afra khosravi

Personality type D, characterized by traits such as anxiety and negative affectivity, can significantly influence individuals' mental and physical health. This study aims to investigate the relationship between personality type D and fluctuations in blood factors in patients preparing for surgery at Imam Hospital in Ilam City. 

The instruments used included a Type D personality questionnaire and assessments of blood factors. A total of 60 participants were selected through convenience sampling. The Chi-square and Pearson correlation coefficients were applied in the significance less than 0.01. Data analysis performed using SPSS software version 16.

The results indicated a significant relationship between personality type D and certain blood factors, specifically white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), neutrophils (NeU), and lymphocytes (Lym) (P < 0.01). However, no significant correlation was found between personality trait D and other blood factors (P < 0.056).

These findings suggest that personality type D may impact patients' physiological responses to stress, reflected in changes in specific blood factors. The lack of significant correlations with other blood factors underscores the complexity of interactions between psychological states and biological responses. Addressing mental health and stress reduction prior to surgery may improve outcomes and enhance overall patient well-being.

The vaccine available to prevent Hepatitis B virus disease is ineffective in 5% of people due to the use of HBsAg as a weak immunogen. In the present study, PreS2/S fused to C18-27 peptide fragment as an effective antigen and is proposed as a promising vaccine candidate compared with the conventional vaccine prescribed in the vaccination program.

After the synthesis of PreS2/S genes and C18-27 peptide fragment in pET28a, the recombinant protein was confirmed by Western blotting. The efficacy of the PreS2/S-C18-27 protein was compared with the conventional vaccine injected into five groups of rats. Finally, the cytokine level of IF-r, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-a, IgG1, and IgG2a were measured using the ELISA method.

This study showed no significant difference between the recombinant vaccine group and PBS control group in the IF-r test, but there was a significant difference between groups testing IL-2 and IL-10. In addition, the group receiving the recombinant vaccine with CPG adjuvant at a dilution of 1/10 in the IgG total test on days 14 and 45 after the first injection showed a significant difference in comparison with other groups.

This study showed no statistically significant difference between the recombinant protein vaccine group and the conventional vaccine group. The Th1- mediated immune responses obtained from recombinant proteins with and without CPG performed better than conventional vaccines, possibly due to the functional deficiency of the available vaccines.

IIn this study, the effect of different levels of Scrophularia striata extract on the parameters of laboratory gas production, the concentration of volatile fatty acids and the activity of hydrolytic enzymes on the contents of the cecum of adult male rabbits were investigated. For this purpose, 20 New Zealand rabbits weighing approximately 1.6 ± 0.2 kg (5 months and up) were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. Treatments included 1) without receiving Scrophularia striata extract (control), and supplementing the control diet with levels of 2) 200, 3) 300 and 4) 400 mg of Scrophularia striata extract per kg of body weight. The control group received 2 ml of water instead of the extract. At the end of the experimental period and after slaughter of rabbits, the contents of their cecum were sampled and the parameters of gas production, concentration of volatile fatty acids and activity of hydrolytic enzymes of cecal sample were determined. The results showed that consumption of Scrophularia striata extract reduced the volume of gas produced (p<0.05) and the total amount of volatile fatty acids (p= 0.01). Consumption of Scrophularia striata extract increased the activity of alpha-amylase (p= 0.02) and microcrystalline cellulase (p= 0.01) linearly, but did not significant e ffect on carboxymethylcellulose and filter paper decomposition activity. In general, the extract of the Scrophularia striata was able to affect the microbial and enzymatic activities of the rabbit colon, so that the microbial activity decreased with the consumption of this plant and eventually led to less gas production and reduced production of volatile fatty acids.production and reduced production of volatile fatty acids.

Surgery is a very stressful situation for patients. In addition to physical variables, psychological components also affect the patients who are ready for surgery. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of psychological factors with immunological and physiological factors regarding the moderating role of personality trait D in patients ready for surgery at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam, Iran.

The present study was conducted based on an analytical and correlational design. The population of this study included the patients who were ready to undergo surgery at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam, Iran. In total, 60 people (30 females and 30 males) were selected using the available sampling method. The data were collected using Perceived stress questionnaire, Spielberger anxiety questionnaire, personality type D questionnaire (DS-14), and blood samples of the patients to measure the blood factors. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The results showed a significant relationship of psychological variables (stress, anxiety, personality trait D) with immunological (cortisol) and physiological (blood factors) variables (P<0.01). The results of regression analysis also showed that psychological variables (stress and anxiety) are able to predict the immunological and physiological states of the patients who are ready for surgery. It is worth mentioning that personality trait D also plays a significant role in this regard.

The results showed that the immune disorders during surgery created by psychological variables can cause biological changes in terms of health risk. Given the effect of psychological variables on the immune system, it is recommended to evaluate people with personality type D since this personality type can have effects on blood factors before and after surgery which can be an appropriate guideline for psychological interventions.

Disruption of lipid metabolism threatens human life in all countries with different percentages and causes cardiovascular disease. Reducing physical activity and eliminating some of the food medications have exacerbated these complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ginger supplementation on the lipid profile and body composition of obese women following Pilates exercises. This semi-experimental study was carried out at the Medicinal Plants Research Center of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from September to December 2012. In this study, 90 pregnant women with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly divided into three groups: complement, placebo and control (30 objects in each group). The exercise protocol includes a ten-week Pilates exercise. The supplement group consumed 2 grams of ginger powder daily for ten weeks. The placebo group used starch (placebo) capsules for these ten weeks. The control group did not take any supplement and did not have any activity at all. Blood samples were taken prior to physical activity and 48 hours after the end of 10 weeks Pilates training three sessions per week (30 sessions). In order to investigate intra-group changes, t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the groups. The results showed that after 10 weeks of using zinc supplements following Pilates exercise training in pretest and posttest, increases in HDL levels and decreased TG, LDL, Tcol, body composition and body weight in obese women. Also, consumption of 10 weeks of ginger supplement after aerobic exercise training on TG (P=0.001), LDL (P=0.02), Tcol (P=0.05) and HDL (P=0.01) in obese women in supplement and placebo groups had a significant impact. The results of this study showed that Pilates exercises with daily consumption of 2 grams of ginger supplement for 10 weeks caused a significant decrease in lipid profiles, body fat percentage, weight, and hip circumference.

One of the most common genes in Helicobacter pylori is glmM which is usually used for identification of infection with the bacterium within gastric biopsy specimens by PCR, as a target gene. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence rate of glmM gene in DNA samples of stool and evaluate its relationship with the fluctuations of serum levels of TNF-α and IL- 1β.
In this study, blood and stool samples were collected from 82 subjects in two groups with positive and negative HPSA test referred to laboratories of Ilam, Iran. PCR was used to investigate the presence of glmM gene in DNA extracted from stool samples, and then serum levels of studied cytokines were measured using specific kits by ELISA, and the results were analyzed using statistical tests.
Findings: Analysis of data obtained from the study showed that the frequency of glmM gene in the sample of cases with positive HPSA was 23.8%, and there was a significant relationship between the presence of this gene in stool and fluctuations in serum levels of TNF-α and IL- 1β (P Disussion & According to data, it can be said that the presence of glmM gene was associated with fluctuations in any of the variables of HPSA, TNF-α and IL- 1β and the possible presence of the gene in the stool raises with increase in each unit of HPSA and IL- 1β, which in turn raises the prognosis of diseases with a virulence form of bacteria by both serology and stool methods.

Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most common parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus worldwide. This study investigated genotype diversity of Echinococcus granulosus isolated from stray dogs and golden jackals in Ilam province, West of Iran.
Adult worms were collected from the small intestine of the stray dogs and golden jackals from Ilam Province roads during 2012-2014. DNA was extracted from the adult worms and the partial mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit1 (nad1) was amplified by PCR then the products were digested by using HpaII, Rsa1, and Alu1 restriction enzymes. In order to confirm RFLP results, a number of PCR products were bi-directionally sequenced.
Totally, 20 stray dogs out of 75 (26.66%) and two out of 73 (2.74%) golden jackal showed infection with E. granulosus. Amplified PCR product for all isolates was a band of approximately 550bp. Alu1 digested the product into two bands of approximately 160bp and 390bp fragments, while the Rsa1 cut the product into 320bp and 230bp fragments and the HpaII had no effect on the PCR product for both dog and jackal samples. The isolate sequences of mtDNAnad1 gene indicated 100% homology with references G1, G2 and G3 sequences in the GenBank database.
The genotype of adult E. granulosus was similar to larval stage genotypes of parasite (G1-G3 complex).

Hepatitis B virus is a virus that creates significant hepatic and extra-hepatic complications, with widespread prevalence across the community and body systemic involvement, and can impact on hearing performance. This study aims to evaluate hearing loss among individuals with hepatitis B compared with healthy subjects.
In this case-control study, 83 HBsAg-positive patients with a 1-year history of disease were selected for pure tone audiometry (PTA) testing, while 108 HBsAg-negative patients were selected as the control group. Subjects in both groups were aged 20–40 years. The threshold was set at 25 db for hearing loss. Final data were analyzed using SPSS software.
Significant differences were found between the case group and control group in average PTA and hearing loss. There was also a significant difference between the two groups in average PTA at frequencies of 250, 4,000, and 8,000 Hz, but not at speech frequencies of 500, 1,000 and 2,000 Hz, despite the difference in average PTA.
According to significant differences in average PTA between patients with hepatitis B virus and healthy subjects in this study, hearing loss may be attributed to the presence HBV of in the patient group.

Hydatidosisis one of the most common diseases of human and animals from Cestoda class with worldwide distribution. This disease of both public health and economic damage is very important. This parasite has a high genetic diversity and includes a complex of different genotypes .Usually in areas where disease is endemic; biologically there is a relatively high genetic diversity in parasites. Studies in different parts of the world demonstrate that genotype variation and the nature of Echinococcus granulosus influenced on the life cycle of parasite, transmission routes, pathogenesis, and antigenicity, immunogenicity, response to medication, epidemiology and control of the disease. The main aim of the present study was to investigate genotype diversity of E. granulosus which was isolated from stray dogs in Ilam city, West of Iran.
Adult worms were collected from the small intestine of the stray dogs. DNA was extracted from the adult worms and the partial mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome Oxidasesubunit 1 (Cox1) was amplified by PCR then the products were digested by using Alu1 and HpaII restriction enzymes. Finally, a number of PCR products were bidirectionally sequenced. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed using MEGA6 (Mega software. net).
Findings: Totally, twenty stray dogs out of 75 (26.66%) showed infection with E. granulosus. Amplified PCR product for all isolates was a band of approximately 450bp. Alu1 digested the product into two bands of approximately 175bp and 275bp fragments, while the HpaII cut the product into 265bp and 185bp fragments for all dog samples. Based on the DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP results, dog samples indicated to pertain the genotypic similarities. According to the phylogenetic tree, there is at least one genotype of parasite, which belongs to E. granulosous sensu stricto (G1–G3) complex and overall isolates sequences of mtDNA indicated 100 % homology with references G1, G2, and G3 sequences in the GenBank database.
Discussion & The results of this study indicated that genotypic similarities between the sizes of DNA bands of E. granulosus from all isolates with PCR-RFLP and sequencing methods indicated the occurrence of similarities genotypes of E.granulosus in Ilam region. There is at least one genotype of parasite, which belongs to E. granulosous sensu stricto(G1-G3)complex.

Hepatitis B is a disease that is prevalent worldwide and is responsible for 10% of the deaths that occur every year. The virus persists in 5% of infected adults and 90% of infected children and can cause chronic hepatitis. In addition to blood, the virus may also be present in other secretions. Transmission through saliva, sexual fluids, and urine has also been confirmed..
The main aim of this study was to compare viral DNA copies in the serum, cerumen, and saliva of patients with HBeAg levels in their sera..
Patients and This was a cross-sectional study and subjects were selected by non-randomized methods. Serum, cerumen, and saliva samples were collected from 50 patients who were diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B about a year prior to the study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the presence of HBsAg and HBeAg in the gathered specimens. Viral DNA was extracted from specimens by using a Qiagen kit. The number of viral DNA copies was determined using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The study was performed in Ilam province in western Iran..
Twenty-eight percent of the patients were HBeAg positive. The average number of viral copies in serum, cerumen, and saliva was higher in women than in men, and a significant correlation was observed between the gender and average viral copies. However, no significant correlation was observed between viral copies present in the serum and cerumen with the age and gender of patients. In addition, no correlation was observed between serum HBeAg and viral copies present in serum, cerumen, and saliva. The correlation analysis confirmed a direct and definite correlation between viral DNA loads in the patients’ serum and cerumen..
A significant direct correlation was observed between the viral DNA copies present in patients’ cerumen and serum. However, the correlation between saliva viral load with serum and cerumen viral load was very low and inverse. These findings suggest that the presence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in non-invasive specimens (such as cerumen and saliva) should also be evaluated when monitoring patients to determine the course of infection and disease.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of a 6-week supplemented diet on increasing bone density by measuring calcium, phosphorus and bone mineral density (BMD) in male rats.

In this experimental study, 24 Wistar male rats, aged between 15 and 20 days, were selected. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: immune system supplement (ISS), ISS plus exercise and control. Daily swimming was performed by time-increasing (starting from ten minutes and ten minutes was added each day and was fixed at sixty minutes). Supplements strengthening the immune system containing calcium and phosphorus were given to rats (5g/kg/day). After six weeks, BMD was measured using bone densitometer. Animals were anesthetized with ketamine and blood samples were gathered in order to separate their serum. The serum samples were used to measure calcium, phosphorus by the ELISA method.

The results showed that in both groups (ISS plus exercise and ISS), BMD was higher than the control group. The highest level of calcium, phosphorus and BMD was seen in the group whose members were ISS plus exercise group. In contrast, the least amount of the mentioned markers was reported in the control group.

The results indicate a small but positive effect of ISS on whole body BMD in male rat; also results indicate the combination of exercise and proper nutrition was more effective on increasing the bone density in comparison with the proper nutrition sedentary group.

Clinical evidence indicates the diabetes-induced impairment of osteogenesis caused by a decrease in osteoblast activity. Flavonoids can increase the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts in a high-glucose state. However, some flavonoids such as luteolin may have the potential to induce cytotoxicity in osteoblast-like cells. This study was performed to investigate whether a cytoprotective concentration range of luteolin could be separated from a cytotoxic concentration range in human MG-63 osteoblast-like cells in high-glucose condition. Cells were cultured in a normal- or high-glucose medium. Cell viability was determined with the MTT assay. The formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using probe 2’,7’ -dichlorofluorescein diacetate, and osteogenic differentiation was evaluated with an alkaline phosphatase bioassay. ROS generation, reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity, and cell death induced by high glucose were inhibited by lower concentrations of luteolin (EC50, 1.29±0.23 µM). Oxidative stress mediated by high glucose was also overcome by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. At high concentrations, luteolin caused osteoblast cell death in normal- and high-glucose states (IC50, 34±2.33 and 27±2.42 µM, respectively), as represented by increased ROS and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity. Our results indicated that the cytoprotective action of luteolin in glucotoxic condition was manifested in much lower concentrations, by a factor of approximately 26 and 20, than was its cytotoxic activity, which occurred under normal or glucotoxic condition, respectively.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), is a bacterium responsible for upper gastrointestinal tract diseases. The 16s rRNA is a common H. pylori gene which are usually preferred for diagnosis purpose. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and abundance of 16s rRNA in fecal samples and also evaluate correlation between the level of 16s rRNA and activities of the cytokines, TNF-&alpha and IL-1&beta, in serum.

The present study was performed on 84 subjects with digestion problems. Fecal and blood samples were collected and 16s rRNA gene was assayed using PCR. The serum levels of TNF-&alpha and IL-1&beta levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

The results of the study revealed that there was a positive correlation between the 16s rRNA gene, H. pylori stool antigen (HPSA) and TNF-&alpha cytokine. The study also noted that with every unit of increase in either of the quantified parameters of HPSA and IL-1&beta, the presence of 16s rRNA in fecal samples, showed a 2.98 and 1.01 times rise, respectively.

According to the obtained results, it may be concluded that activities of cytokine TNF-a correlated well with the presence of HPSA and 16srRNA gene in the stomach’s lining. Increase in the activities of HPSA and TNF-a cytokine could be associated with the presence of 16s rRNA in feces.

There is much evidence indicating that depression is influenced by the levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, GABA and adrenaline. The current study we designed to investigate the effect of exposure of pregnant rats to different colors on neurotransmitters level, as indicators of mood disorders in off springs. Five groups of pregnant female Wistar rats (eight rats in each group) were enrolled in this study. Dopamine, adrenaline and GABA concentration in sera of rats were measured using ELISA. The colors black and red elevated the GABA levels in serum and CSF while the colors green and blue decreased the GABA levels. The colors black and red also decreased the sera and CSF levels of dopamine compared to the control group. The concentration of adrenaline was increased following exposure to the colors black, red and blue but decreased only following color green exposure. These results showed serious changes in neurotransmitter levels due to exposure to different colors which can be translated as mood and behavior changes. It can be concluded that exposure during pregnancy can lead to postpartum behavioral changes even at adulthood and such changes can be made by colors.

Echinococcosis disease is one of the most common diseases of human and animals in many parts of the world, including Iran, which is caused by larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. This parasite has a high genetic diversity and including a complex of different genotypes (strains). Usually in areas where disease is endemic, there is a relatively high genetic diversity in parasite biologically. Studies in different parts of the world demonstrate that genotype variation and the nature of E.granulosus influenced on the life cycle of parasite, transmission routes, pathogenesis, and antigenicity, immunogenicity, response to medication, epidemiology and control of the disease. The aim of present study was to determination of genotype isolates of human and sheep hydatid in Ilam province for the first time.

20 hydatid cyst samples were collected from sheep Ilam Industrial slaughterhouses and 10 human samples from Ilam hospitals. After DNA extraction of protoscoleces, mitDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad-1) areas was amplified by PCR and the PCR products were analyzed by PCR-RFLP.

Based on the results which obtained, the size of proliferative nad-1 products was 550 base pairs. Patterns of parts which obtained from PCR products after cutting by AluI and RsaI enzymes showed that all samples had a similar RFLP pattern but HpaII enzyme did not cut any region and had no change in fragment size.

The results of this study indicated that genotypic similarities between the size of DNA bands of E. granulosus from human and sheep isolates with PCR-RFLP method indicated the occurrence of similarities genotypes of E.granulosus in Ilam region. There is at least one genotype of parasite, which belongs to E. granulosous sensu stricto (G1-G3) complex.

Multiple sclerosis is considered as an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that is the main cause of disability in young adults around the world. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in antibodies in the prognosis of multiple sclerosis, and the use of antibody against aquaporin 4 for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
In this case - control study, 21 patients with a definite diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and 21 healthy subjects were selected as the study population. Blood and urine samples were collected, and nephelometry technique was used to assess the presence or absence of IgG, IgM and IgA in serum and urine samples. ELISA method for measuring of antibodies against aquaporin 4 was used.
There was no major difference in the mean of the total IgM in the case and control groups , but the mean IgA and IgG levels in the control group were evidently higher than in the case group. It was releaved that IgA, RBC and Hb mean differences between the two groups are statistically significant. Parallel with an increase in IgG, the probability of disease exacerbation was increased by 0.22, whereas with increasing ages, the probability of disease exacerbation was 15.0. There was also a positive and significant relationship between the average level of antibodies, IgG and IgM with the degree of illness However, the relationship between the mean serum IgA level and the degree of illness was inverse. It also became clear that antibodies against AQP-4 in serum and urine of patients with different degrees of illness showed no significant difference. The difference between the mean of antibodies against AQP in the serum of patients with mild and moderate MS was 54.1, but in mild and severe MS it was 53.3.
The findings of this research suggest that serum antibody levels are directly related to the disease levels and can be used as a prognostic factor. Accordingly, it appears that the use of antibodies against aquaporin-4 in serum and urine for the diagnosis of this disease can be considered as a reliable approach.

Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of deaths in Iran and other developing countries. The risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are divided into two categories; the variable risk factors and the non-variable risk factors. Many recent studies evaluated the relationship between higher eosinophilia and allergy levels with the incidence, progress and severity of cardiovascular diseases, but the exact correlation between these two still remains unknown. The current study was designed to assess the relationship between allergic responses and eosinophilia amongst patients with cardiovascular diseases in Ilam province, in comparison with healthy individuals.
In this case-control study, we enrolled 59 cardiovascular patients and 55 healthy individuals without any history of allergy and parasitic infections. A questionnaire including questions about demographic data, family history of heart disease, history of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, physical activity, smoking, stress, dietary fat consumption, salt intake, allergies to certain substances, history of parasitic disease and history of hypertension was completed. The blood was taken from each participant and CBC and IgE titer were measured.
There was a significant relationship for the variables such as the family history of cardiovascular disease (P Based on our results, it can be concluded the increase in levels of IgE and eosinophilia can be considered by cardiologists as a reliable diagnostic tool for predicting cardiovascular diseases.

Infection with hepatitis B virus is a major life threatening situation for more than two billion people throughout the world. Many people are chronic carriers and suffer from this fatal infection. The majority of these carriers live in South East of Asia. In Iran, 3 percentages of the people are carriers of this virus. Molecular methods can detect the virus in serum even though the HBsAg is negative. The current study was designed to evaluate the number of copy of the HBV DNA in serum and cerumen and its relation to some immunological parameters. Seventy chronic hepatitis B patients with at least one year history of the disease and aged 20-40 years were enrolled in this study. Serum and cerumen samples were taken from each participant and kept at -20 C. Diaplus Spine ELISA kit was used to measure some immunological parameters such as HBsAg, HBeAg and Anti HBe. In order to measure the copy number of HBV DNA, a quantitative Real Time PCR assay was performed using the BioRad detection PCR /USA)Tm CFX96system. Quantitative and qualitative parameters were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson chi squared tests or Fisher's exact test, respectively. All cases were HBsAg positive. 22 out of the 70 patients (31.4%) were HBeAg positive. 48 (68.8%) were HBsAg negative, 37(53%) anti-HBe positive and 11(15.6%) were both anti-HBe and HBeAg negative. Patients who immunologically were Anti-HBe and HBeAg negative had the highest copy of HBV DNA among all CHB patients with different immunological properties compared to those who were either HBeAg positive, anti-HBe negative or HBeAg negative, anti-HBe positive with mean DNA copy of Mc=2.83 x107and 3.37x 108, respectively. The specificity of some immunological parameters such as HBeAg positive or negative, Anti-HBe positive or negative and simultaneous Anti-HBeAg and HBeAg negative in CHB patients can affect the mean HBV DNA copy number. This together with other parameters put the patients in different phases of the disease. Therefore, quantitative molecular methods performed on biological fluids like cerumen together with immunological parameters can help to manage the disease in CHB patients.

The risk of disease spread through water, fruits and vegetables contaminated through unclean waters varies from region to another. Springs and underground water resources are essentially free of germs or they have tolerable levels of germs; unless they are infected by surface water or human excreta. Scientific reports have shown that outbreaks of food-borne illnesses especially foods such as fresh fruit and vegetables are rising. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of washing procedures in eliminating of microbial and parasitic contamination of vegetables consumed in Ilam city. Multiple samples of vegetables were collected from five regions of the city (North- South- West- East- Center) about 1 kg from each shop and transferred to the laboratory. Then we put apiece in a dish containing five liters water; vegetable was washed into it and a sample was collected. Then we added to dish, 20 drops of dish soap and mixed it for a few minutes so that all of vegetable dipped in the foam. After a few minutes, the vegetable were washed with pure water. Another sample was collected from sewage of this water. For detection of microbes, we used two formalin eater and direct microscopic observation. 86 samples were collected from five regions of city. 40.6% of them had parasitic contamination in scantling water of washing with pure water, and 43% had parasitic contamination in scantling water of washing with dish soap. 70.9% of them had parasitic and bacterial contamination in both wastewaters. There was no significant difference between washing with water and washing with dish soap for parasitic or bacterial contamination. Methods of washing in some types of vegetable may reduce effectively parasitic infection; but we found that washing with dish soap didn’t have any significant effect on reduction of microbial contamination.

Addiction or substance abuse is a serious issue that threatens the human society. Several factors are effective on the emergence، persistence and treatment of addiction. Some probable predictors of substance abuse have been studied among which is attachment styles. Attachment is an affective bond between mother and infant in developmental psychology. Insecure experiences of attachment can develop a predisposition toward substance abuse.

Subjects included 120 students and 81 young drug addicts. Convenience sampling was used to select the addicted subjects by referring to the addicts’ welfare centers. Multistage cluster sampling method was used to choose the non addicts by referring to the universities in Ilam، Iran. The instrument for data gathering was adults’ attachment styles of Coolins and Reed.

The regression analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between attachment styles (avoidant and anxiety) and drug dependency، but there was a negative، invers significant relationship between secure attachment style and drug dependency (P < 0. 01).

Lack of appropriate interaction between child and mother during childhood and emotional deprivations leads to child’s addiction. Non responsive and low confidence parents، distance between mother and children، feeling of hostility and lack of child care can also result in drug abuse and addiction.

Identifying and employing appropriate learning styles can ultimately play an important role in selecting teaching styles in order to improve education. The current study was carried out to determine learning styles preferences of first year students at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (2010). A cross-sectional study employed visual، aural، read/write، and kinesthetic (VARK) learning style’s questionnaire which was done on 184 first year students of medicine، pharmacy، dentistry، nursing and health services management at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2010. Validity of the questionnaire was assessed through experts’ views and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (α = 0. 86). Data were analyzed by VARK software designed in Excel and employing SPSS for Windows 16. 0 (SPSS Inc.، Chicago، IL، USA). Out of 184 participants that responded and returned the questionnaire، 122 (66. 3%) were female، more than two-third (68. 5%) of the student were in professional doctorate status (medicine، pharmacy، dentistry) and 31. 5% were in undergraduate status (nursing and health services management). 89 students (48. 4%) preferred single-modal learning style and the rest of the students preferred multi-modal learning styles. A significant relationship (P < 0. 009) was between the gender and single-modal learning styles and also between course level and learning styles (P < 0. 05). According to the result، male students more than female students preferred to use kinesthetic learning style، while female students preferred aural learning style more. Knowing the learning styles of students in education is a valuable skill that helps trainers to solve learning problems among students، and also helps students to be more effective learners.

The Kaufman assessment battery for children 2nd edition (KABC-II) is an individually administered measure of the processing and cognitive abilities of children and adolescents aged 3 through 18. It is for assessing neurological، psychoeducational، clinical and psychological aspects of all the pre-school and high-school levels. This is a theory-based clinical instrument that contributes to culturally fair assessment. The present study aimed to assess standardization of Kaufman''s cognitive neurological-clinical diagnostic subtests (KABC-II) on 7 to 11-year-old children of Ilam.

This was a descriptive-analytical study that applied for the current situation of the subtests standardized on 7 to 11-year-old children. The study population included all the children of Ilam aged 7 through 11. The sample size obtained 250 children، considering 95% confidence interval (CI) and the maximum standard error of 0. 37 and standard deviation of 3 (maximum standard error of the subtests) which was obtained from a pilot study. The subjects were selected through stratified random sampling method using proportional share allocation among elementary girls and boys. Data collection tool was Kaufman’s neurological and clinical diagnostics subtests، which has been developed based on Luria''s neurological-clinical model.

Cronbach’s alpha for the subtest was ranged from 0. 66 to 0. 77. The total Cronbach’s alpha was 0. 73. There was a significant correlation between Kaufman’s subtests and Wecsler''s test (P = 0. 01). The mean score of subtests for 7 to 11-year-old children showed that intelligence is a phenomenon which is increased with age and intelligence growth follows an age trend. Normative scores of the scales were calculated correspondent with raw scores، rank percentiles and percentage of those who obtained this score.

The profile of strengths and weaknesses of children can be plotted by Kaufman''s neurological-clinical diagnostic subtests، and these results can be used in assessing neurological، psychoeducational، clinical and psychological aspects.

There is no doubt that education has an important role in developing and promoting student''s creative ability. Creativity is an equivalent for divergent production based on Guilford''s theory. He was the first one to propose the concept of creativity in psychology. He believed divergent production is the main characteristic of creativity. Divergent production is one of the basic concepts of operation in Guilford''s cognitive abilities structure and was used in evaluating the educational training by Meeker. Meeker provided subscales for assessing divergent production abilities. She also designed educational packages to strengthen and improve those abilities. These packages are used in institution of Meeker''s cognitive abilities structure located in Los Angeles، USA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of creativity training based on Meeker''s method on the divergent production rate of junior high school students of Ilam، Iran.

Statistical population consisted of boys and girls in first and second grade of junior high school of Ilam، Iran in 2010-2011. Subjects were selected from 402 first and second grade junior high school students from two gifted and governmental schools. Semi-experimental study، pre-test and posttest with control group were conducted. From each school four classes were randomly selected and assigned to control and experimental group. Experimental group received 36 hours training and posttest was performed for both groups to compare the differences. The data gathering tool was Meeker''s divergent production subscales.

There was a significant difference between experimental and control groups regarding divergent production subscales، semantic units and symbolic relationships. The results also indicated that there was no significant difference between gifted and ordinary students regarding creativity.

The results of this study emphasized the importance of improving creativity among students based on Meeker''s educational packages.

All humans are searching ways to promote mental health. Mental health is vital for having a healthy life. Some believe that mental health means lack of mental disorders. Positive psychology emphasizes on issues such as hope، wisdom، creativity، spirituality، thinking about future and having purpose in life instead of psychopathology aspects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between having purpose in life and mental health among university students.

Based on classified sampling from the target population of Ilam University، Iran، 520 students (boys and girls) were randomly selected. Instruments used in this study were Coping Strategies Questionnaire، purpose in life test (PIL) and Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire. The reliability of these instruments was acceptable in different studies. Pearson correlation coefficient، one way analysis of variance، Turkey test and t-test were used for data analysis.

There was a negative significant relationship between emotion oriented coping style and mental health. Moreover، there was a positive significant relationship between task oriented coping style and purpose of life with mental health. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant difference among purpose of life in different courses، mental health in different courses، emotion and task oriented coping styles in different courses. There was no significant difference between boys and girls regarding purpose of life. But there was a significant difference between them using task oriented coping style. Boys make use of task oriented coping style.

The study showed that there was a significant relationship between purpose of life and mental health. Thus having purpose in life has an important role in preventing mental disorders. Task oriented coping strategy has an important role in maintaining mental health، therefore these strategies can be taught to create a healthy lifestyle and promoted satisfaction.

Any substance in the atmosphere that changes its physical, chemical and biological properties causes air pollution. These contaminants can enter the human body through nose, skin, mouth and digestive system and threaten human health. Vehicles produce contaminants like lead, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The purpose of this research is to evaluate changes in TNF-α and IFN- due to smoke in rat's serum.

Totally 24 female Wistar rats in 3 groups were included in the study. 8 rats in each group, considered as case, were exposed to exhaust smoke from cars, for 5 minutes, 3-5 times/day for 4 weeks. Blood samples were then taken from the experimental and the control groups and the cytokines, TNF-α and IFN- were measured by using ELISA kit according to the Booster company instruction manual. To compare the mean values of variables, ANOVA was used and Post Hoc test was used for comparisons within groups.

Changes in cytokines levels were observed in the treatment groups compared to the control group. The reduced cytokines level in smoke group indicate that smoke from car exhaust can suppress the immune system. Short-term exposure to exhaust smoke also enhanced proliferation of lymphocytes and neutrophils.

Car exhaust smoke affects the immune system.