective success in confronting and eliminating the phenomenon of terrorism. The reason for this can be attributed to the lack of relative unity in defining the nature and nature of the terrorist act, which in turn confuses and inefficiencies the forms of confrontation with it and institutions such as the United Nations. Although the structure of international law has succeeded in creating international laws and regulations, but due to the use of power by powerful governments for their own benefit, these measures have not become fruitful and final solutions.

The present study examines the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the oil industry after the Islamic revolution with emphasis on financial and legal challenges. The main question of this research is: What are the challenges and obstacles to the qualitative and quantitative efforts of the Iranian oil industry in order to achieve the goals set out in the 20-year Vision Document? The hypothesis that follows this question: Despite the efforts of the Iranian oil industry and its officials and agents, their lack of full knowledge of legal-financial and contractual issues in all aspects of the oil industry within the legal system, the achievement of these goals has encountered some difficulty. What can be deduced from the results of the research is the lack of transparent international laws and sanctions in the oil industry, so that the oppressive rule of United States of America has made any laws governing the oil industry fragile due to its influence on the international system and in addition the lack of international legal and financial law vis-a-via the American politics has created challenges that need further attention. The research method in this article is to collect data in a library manner and then analyze this data.

Today, the issue of refugees in the world is becoming more and more important, and it is important to protect their rights, including in countries whose political-geographical division is a state or province of relative autonomy and independence. Each state has its own rules and regulations regarding refugees and their admission.The aim of this study was to analyze the protection of refugee rights in the local government of the state of California. According to the present study, the issue of refugees is officially covered in international documents after World War II and the establishment of the United Nations. Under the Convention, States Parties do not have the right to deport, reinstate or reinstate asylum seekers, and to recognize the right to citizenship and the right to freedom of movement for refugees. The Convention recognizes other rights in the field of employment, the right to a trial, education and social security.Under U.S. law, the United States has a duty to ensure that the rights of all refugees, both legal and illegal, are equal, including personal rights, liberty, human rights, and at least adequate legal guarantees. And non-discrimination and protection of private and family life. In this regard, the local government of California has provided a variety of rights and legal protections for refugees and their children, the most important of which are in the areas of public health, education, and employment.

Providing defense and security in disarmament discourse and controlling weapons are vital areas in the heart of international policy of states. Therefore, securing as a undeniable necessity, is an important measure of the strategists in the position of the viewpoint and its implementation by the managers of this sector. This has caused states as the main actors to formulate their strategies in the field of defense and in the context of observance of disarmament and arms control discourse to enhance the soft power and the public opinion of the international community to be peaceful in their defensive actions. Islamic iran as one of the most effective actors in the region in order to maintain its stable security is no exception; Since the defensive view of the leaders of each society is the defensive foundations of that Society,we tend to analyze the thoughts of leader of I.R.iran as the commander of whole force with an approach to the category of disarmament and arms control in the theoretical framework which is derived from Islamic revolution ideology and what is expected from an Islamic government.in this point of view the main question is that ‘’how has been developed Defensive strategies in the light of defensive ideas of imam khamenei With disarmament approach and weapon control’’to answer this question,the library method and investigation in the verses of HOLY QURAN and innocent Shiite imams and total speeches of the supreme leader has been used.

Political geography is involved in the spatial analysis of political phenomena while also considering the spatial specificities of the political process. In political geography, the concept of a region is a geographic space that is composed of a series of similar phenomena and linking factors in the environment that have a unified and distinct geographical personality from other regions. In this study, we analyze the smart power of the Islamic Republic of Iran and present an engineered model of the relations between Iran and the United Kingdom with a focus on Iran's political geography. In this regard, the role of the parameters of power, culture and smart power will be highlighted. They had never been taken seriously in political, economic, etc. relations. Modern concepts of intelligent power have found their place in the literature of power and politics in the context of contemporary international experience. So importance of understanding and applying intelligent power components to enhance capabilities in various dimensions, in particular deterring Iran from any external or internal threats, is important. International relations engineering with the help of analytical and statistical software using field data in the form of interviews and questionnaires as well as documentary studies in the field of humanities and the panel of experts has rarely been done. In this study, several influential variables in the context of political geography have been used in a completely innovative and futuristic perspective.

Both human rights and humanitarian law have been developed and complemented to protect human rights and to oblige states to respect human dignity; Human rights are rights that everyone enjoys at all times, even in times of war; Humanitarian law, on the other hand, is a set of international rules that specifically govern the conduct of hostile forces in armed conflict; This article examines the human rights and humanitarian rights approach in wartime and how to support civilians in armed conflict through descriptive-analytical methods; The main question of the present article is what is the approach of these two legal institutions in protecting individuals? On the other hand, the present article seeks to answer the question of whether the rules and regulations of human rights are observed during armed conflict or not? The findings of the study indicate that it is necessary to pay attention to the rules and regulations of human rights in order to protect human dignity in the event of armed conflict, and these two legal institutions complement each other.

The US government's move to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of the Israeli regime can be debated from both a legal and policy perspective. In the context of international law, political decisions and actions are essentially an important conduit for the formation of legal rules. In fact, international law is a law that is formed primarily in the context of international relations and politics. In the absence of international law, hostile relations or war will prevail over international communications as a rule. Of course, this does not mean rejecting moral rules. However, there is also the belief that, in legal terms, ethical rules in general law and general international law in particular are secondary and secondary. Apart from these philosophical and fundamental arguments, the purpose of the relationship between politics and legal rules is to note that a political decision can be the basis for the creation of legal rules or the formulation of existing rules and can also be within or Be based on pre-existing legal rules. A political decision can also help to interpret existing legal rules. Although political decisions are not regarded as primary, primary or even secondary or subordinate sources in any of the relevant texts of international law, and in particular in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, they are virtually in the footsteps of decisions. Politics can be found in all sources of international law. At the heart of this research, however, is how the US government's recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of the Israeli regime in accordance with international law can be analyzed and evaluated. In this research, we have concluded with legal arguments and arguments that this decision is inconsistent with the rules and principles governing international law.

US policy toward Iran's political geography has changed in almost every area since the Islamic Revolution And it was on the path of complete divergence. Consequently, the American media, in particular the Voice of America, took an active role and played the role of representing the Islamic Republic based on US policy in the post-Islamic Revolution period. Their aim was to increase the soft power of the United States of America within the geopolitical boundaries of Iran and, consequently, the Middle East. The present paper attempts to delve into the revolutionary leader's speeches, messages, and texts in the decades after the revolution by using the Robinson model, and by answering the question that Voice of America's policy in the media war against the leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been based on what theory?It will also examine how they respond to US media policy (crystallized in the Persian section of Voice of America) and their measures in this regard.

Although the patterns of emergence and decline of the powers are recurred for centuries, surprisingly there are no clear evidences to answer the question of what are the causes for rise and fall of powers. The efforts made to date to order the patterns of rise and fall of world powers have created a close link between the periodic patterns of emergence (and decline) of world orders with the cycles of rise (and fall) of global hegemons, which both are severely influenced by the waves of global wars. Utilizing the literature on this field and introducing new concepts such as introversion (seeking for internal power resources) and extroversion (introversion + seeking for external power resources beyond the borders), this essay is to test this hypothesis that “achieving the status of global hegemony by a super power requires the adoption of an introvertist approach until deployed hegemony enters into a decline period and subsequently transition into an extrovertist approach. On the other hand, taking on an introvertist approach by the deployed hegemon will abridge the hegemonic cycle and leads to the decline of the hegemon”. This research is exploratory in nature. To analyze the collected data, this study uses the causal or post-event method. Findings of the study confirm the above hypothesis and draw the conclusion that although there is no desertion of the recurrence of the hegemonic cycle and the global order, the length of a hegemonic cycle is subject to the pursuit of an extrovertist approach by the hegemon.

Individual and social rights have various dimensions which often constitute the major parts of international human rights. In the same vein, rights of future generations in the field of environmental health have been lately introduced into political and social circles in the form of solidarity rights. The current study intends to assay the future generations’ rights of enjoyment of environmental health in international law and Iranian law and also the need for conservation of environment for the future generations. It also seeks to provide solutions for the environmental challenges. Accordingly, the most important findings of the present research is the relationship of individual and social rights of future generations with human rights approaches due to acceptability and understandability of the problem of human rights for the world people, its high compatibility with the cultural and value elements of various societies, existence of various human rights institutions and organizations in most world countries and also the expansion of social media and movements in the field of human rights issues which in turn can pave the path for the realization of individual and collective rights of future generations in the field of environmental health. Particularly as to Iranian society, one should say that defense of human rights and institutionalization in this field based on Islamic and Iranian values and cultures can be considered as a path for defense of the rights of future generations in the field of environmental health. The present study takes advantage of descriptive-analytic method and the data have been collected using library documents and sources.

Since the establishment of the United Nations, many countries have been subject to sanctions by the Security Council under Chapter 7 of the Charter. The increase in sanctions imposed by the Security Council has raised concerns about the damage done to the citizens of the sanctioned countries. Research on the effects of sanctions in countries such as Iraq, Haiti, Libya and Iran suggests that these sanctions increased the deaths of children, poverty, migration, food and drug deficits, and other social and economic disruptions. Consequently, there are widespread debates at the UN and abroad about criticism of the Security Council sanctions as well as the responsibility of the Council for the violation of human rights, especially the second generation of human rights of citizens. In this essay, the human rights dimensions of the bansel sanctions of the second Barnsl has been examined. According to the author, sanctions imposed by the Security Council on human rights violations, in particular with regard to economic and social rights and sanctions imposed by the Security Council, result in serious violations of the human rights of the Security Council because of its severe negative effects on the target countries. While the United Nations Charter has committed that organization to "promoting and respecting human rights," the UN Security Council's economic sanctions are in breach of the provisions of the Charter and are responsible for violating human rights.

The economy is a decisive factor in China's foreign policy. Since the beginning of the reform era, this factor has been the driving force behind China's growth and development. Consequently, the policy of constructive engagement with the outside world, especially the advanced ones, became the focus of its foreign policy. However, since the beginning of the 2010s, China's economic growth has slowed down. Consequently, the country's leaders emphasized the "reliance on domestic consumption" and "outside investment" models in order to maintain the economic growth and preventing the "middle income trap".These developments have had important implications for foreign policy. The most important foreign policy manifestations of them are: to preserve and even strengthen China's commitments to existing financial institutions; to emphasize the role of the market; focusing on Asia; to strengthen economic relations with East Asia and its geographic West; creating new multilateral economic institutions and initiatives, as well as efforts to maintain and strengthen economic relations with the United States, which has been under pressure during Donald Trump. Therefore, this study is seeking to examine a geo-economic analysis of China's foreign policy based on these new developments.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of the newly established republics in 1991, as well as the formation of a new geopolitics in the South Caucasus, this region became one of the most important strategic regions in the world. Nevertheless, despite its geopolitical and geoeconomic importance. Outstanding, in terms of ethnic and territorial conflicts, political instability, lack of economic and social development, conflicting political tendencies and lack of regional cooperative security structure, the region has always faced security threats and challenges. Strategic and energy resources of the Caucasus have attracted the attention of regional and global actors and powers, and each of these actors, by using various tools and policies and influencing the security arrangements of the region, seeks to influence the region and advance goals. They have been their own foreign policy. Russia as the successor to the former Soviet Union and Turkey as an influential regional player with different historical, cultural, religious and racial ties with the nations living in the newly established republics based in this area, along with other regional and supra-regional actors. Among the actors who have played a prominent role in shaping the security arrangements in the South Caucasus. Discusses.

NATO was formed in response to February 1948 threats and incidents, the Communist Party rise to power in Czechoslovakia, and preventing Soviet forces, specifically and Warsaw Pact forces, generally, from attacking Western countries in North Atlantic. NATO is responsible for preserving international law according to the needs of international organizations and member countries (based on their responsibilities) because NATO military decisions are made through a consensus among member states. Therefore, member states are responsible in compensation for damages caused by NATO violations of law. This study, in addition to analyzing the legal evolution in NATO nature and missions after the Cold War, underlines some of the violations of international laws made by the organization and absence of an international supervisory system that could preside over the implementation of Security Council resolutions, especially in the case of NATO violations. The objective is to provide an opportunity for Iranian diplomatic and policy-making institutions responsible for decision-making to devise strategies in order to deter possible NATO actions against Iran’s security and interests