فهرست مطالب ahmad ramezani

The Convolvulus genus (Convolvulaceae) is one of the medicinally and economically important genera, including about 250 species broadly distributed worldwide. Many researchers have paid attention to this genus because of its important phytochemical composition, biological activities, and safety. The Convolvulus genus contains various chemical profiles such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, tannins, and essential oils. All the parts of these plants possess pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. This investigation was designed to study the antioxidant and antihypoxic activities of C. fructicodus.

The aerial parts were extracted by maceration with methanol as a solvent. In this experimental study, antioxidant activities were evaluated by four methods, DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities, iron chelatory capacity, and reducing power. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for the determination of phenolic compounds. The protective effects of extract at 62.5-250 mg/kg were evaluated against hypoxia-induced lethality in mice by three experimental models of hypoxia, i.e. asphyctic, haemic, and circulatory. The time it took for the mice to die (latency for death) was recorded in minutes. The Institutional Animal Ethical Committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences approved the experimental protocol. In the asphyctic hypoxic model, phenytoin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and in the next two tests, propranolol (20 mg/kg, i.p.) were used as the positive control. Normal saline (0.5 ml, i.p.) was used as the negative control. Analysis of variance was performed followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons (by GraphPad Prism 8) to determine the differences in means. The extract did not show any metal-chelating activity in the chelating test.

Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were 113.37 GAE and 20.32 QE, respectively. IC50 of extract for DPPH radical-scavenging activity and nitric oxide-scavenging were 85.28 and 177.40 µg/ml, respectively. The extract showed a good effect in reducing the power test and there was no significant difference between extract and standard in higher concentrations (p>0.05). In the haemic model, the extract showed a good and dose-dependent effect in all tested doses. The extract at 62.5 mg/kg increased the survival time by about 2 minutes (P<0.01). At 250 mg/kg, the extract showed a similar effect to propranolol. In the circulatory model, it showed very good completely dose-dependent effects. At 62.5 mg/kg, the extract increased the survival time by more than 2 minutes (P<0.01). The extract at 250 mg/kg increased the survival time by about 8 minutes (P<0.0001). The effect of the extract at 62.5 mg/kg was similar to propranolol. In the asphyctic model, the extract did not show activity in any of the tested doses.

The presence of phenolic compounds in the extract can be responsible for the antioxidant activity observed in the plant extract. By conducting anti-hypoxia tests in two models of haemic and circulatory models, the extract was able to show good protective effects in increasing the survival time of mice. The good antioxidant activity of this extract can be a possible mechanism for the anti-hypoxia activity.

Concerning the wide scope of the issue of cryptocurrencies in both international and domestic dimensions, cryptocurrencies have become a solitary life of criminals because governments have less supervision over them, and it leads to the creation of risky crimes such as money laundering, tax evasion, fraud, financing of terrorism, etc. and many people have been victimized and lost money in this field(cryptocurrencies). This topic has gradually brought the cryptocurrency discussion into legal discussions and countries are trying to establish laws in this regard. Therefore, the current research aims to design and validate the optimal model against risky crimes related to cryptocurrency in Iranian Law. To process the problem, qualitative research strategy and thematic analysis type were used. The research data was collected using semi-standard interviews with 12 experts in the field of cryptocurrencies and their related crimes who were selected using the theoretical sampling method and using thematic analysis method of the network of the analyzed themes and the conceptual model of network measurement was built. In addition, to "validate" the themes, and the built model, two methods of validity evaluation were used in the communication method and the audit method, and for "reliability assessment", two methods of reproducibility and transferability or generalizability were used. The findings of the qualitative research showed that the design and validation of the optimal model against risky crimes related to crypto-currency with 3 overarching themes: 1. the synergistic interaction within and outside the system in the field of cryptocurrencies 2. the overarching theme of applying knowledge management in the field of cryptocurrencies 3. the overarching theme of reducing all kinds of risks and improving the level of hardware and software security has reached theoretical saturation.

The role of free radicals in causing many diseases has been well proven. These particles can destroy biomolecules. Antioxidants can prevent these harmful effects. Considering that plants are a source of natural antioxidants, research in this field is increasing. Hypoxia means the reduction of oxygen in the body tissues, which can lead to dysfunction of the body. Hypoxia causes a significant increase in reactive oxygen species, thus, antioxidants are considered anti-hypoxia. Melissa officinalis L. is a well-known medicinal plant of Lamiaceae. Leaves of this plant have been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular and respiratory problems and as a memory enhancer. This investigation was carried out to examine the impact of extraction on total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of M. officinalis aerial parts. In addition, the Antihypoxic activities of all extracts were evaluated in three models in mice.

In this experimental study, dried aerial parts were extracted by three different methods, i.e. maceration method, ultrasonic-assisted, and soxhlet-assisted extraction. Antioxidative capacity was assessed by utilizing DPPH free radicals scavenging and reducing power. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined. The protective effects of extract in the initial dose of 62.5-250 mg/kg were evaluated against hypoxia-induced lethality in mice by three experimental models of hypoxia, i.e. asphyctic, haemic, and circulatory. The latencies for death for mice in minutes were recorded. The Institutional Animal Ethical Committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences approved the experimental protocol. In the asphyctic hypoxic model, phenytoin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and in the next two tests, propranolol (20 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) were used as the positive control. In all tests, Normal saline (0.5 ml, i.p.) was used as the negative control. Analysis of variance was performed followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons (by GraphPad Prism 8) were used to determine the differences in means.

Meceration method and ultrasonic(P<0.0001) assisted extraction were the best methods for extraction of polyphenols. In DPPH radical scavenging activity, soxhlet-assisted extraction and extraction by the meceration method were more efficient than ultrasonic-assisted extraction(P>0.05). In the hemic model, none of the extracts showed any activity. Even the soxhlet-assisted extract at the dose of 250 mg/kg, even though it increased the death time by about one minute, could not cause a significant effect(P>0.05). In the circulatory model, none of the extracts showed any effect at the lowest tested dose i.e. 62.5 mg/kg but all the extracts showed a very potent activity at higher doses. All the extracts at a dose of 250 mg/kg showed a much stronger effect than propranolol 30 mg/kg. In the asphyctic model, all the extracts showed very good effects so we had to reduce the dosage many times. The extract obtained from the maceration method at a dose of 1.95 mg/kg and ultrasonic-assisted and soxhlet assisted extracts at the dose of 7.81 mg/kg showed the same activity as phenytoin(P>0.05).

The findings of the current study indicated that extraction methods significantly affect antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction and maceration method were the most suitable methods for extracting phenolic and flavonoid compounds from this plant. All extracts showed high antioxidant activities. All extracts showed very strong effects in the asphyctic model.

In any judicial system, a percentage of the decisions issued by the courts may be incorrect, for which solutions suitable to the judicial system, such as appeals, have been provided. The purpose of this article is to examine the points of commonality and difference regarding the right to appeal in the realm of criminal procedure of Imamiyyah jurisprudence, Iranian and French law.The present article has studied and researched the right to appeal in Iran and France by using the method of comparative research and the method of collecting library information. The findings of the article show that the right to appeal has been accepted in Iranian criminal law as well as in French law in line with the supervision of the court on the correct implementation of laws in the courts, with the difference that in the French legal system, the right to appeal is a right. Human rights can be proposed, while in jurisprudence, violating a qualified judge's order is forbidden, except in a few cases. The lack of conditions for judgment and opposition of the judge's verdict to a definite reason or jurisprudential necessity are among the exceptions to the acceptance of appeals in jurisprudence. In French law, under certain conditions, the right to seek trophies is accepted, and the basis of this right can be explained mainly in line with fair proceedings and compliance with human rights standards.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes disability and death in many patients.

We investigated the effect of memantine on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and its effect on sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score in TBI patients with GCS 6-12 on days 1, 3, and 7.

Fifty-nine patients were randomly divided into intervention (n = 29) and control (n = 30) groups who received 30mg drug/placebo every 12 hours for seven days with standard treatment, respectively. The acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II and head CT scan findings were collected on the first day, and the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended 90 was collected three months later.

Considering patients with GCS 6 - 12, the SOFA and NSE decreased from day 1 - 7 in both memantine and control groups, about NSE by 21% and 12.6%, respectively. In GCS6-8 subgroup, the NSE decreased by 19.1% in the memantine group and increased by 8.45%, in the control group. In GCS 9 - 12 subgroup, the NSE decreased by 52.6% and 24.43% in the memantine and control groups, respectively. The SOFA changes were significant between memantine and control groups on day 3 in GCS 9 - 12 subgroup (P = 0.01). In the memantine group with GCS 6 - 12, the increase of GCS from day 1 - 7 was significant (29.6%, P = 0.002), and also in both GCS subgroups. Comparing memantine and control groups, the improvement of GCS was significant on days 3 and 7 in GCS 9 - 12 subgroup.

This trial showed that memantine improved the neurohormonal and clinical status of TBI patients with GCS 6 - 12.

Background &

Assessing gender differences in early childhood helps us to understand them in later life. Today, many thinkers consider the years before elementary school to be the most fruitful years for teaching and learning and believe that a young child learns at a faster rate than he will be able to later, and his early mental connections and associations are so stable that they do not last in the following years. The growth process of Iranian children is examined by non-Iranian standards, and due to the difference between Iranian standards and the standards of other countries, it will be difficult to judge Iranian children, a mistake in judgment can have irreparable consequences. After the embryonic period, the physical and mental development of children in the ages after birth is very important; Because the most physical and mental changes happen at this age, which, if neglected, will lead to irreparable results; Therefore, paying attention to children's growth is one of the first priorities. Previous research shows significant gender differences in psychomotor development, albeit on a small scale and with significant heterogeneity. Girls develop earlier and have better language skills than boys in most language domains (phonics, vocabulary, and syntax), which may disappear between 3 and 5 years of age. Girls have also been found to exhibit more fine motor skills—that is, activities that require high precision and usually involve manipulating objects. Up to 4 years old or after 6 to 7 years. No clear picture emerges from studies on gender differences in motor skills—that is, activities related to movement and trunk movement—in the preschool period. Assessing sex differences in early childhood helps us understand them later in life. Today, many thinkers consider the years before elementary school to be the most fruitful years for teaching and learning. Preschool children show rapid growth in motor, cognitive, and social-emotional skills; therefore, the assessment of gender differences in early childhood is very important in making decisions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in developmental standards of cognitive, physical-motor, language, and literacy skills, approach to learning, and social-behavioral-emotional.

The present research method is practical in terms of its purpose and in terms of data collection (research design) it is descriptive and non-experimental and the data were collected without any intervention or control. The statistical population includes all 3-4-year-old children in Tehran. The sample of the current research is 50 girls (50%) and 50 boys (50%) and their teachers and parents, which was obtained through cluster and matrix sampling in kindergartens. Twenty children were selected from five geographical regions according to the economic, social, and cultural characteristics of Tehran, including northwest and east, southwest and east, and the center (regions 3, 5, 6, 14, 16). The data collection tool includes scales for measuring the developmental capabilities of cognitive, language, and literacy, approach to learning, physical-motor, social-behavioral-emotional skills of 3 to 4 year old children, which were developed using the standards available in different countries. This scale measures five dimensions of cognitive skills (65 questions), physical-motor skills (25 questions), language and literacy (54 questions), approach to learning (27 questions), and social-behavioral-emotional dimension (24 questions). Information analysis method. In this research, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), the Shapiro-Wilk test, one-way analysis of variance test, Cronbach's alpha, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used.

The findings showed that, from a theoretical point of view, this research will contribute to the development of knowledge about children's developmental standards. In terms of measurement tools and methods, this project is the first attempt to create a multidimensional tool that allows measuring the developmental standards of 3 to 4-year-old children, and practically, this research is useful for preparing preschool children in the early stages and evaluating them in the next stage. It will be informative.

The results of this study are used by preschool school officials and educational policymakers. Mental skills or cognitive abilities include features such as perception, attention, memory (short-term or working and long-term), motor, language, visual and spatial processing, and executive functions. These cognitive characteristics are different in men and women. In general, women excel in verbal fluency, perceptual speed, accuracy, and fine motor skills, while men excel in spatial, working memory, and math abilities. Male and female brains show anatomical, functional, and biochemical differences throughout life. Many factors are involved in this distinction. Physiological factors, along with social norms, are other factors that cause changes. Men perform better than women on tests of visual-spatial ability and mathematical reasoning, while women perform better on memory and language use. Raising standards in children's writing is a current educational priority, and the apparent resistance of boys to efforts to improve their writing skills has received particular attention. Recent UK figures have reported that 15-19% of girls, after leaving UK primary schools, have achieved the expected standard of writing by the age of 11. This is supported by consistent evidence of female advantage in various national assessments of writing performance. The findings of this research have positive implications for theory, methodology, and practice. Theoretically, this research will help to advance the production of knowledge about children's developmental standards. In terms of measurement tools and methods, this project is the first attempt to create a multidimensional tool that allows measuring the developmental standards of 3-4-year-old children. Practically, this research will be useful and informative for the preparation of preschool children in the early stages and evaluation in the next stage.

One of the most important issues related to the safety and health of citizens in different societies is the reduction of traffic crimes. Insurance laws play an important role in adopting preventive strategies in this field. This article tries to examine and evaluate the approach of the third party insurance law in order to prevent traffic crimes in terms of the amount of attention paid to the driver's personality.

The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and in terms of data collection, it was done in a library manner.

Ethical considerations: 

In all stages of this research, from the study of documents to scientific analysis, it has been tried to observe the principles of ethics in the research, and in the analysis and conclusions, based on the principle of value neutrality and leaving aside personal preferences.

The third party insurance law takes preventive approaches in compliance with the moral principles of harm prevention and justice, through various means, including paying attention to the characteristics of the driver in issuing the insurance policy, establishing the ultimate responsibility for the culprit of the accident, discounting the insurance premium, training and Cultivation is assumed, but due to factors such as emphasis on issuing third-party insurance based on vehicle characteristics and the fact that insurance is compensation-oriented compared to its prevention-oriented nature, insufficient attention is paid to culture-building in the direction of prevention. The preference of the insurance company's responsibility in legal cases and the relative continuity of the effect of insurance coverage in the increase of traffic accidents still have shortcomings in the field of prevention.

By emphasizing the personalization of responsibility and the centrality of the individual and his characteristics in insurance calculations, along with criminal and non-criminal preventive measures including the creation of a personal file, continuous education and training, and the correct and decisive implementation of laws, the preventive effect of the Personal Insurance Law The third will be fulfilled

Studying the role of gender and birth order in developmental standards has a great role in decisions and judgments about children. The most important period of a child's brain development is the first two years of life, which has a great role on the child's mental, physical, psychological, and social functioning. Recognizing that children's development is holistic is one of the basic principles of using developmental statements in the early years. All-round growth is the recognition of physical, cognitive, linguistic, emotional and social growth, which are interconnected, inseparable and dependent on each other. Gender differences in language and social-emotional skills appear to exist right after birth. For example, newborn boys make fewer rhythmic and early tongue movements during sucking. On the other hand, baby girls respond more to formula with a reflexive "smile" and show greater auditory sensitivity. Differences in later months include sensitivity to pain, responsiveness to mother's vocalizations, and discrimination of emotional expressions. However, even in the early stages of development, differences do not favor one gender group. For example, some studies show that boys show more happiness, look at their mothers for longer, and make more movements to be picked up. Additionally, some studies find no differences in infant eye contact, in contagious crying, or in response to the mother's face. One of the viewpoints related to learning is the viewpoint of behaviorism. In this perspective, learning is examined based on two basic principles of classical and active conditioning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning that is based on creating an association between a stimulus that does not normally cause a reaction and a learning stimulus that causes a specific reaction, and operant conditioning is another type of learning that is based on reinforcing or punishing behavior for increasing or decreasing the probability of its output; However, unlike behaviorists who did not deal with mental processes, cognitivists emphasize the unobservable mental processes that people use to learn and remember new information and skills. to be Among the theories of cognitive learning, we can mention Bandura's social-cognitive learning theory and information processing theory. Based on Bandura's social-cognitive theory, a lot of human learning happens in a social environment. Through observing others, we learn knowledge, rules, skills, strategies, opinions and attitudes, and by observing and using patterns, we learn the usefulness and appropriateness of behaviors. According to this theory, most of our learning is through modeling and observing the behavior of others and observing the consequences of the behavior that others do. According to Bandura's opinion, new behaviors are learned through two types of active learning and observational learning. Active learning allows people to acquire complex behavioral patterns through direct experience, by thinking about the consequences of their behavior and evaluating them, and observational learning, the main element of which is imitation by observing appropriate activities, correctly encoding the event for representation in memory, Doing the behavior and having sufficient motivation is facilitated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of gender and birth order in children's cognitive, physical-motor, language, learning and social-behavioral-emotional skills.

The statistical population included all children aged 1-2 and their parents in Tehran. The sampling method is cluster and matrix and the samples were selected from five geographical regions. The sample size included 500 children aged 1-2 years; 100 children were considered for each area. The data collection tool is a researcher-made tool that uses the developmental standards of several American states, such as the developmental standards of Washington (2012), the developmental standards of Nebraska (2018), and studies conducted in Iran.

The results showed that birth order has a significant role in cognitive skills, emotional-behavioral-social characteristics and language and literacy of girls and boys; But gender did not play a significant role.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of demographic characteristics in cognitive, physical-motor, language, learning and social-behavioral and emotional skills of 1-2 year old children in Tehran. Motor skills, the ability to control and coordinate large movements of the legs and arms (such as jumping, throwing) and fine movements of the fingers. Fine motor skills focus on using small muscles such as hands and fingers for activities. Gross motor skills involve coordinating the body's larger muscle groups, such as the legs and trunk, in activities. Cognition is a cumulative learning process that includes mastering new skills while improving existing skills. The processes or abilities by which knowledge is acquired and manipulated, including abilities such as memory, problem solving, and analytical skills. Social-emotional skills include the emergence of emotional self-regulation, showing empathy, developing skills to talk about feelings, engaging in positive social interactions with peers and adults, cooperating with others, and social independence. Well-developed social-emotional skills in early childhood are known to reduce behavioral problems. Regulation of emotional responses and social interactions, which is a function of mood and self-regulation, including behavioral problems, social competence and emotional competence, language, the ability to understand and express verbal communication. Learning approaches are behaviors related to how children engage in learning experiences, such as the ability to stay focused, interested, and engaged in activities. This study showed that the birth order of children has a significant role in cognitive, emotional, social behavior and language scales. Various theories and hypotheses have been proposed about birth order and the effects of family size. The research findings can be used in making decisions and judging children.

The aim of this study is to model a citizenship education curriculum for students with special needs for digital citizenship education.

The qualitative methodology of the grounded theory approach has been used. The statistical population is experts and specialists in special curriculum planning and experts of exceptional organizations. Sampling was performed using the non-probabilistic judgmental (targeted) method. Interviews were conducted with research samples. To sample, the snowball method was used and the interview was conducted in a semi-structured manner with open and general questions for up to 15 people to saturate the data, but for more assurance, up to 24 people were interviewed. Finally, the factors were identified using the foundation data technique using Atlas ti software. An in-depth interview was used as the main data collection tool at this stage.

Based on the obtained results, a total of 106 concepts and 21 categories or open-source codes were identified and extracted. The 21 identified categories were divided into 6 main datasets of the foundation.Among the identified factors, the axial coding paradigm was performed and based on that, the linear relationship was determined between research categories including causal conditions, axial categories, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences.

The results show the importance of the content of citizenship education and training methods. Regarding teaching and learning methods, the formation of informal groups and monitoring of the activities of groups, learning in practice, and student-centered and participatory teaching methods are emphasized.

The purpose of the present study was to validate the citizenship education curriculum model for students with special needs (intellectual disability). Citizenship education equips students' knowledge, skills and understanding and plays an effective role in their public life.

The present study is an applied-developmental study in terms of its purpose, and it is a cross-sectional survey research in terms of the method and time frame of data collection. A semi-structured interview and a Likert scale questionnaire were used to collect data. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part includes experts and experts of special curriculum planning and experts of exceptional organization. Sampling of the qualitative section continued until theoretical saturation was reached and 24 experts participated in this section. Since the statistical population is 182 people (experts and teachers of mentally retarded students) and the sample is calculated based on the Cochran table with an error of 0.1, the number of 79 people. In order to analyze the data in the qualitative part, the foundation's data analysis method was used to identify research indicators, and structural equation modeling and SMARTPLS softwa re were used to validate and present the final model.

Based on that, the linear relationship between research categories, including causal conditions, central categories, background conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences was determined.

The results presented in this research show that the most important results obtained from the interviews emphasized the content of citizenship education and teaching methods. In terms of teaching and training methods, the formation of informal groups and supervision of group activities, learning in practice and student-centered and cooperative teaching methods have been emphasized

The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of Kephart's visual-motor method on writing skills of students with writing problems.

The research had a quasi-experimental-clinical design with pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The intervention was based on the Kephart's visual-motor method. The subjects were selected among the students with writing problems who were referred to centers for specific learning disorders in Rafsanjan in 2018 and were diagnosed based on the tests conducted in the centers. In this study, ten students were selected through random sampling. The interventions were administered in ten sessions (one session every week). To evaluate the writing skills, the translated and adapted version of Orton Gillingham's writing assessment questionnaire was administered. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) and Friedman's non-parametric test.

The findings showed that Kephart's visual-motor method was effective on improving visual clarity (pvalue=0.00), visual completion (pvalue=0.018), visual form and context (pvalue=0.018) and passive learning (pvalue=0.002). But, it was not effective in the other twelve subscales. The pairwise comparison of means in the Wilcoxon test showed the stability of the improvement in most of the pairwise comparisons of post-test with pre-test, follow-up with pre-test at a significance level of 0.05. But the stability of the effect was not significant at the 0.05 level by examining the pairwise comparison of follow-up and post-test.

The aim of the research was to develop a developmental assessment scale of developmental abilities in the fields of cognition and literacy, an approach to learning, physical-motor, social-behavioral-emotional in children 1-2 years old and to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the list in children 1-2 years old in Tehran. The statistical population included all children aged 1-2 and their parents in Tehran. The sample size included 500 children aged 1-2 years; 100 children were considered for each area. The data collection tool is a researcher-made tool that uses the developmental standards of several American states, such as the developmental standards of Washington (2012), the developmental standards of Nebraska (2018), and studies conducted in Iran. The results showed that the difficulty coefficient shows the moderate to high ease of the questions. Also, the findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the cognition scale and the subscales of logic, arithmetic, science and studies, between the physical-motor scale and the subscales of gross motor skills and motor skills, the language and literacy scale with the subscales of perceptive or receptive language. Expressive language, reading and writing, and between the emotional-behavioral-social scale with the subscales of self-concept, self-regulation and other scales, which shows the construct validity of the scale (of internal consistency). The results of alpha coefficient and retest indicated the reliability or validity of the scale; Therefore, according to the appropriate psychometric properties, this scale can be used in research.

Since the early 1990s, China has moved its energy supply to develop and expand cooperation with countries in the MENA region. The country also intensified its cooperation with the countries of the MENA region in 2004 by establishing the Arab-Chinese Cooperation Forum. China's economic presence in the MENA region is growing. The main question of the article is how will the Chinese military-security presence in the MENA region increase? The paper hypothesizes that China's growing economic presence and investment require a military presence to secure it. Findings show that increasing China's interests in the MENA region (maintaining energy security, protecting half a million citizens and investment companies) will be the main reason for the increase in China's security-military presence and influence in the MENA region. By applying the theory of realism and descriptive-analytical method, the relevant issues will be tried and examined. The documentary method will also be the basis for collecting material in this article.

The promotion of the idea of ​​punishment and repression and the increasing population of the world's criminal population led to severe criticism of modern criminologists and criminologists and their efforts to promote a new perspective on criminology and criminal science, called public services. In this regard, the forthcoming research was conducted with the aim of recognizing the functions of public utility services in Iranian criminal law to determine what is the use of public utility services in Iranian criminal law? Since this research is in the category of qualitative studies, through library study and review of theoretical foundations of the subject, analysis of previous research findings and receipt of sources and opinions, the necessary information is collected, described, classified. And analyzed. Findings and results of the study showed that public services, although considered as a form of punishment, but to the point of functioning of spiritualists in order to guarantee human rights, including the protection of human dignity, the right to benefit from freedom. Rejects the right to employment, etc. and gives the offender the opportunity to compensate the social damages and benefit the government and the society, his goodwill and remorse with the aim of returning to the place and a useful peace to the society. To prove. Alternative services to imprisonment have helped reform and re-socialize convicts, and can be a viable solution for non-dangerous offenders. Therefore, legal actors should try to make the most of the benefits of these services by preparing the ground and reforming the judicial procedure.

The purpose of this study was to design a citizenship education curriculum model for students with special needs.The qualitative methodology of the data theory of the foundation is used and in terms of research philosophy. It is in the category of applied positivist paradigm and in terms of qualitative and quantitative research, it has an inductive and deductive approach and survey strategy. The statistical population of this research is experts and specialists of special curriculum planning and experts of exceptional organizations. Sampling was performed using non-probabilistic judgmental method. Interviews were conducted with research samples. In order to sample, the snowball method was used and the interview was conducted in a semi-structured manner with open and general questions up to 15 people to saturate the data, but for more assurance up to 24 people were interviewed. The factors were identified using the foundation data technique using Atlas ti software. In-depth interview was used as the main data collection tool at this stage. Based on the obtained results, a total of 106 concepts and 21 categories or open source codes were identified and extracted. The 21 identified categories were divided into 6 main datasets of the foundation. Among the identified factors, the axial coding paradigm was performed and based on that, the linear relationship between research categories including causal conditions, axial categories, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences was determined. The results obtained showed the importance of the practicality of citizenship education for students with special needs. The results presented in this study show that the most important results obtained from the interviews emphasized the content of citizenship education and training methods. Regarding teaching and learning methods, the formation of informal groups and monitoring the activities of groups, learning in practice and student-centered and participatory teaching methods are emphasized.

It is very important to build the capacity of members of the legislature or parliament to carefully review proposed laws, interact with civil society, and monitor the executive branch. One of the tasks of local and international non-governmental companies in the legislative process can be to help draft a law to deal with violence against women and girls. By maintaining contact with regional and country offices, NGOs may be able to insert themselves into the lawmaking process and thereby ensure the promotion of victims' rights and needs. Non-governmental organizations can also ask for help from experts in the field of preparing the law on violence against women.Abused women need a variety of services: emergency shelter, medical care, protection, financial assistance, and counseling services. Phenomena such as violence against women still remains and does not allow them to freely enjoy their rights without fear, at home and outside. A woman's life is insecure in every way. He is subject to continuous violation of human rights. Very few women in the society react against injustice and violence. Sufficient legal punishment to prevent perpetrators of violence has not been proven. Among the various forms of violence, domestic violence is the most widespread and at the same time recognized as a violation of human rights. In this article, while presenting information about the right of the victim in determining the punishment and how to implement it, the role of non-governmental organizations in supporting the victimized women in Iran and Canada is discussed.

Observing the rights of litigants in the criminal justice system indicates the importance that governments attach to fair trials. The legislator in the Criminal Procedure Code of 2013 seeks to give equal possibility to all parties to the dispute. The right to know a right in many cases is not less important than that right, because many rights are not enforced because they are not known, and the parties cannot defend their rights in a timely manner, and as a result, they become confused. Since most of the plaintiffs, defendants, and witnesses of cases are ordinary persons who do not have the necessary knowledge of these rights, the legislator has obliged the legal authorities, which is one of the most important instances of civil rights, to exercise these rights and obliges the judicial authorities to inform the persons mentioned above.

This research was aimed to determine the effectiveness of Kephart's visual-motor method on reading difficulties of students with reading disabilities.

The design of the study was clinical-trial with pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The intervention was designed based on Kephart's visual-motor method. The subjects of this intervention were selected among students with reading difficulties whom had been referred to two private centers for learning disorders in  Rafsanjan  and have been diagnosed with reading disorders according to the tests administered in the centers. In this case study, ten students were selected through convenience sampling. The intervention program was designed based on Kepart's visual-motor method and was practiced for ten weeks (one session each week). Reading assessment questionnaire was used to assess reading skills. Data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 22).  

The highest means in the pre-test were related to the sound of the letters of the alphabet (37.40) and the silent letters (23.00). The highest means in the post-test were related to the sound of the letters of the alphabet (39.70) and the name of the letters of the alphabet (23.60). In follow-up, the highest means were related to of sound of the letters of the alphabet (40/00) and the name of the alphabet (24/90). The lowest averages in pre-test, post-test and follow up, consequetatively belonged to rhyme detection (0/20,  2.1, 2.10) and suffixes (1.80, 2.00, 2.30). In order to test the scores of individuals in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up, Wilk lambda multivariate test was used. The results of the multivariate test showed (pvalue = 0/035  α ≤ 0/05) for removing the final sound and naming the sound of the remaining letters,  (pvalue = 0/037 α≤0/05) for reading the words (1) and (pvalue =0/001 α ≤0/05) for the compound words. There is a significant difference between the subjects in pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The effectiveness has not been confirmed in other scales. In the study of intragroup effects, the subscale of the vowel alphabet(α≤ 0/02)  was significant in three stages

Kepart's visual-motor method was effective in improving  the reading disorders in students with reading disability in some reading skills such as dropping the last sound, word reading and vowel combinations

The aim of this study was to investigate the challenges of utility services as an alternative punishment to imprisonment and the research question was as follows; what challenges does Iran face in using utility services as an alternative to imprisonment, and what are the solutions to overcome these challenges? Since the present research is in the category of qualitative studies, through library study and review of the theoretical foundations of the subject, analysis of the findings of previous researches and notes and taking notes of the sources and opinions examined, the necessary information is collected, described, classified And analyzed. The results showed that cultural, economic and political challenges are the main obstacles to the implementation of public service punishment as an alternative to imprisonment. Therefore, cultural strategies such as training traditionalist judges and avoiding populist criminal policy and solving economic and political challenges can pave the way for reducing the population of imprisoned people and issuing alternative votes to imprisonment.

This research is based on the method used by most researches in criminal law, is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and will be comparative in terms of content. It has also been a method of collecting library information. According to the findings, the new law on criminal procedure provides for new arrangements regarding the trial of children, such as the establishment of a special police for children and adolescents and the processing of cases of children and adolescents directly in the courts and mediation, which can be a reason. He knew that children should not be involved in a formal and complicated court process. Although today these judicial and non-judicial institutions have not been used in a principled way and in their true meaning, so these cases have remained in practice in theory. Juvenile delinquency has specific institutions and actions that are interesting in their own right, including the fact that if juveniles commit a federal crime, it is not possible to have their case heard in a federal court unless the federal government allows a case to be tried on a case-by-case basis. Slowly The next case is the dual jurisdiction of delinquency and guardians, so that according to the juvenile criminal system in this country, if a child commits a crime, if the court finds him a criminal, he can not place him in custody.

 Today, many thinkers consider the years before elementary school to be the most fruitful years for education and learning. They believe that a young child learns at a faster rate than he will be able to later and his early mental connections and associations are so stable that in the following years such it does not last. In most cases, preschool children's growth is unbalanced in different growth areas, so growth in one area may be faster than growth in other areas. In addition, children's growth is irregular in most cases. For example, a child may not make much progress in a relatively long period in the field of development, and after that, almost overnight, he will reach sufficient maturity in a series of skills or show more mature characteristics. Also, the growth of children is strongly influenced by the environment, and the settings in which children of this age live are very variable. Family, recreational and educational environments of young children are very different according to the values and characteristics that are strengthened in them; therefore, the skills, abilities, and characteristics that this group of children show may be caused by environmental influences before it is an indication of their abilities. All these factors contribute to the increase of individual differences between children, differences that specialists in the field of preschool and early childhood education acknowledge should be anticipated and considered valuable. The existence of these individual differences between children does not have much effect on the dissemination of standards that show similar expectations of children's development or are even designed to lead to more uniform outcomes in children. A child's growth begins before birth and continues throughout life. In the early years of development, the child's brain connections become very complicated, and the interference of these connections can have long-term effects on his development. At the beginning of birth, babies are actively involved in discovering and learning their surroundings due to adequate nutrition and a rich environment. The sensitive period for most human abilities ends before elementary school and reaches a lower sensitivity of brain neurons. Abilities such as vision, hearing, emotional control, and methods of responding to stimuli reach the lowest level of brain sensitivity at the end of early childhood. Other areas of development, such as language development, numerical and mathematical skills, and social skills, have the highest level of brain sensitivity in this period compared to other periods of life. Also, at birth, the size of a baby's brain is one-quarter of an adult's brain, but by the age of three, this size is three times. It becomes its initial size and this brain size growth is closely related to the amount and quality of its interactions with the environment and different experiences. By summarizing the results of research and studies, it can be concluded that physical-motor, cognitive, social-emotional, behavioral, and learning approaches are not separate from each other, and one should pay attention to all aspects of the child's development and consider the child's personality as a whole. Many environmental factors affect the child's development in the early years of life. Around the world, increasing attention is being paid to the importance of the early years of childhood, with an emphasis on the development and use of developmental and learning standards. Advanced countries develop accurate growth indicators for their children and use them for educational planning. The need for this category is also felt in our country. In our society, children are mostly screened in terms of development and by doctors, not in terms of evolution (cognitive growth and learning); Therefore, considering the importance and necessity of the existence of developmental standards for children to evaluate them in different developmental areas and to know their strengths and weaknesses to provide timely interventions to reach their maximum developmental potential, the purpose of this research is to validate developmental standards for children aged It is 3 to 4 years.

The research method was a descriptive-correlational research design and applied research in terms of purpose. The statistical population includes all 3-4 year old children in Tehran. The sample size in each growth area is 100 children aged 3 to 4 years and their teachers and parents, which was obtained through cluster and matrix sampling in kindergartens. The sample was selected from 5 geographical regions according to the economic, social, and cultural characteristics of Tehran, including northwest and east, southwest and east, and the center (regions 3, 5, 6, 14, 16). The data collection tool includes scales for measuring developmental capabilities in cognitive, language, and literacy domains, an approach to learning, physical-motor, and social-behavioral-emotional for 3 to 4-year-old children, which was developed using the standards available in different countries. These scales include the following: the developmental standards of different American states, including the developmental standards of Washington (2012), which has five areas of cognition, language, and literacy, an approach to learning, physical-motor, social-behavioral-emotional, and Nebraska developmental standards (2018). Which have seven fields science, mathematics, creativity, language, physical-motor, approach to learning, and social-emotional. Data analysis including descriptive statistics and validity assessment through content, formal and cultural validity, and validity check through the validity of assessors, internal consistency of the instrument, Cronbach's alpha, and retesting were determined by correlation method.

The findings of the research indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between the cognition scale and the subscales of logic, arithmetic, science, and studies, between the physical-motor scale and the subscales of gross motor skills and fine motor skills, between the approach to learning scale and the subscales Curiosity and interest, stability of attention, contemplation and creativity between the language and literacy scale with the subscales of receptive or receptive language, expressive language, reading and writing and between the emotional-behavioral-social scale with the subscales of self-concept, self-regulation, interaction with peers and adults and with social behavior, which indicates the construct validity of the scale (of internal consistency). Also, the research findings show; The reliability of the cognitive scale is equal to 0.94, the reliability of the physical-motor scale is equal to 0.74, the reliability of the total approach to learning scale is equal to 0.85, the reliability of the language and literacy scale is equal to 0.93 and in the emotional-behavioral-social scale It was equal to 0.85, which indicates the optimal reliability of the scale.

In this research, the difficulty coefficient (the percentage of respondents to each question based on a three-level spectrum) is presented. The findings of the research indicate that the difficulty coefficient of the physical-motion scale (the percentage of answers to each question option) in the area of gross motor skills and fine motor skills is 29 at the yes level; therefore, the difficulty coefficient of the physical-motion scale questions shows the moderate to high ease of the questions. In questions about the approach to learning at the level of curiosity and interest, the questions are in the yes range. In the field of attention stability, the difficulty coefficient of most questions is at the yes level. The area of creativity and the area of contemplation is at the level of Yes; therefore, the difficulty coefficient of the approach to learning questions shows the medium to high ease of the questions. The difficulty coefficient of language and literacy scale questions, comprehension language, and expressive language questions is in the yes criterion. The reading difficulty coefficient is sometimes at the yes level and the questions of the writing area are at the yes level, except questions 50, 52, and 54. In general, it can be said that the difficulty coefficient of the language and literacy scale questions shows the average to high ease of the questions. In social-emotional questions in the behavioral domain of self-concept, self-management, and social behavior, the difficulty coefficient of most of the questions is at the yes level, therefore, the difficulty coefficient indicates the medium to high ease of the questions; Therefore, based on the findings of the research on the difficulty factor of the questions, the majority of the questions indicate the medium to high ease of the questions. In explaining the findings of the research, it can be stated that the list has high reliability in all areas, this proves the reproducibility of this list in society. It shows that it is consistent with similar foreign and domestic studies. Because reliability is a necessary condition for validity. In other words, if a measure does not have reliability, it cannot show the correct and real value of a phenomenon; Considering the appropriate validity and reliability of the list of cognitive, language and literacy, physical-motion, approach to learning, social-behavioral-emotional developmental skills, it is suggested that to evaluate the developmental skills of cognitive, language and literacy, physical-motor, approach to learning, social-behavioral-emotional children of 3-4 years old in different regions and cultures of Iran should use this list.

Children and adolescents are in a much more sensitive situation than adults due to their specific age, physical and mental conditions. Therefore, cases such as delinquency require special and different measures. Therefore, in this study, the aim is to examine the role and authority of the competent authorities in the preliminary investigation of juvenile delinquency in the two criminal systems of Iran and the United States, to clarify the structure of this issue and to find out their differences and determine that the two countries What strategies have been adopted to improve the investigation of juvenile delinquency in the preliminary investigation stage? The legal articles of the two countries' procedures that are related to the issue have been reviewed, and at the end of the research, suggestions have been made to modify the duties and apply all the principles contained in the lawJudicial recourse has been envisaged at various levels to address all the crimes committed by these individuals, and of course in cases where a child is detained for delinquency, the arresting officer must immediately understand the juvenile in a comprehensible manner, of legal rights. He should inform and immediately inform the Attorney General and the parents, the juvenile guardian, the custodian of such detention

This study aims to validate a curriculum model of citizenship education for students with special educational needs (mental retardation or intellectual disability (ID) group). This is an applied-developmental study in terms of its purpose, and it is cross-sectional survey research in terms of the method and time frame of data collection. A semi-structured interview and a Likert scale questionnaire were used to collect the data. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Convergent validity has also been used to validate the questionnaire. The statistical population in the qualitative part includes 24 experts in special curriculum planning and experts in the Special Needs Education Organization. Out of 182 people, 79 people were selected as the sample calculated based on Cochran's table with an error of 0.1. To analyze the data in the qualitative part, a Grounded Theory approach was used to identify the research indicators, and the structural equation modeling and SMART PLS software were used to validate and present the final model. The obtained results showed the importance of the practicality of citizenship education for students with special needs. The results also indicated the importance of the content of citizenship education and teaching methods. In terms of teaching and training methods, the formation of informal groups and supervision of group activities, learning by practice, and student-centered and collaborative teaching methods have been emphasized.

Today, the crime of trafficking in human beings, especially women and children, for the purpose of prostitution and combating it is one of the challenges facing the international community and governments. In this regard, the adoption of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, adopted in 2000, called the Palermo Protocol, and criminalizing human trafficking, especially sexual trafficking in criminal law, is one of the main reasons for the globalization of crime. The purpose of this study is a comparative study of human trafficking for prostitution from the perspective of US criminal law and international instruments. This research is a descriptive and analytical method and the method of collecting information is library. The results show that for the success of any anti-trafficking strategy, the adoption of modern laws with a comprehensive victim-centered and preventive approach to ensure that victims' rights are guaranteed by governments that criminalize all forms of trafficking and impose appropriate and deterrent punishments for traffickers. Criminal policy to combat human trafficking is essential. In the United States, the country's legislative policy in the fight against this crime is decisive, and in parallel with the spread and complexity of this crime, it has undergone significant reforms and changes over time. Anti-trafficking criminal law criminalizes all forms of human trafficking, especially sexual trafficking and related crimes.

Regime building is considered as one of China's tools to expand and deepen cooperation with the other parties, the use of which has been continuously increasing. The main question of the present study is why has China moved towards regime-building with Persian Gulf Cooperation Council? The present article argues in an explanatory Method that China has turned to regime-building with Persian Gulf Cooperation Council in order to gain and maximize its economic interests. The findings show that China began talks to establish a China- Persian Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Area to boost economic trade ($ 25 billion in 2004). This increased trade volume to more than $ 90 billion in 2008 and to more than $ 180 billion in 2019. China is currently expanding its free trade area to other areas, especially trade in services and investments. The theoretical framework and the method of data collection of the present article are the theory of international interest-based regimes and documentary, respectively.