akbar alizadeh

One of the most important tasks of judicial officers in the implementation of their duties and missions is to file a judicial case and send it along with the final report to the judicial authorities. For the filing of court cases, a series of substantive and formal criteria have been provided in the current laws and regulations, and the purpose of this research is to explain the formal criteria in filing a court case and to familiarize with the educational requirements surrounding them.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-documentary in terms of implementation method using library resources.

The research findings show; With regard to what is specified in the Criminal Procedure Law, judicial officers are required to comply with formal criteria in addition to substantive criteria. Compliance with some of these standards is so important that the legislator has provided for criminal penalties for not complying with them.

According to the obtained results; formal criteria in filing a judicial case (writing statements and investigations, inserting certificates of understanding of the rights of the victim and accused under consideration, setting up summons and summons, entering details of the subject, recording and adding the doctor's certificate in the file, no. placing papers) requires special educational requirements that must be included in the headings of related courses and presented in educational courses.

Seizure of data or system is the process of taking possession of information and computer tools related to the crime, whether they are the means of the crime or related to the crime or its subject, by the prosecuting authority., data or system arrest can be related to criminal jurisdiction in three ways and help in its detection: One is to detect the crime where the location of the crime is not definitely known. The location of the data seizure and the system is an obvious clue to the detection of the crime. Second, because of the occurrence of criminal behavior. The place of seizure of data or system can be indicative of the permanent or temporary competent place (judicial representation or referral) to deal with the crime.Third, in terms of the situation of the data or the system in relation to the conduct of the crime, if the data or the system is used as a means of committing a crime, or if it is the subject of a crime or learned from a crime, it can play an effective role in determining competence, depending on the case. The present article, by using library resources and judicial review,, and then came to the conclusion that although there is no direct relationship between data seizure and criminal jurisdiction. But due to the many jurisdictional challenges related to crimes committed in the cyberspace, data seizure can be used as a proof or indicator to establish criminal jurisdiction

Criminal responsibility in the international arena has many forms. Individual criminal responsibility, criminal responsibility in the light of joint (collective) criminal activity, and responsibility of commanders and superiors are three common forms of criminal responsibility. In fact, in this field; the general principle of individual criminal responsibility according to the nature of international crimes has been accompanied by exceptions that criminal responsibility resulting from joint criminal activity and criminal responsibility of commanders and high-ranking officials are two examples that are imposed in international criminal courts in order to impose criminal responsibility. They are cited as perpetrators of international crimes. The present study, which was written in a descriptive-analytical method with the aim of "examining the criminal responsibility of the perpetrators of the assassination of Sardar Soleimani based on the three forms of international criminal responsibility", comes to the conclusion that: the criminal responsibility of the perpetrators of a terrorist act leading to martyrdom General Soleimani and his companions, in the form of all three forms of criminal responsibility, i.e. 1- individual criminal responsibility, 2- criminal responsibility in the light of joint (collective) criminal activity, and 3- the responsibility of commanders and superior officials, and depending on the way of participation and interference or The lack of involvement of the perpetrator in the material operations determines the form of criminal responsibility

The assassination of Martyr Haj Qassem Soleimani is one of the most heinous and heinous terrorist acts committed by the United States, endangering international criminal justice, human rights, and international peace and security as issues of international criminal law. . The US approach in this attack is similar to the actions used by Israel to assassinate Palestinian commanders and Iranian nuclear scientists, and is becoming a dangerous procedure due to the lack of a deterrent at the international level. . Such crimes, on the other hand, are contrary to international instruments and bilateral and multilateral treaties concluded between states. In the present study, the main purpose of which is to investigate the inconsistency of the terrorist act leading to the martyrdom of Sardar Soleimani with the bilateral commitments and international documents of the US government, it was concluded that, firstly; The US drone strike from Iraq's Ain al-Assad base, which was premeditated and carried out deliberately, is in violation of bilateral commitments between Iran and the United States, as well as the US-Iraq agreement. The human rights obligations of countries are explicitly enshrined in international instruments and the Charter of the United Nations, which are designed to promote international peace and security and to protect official authorities. Thirdly, this criminal act is contrary to the resolutions issued by the UN General Assembly, and in particular to the Security Council, and the commitments that these countries call on countries to combat terrorist acts. Fourth, even assuming a state of war, the US attack on the convoy of Sardar Soleimani and his entourage is contrary to its humanitarian rights obligations

Rights are reciprocal, and rights and duties are so intertwined that every right necessarily gives rise to a duty. Hence, following the discussion of the issues of "right" and "rights," we also encounter the concept of "duty" and "duties." Similar to civil rights, the primary source of civic duties is the constitution, which is compulsory for citizens to observe, due to their citizenship or residence in the country, and legal guarantees are foreseen for violations of these duties. One of the most important classifications of civic duties is dividing duties into two categories: individual and social duties. The present research aims to explain the social duties of citizens and the guarantees foreseen in the form of deprivation of social rights as a punishment.

The research is of descriptive-analytical type and has been written using a library-documentary method. It is also applied in terms of its purpose.

Civic duties are directly related to social order and social justice, and failure to comply with them leads to guarantees, which in some cases result in deprivation of social rights. According to Iranian criminal laws, committing certain crimes leads to deprivation of social rights, and criminals are deprived of enjoying social rights for a specified period. Although, based on the nature of the principle, individuals are temporarily deprived of social rights, in some cases, committing a crime results in the permanent deprivation of the individual from social rights.

The instances of deprivation of social rights as a punishment in Iranian laws and regulations are very extensive and broad, and from this perspective, it is associated with some drawbacks. By considering the rights in other countries, these examples can be bound to specific cases and, instead, could be considered as a legal (not criminal) guarantee. In this case, while the legislator may have a significant impact on deterring and taking responsibility for violators of civil rights by foreseeing some social deprivations such as temporary deprivation of driving, temporary deprivation of receiving subsidies, and the like, it may also benefit from reformative goals and create conditions for the resocialization of offenders by imposing deprivation of social rights as a non-criminal guarantee.

The legislature has addressed the publication of final judgments of convicts and the dissemination of images and personal information of suspects in various provisions of the Islamic Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure. In fact, the public shaming of convicts and suspects is a practice accepted in Iran's legal system. Despite criticisms based on criminological theories such as labeling theory and legal and human rights objections, this practice is common in many countries and is used as a tool for maintaining public order, and social interests, restoring victims' rights, and general deterrence. This study aimed to analyze the legal and criminological aspects of public shaming of suspects (through image publication) and to enumerate its police functions. The present study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method with library-documentary resources. Publishing images of suspects as a form of legal public shaming is a common method for advancing criminal justice goals in many countries. However, in Iran's criminal justice system, the principle is against publishing suspects' images. For the first time, exceptions allowing the publication of suspects' images were stipulated in Article 96 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, enacted in 2013. The legislature emphasized the prohibition of publishing suspects' images while specifying exceptions and conditions in paragraphs "A" and "B". From the perspective of many criminological theories, public shaming of suspects is a reprehensible behavior that can have multiple consequences. Nevertheless, public shaming of suspects through these methods has police functions and can assist the police in maintaining order. General and specific deterrence, public and individual admonition, public participation in police actions, identification and arrest of fugitive suspects, discovery of truth, and informing victims for prosecution are among the most important police functions of public shaming that aid the police in achieving their objectives.

International customary rules are known as one of the sources of international law, which in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice are among the cases that the Court can consider in its judicial decisions. Therefore, the jurisprudence of the court also plays a fundamental role in identifying international court rules. Therefore, we are going to consider this issue, what is the role and position of states in the formation and identification of international customary rules?

This article is descriptive-analytical.

International custom is a behavior that governments have repeated and institutionalized over time. But this international custom is recognized by the International Court of Justice. In the case of the continental shelf, the court considers two factors to be involved in the recognition of international customary rules. First. Repetition of the behavior and the second belief of states to perform this behavior. Of course, this matter was considered in the case of the specific political immunity of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and due to the lack of provisions in international treaties regarding the immunity of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, this matter was considered by the Court under the international customary rules.

Today, improving the quality of service and performance of public sector organizations is one of the most important issues for governments. In public hospitals, the need for auditing to improve performance is increasing as the activities increase. The present study is categorized as an applied research in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of the method. The population of the study includes all independent and internal auditors in public hospitals in Mashhad having at least ten years of experience, and all members of the population were studied through census method by questionnaire and 72 completed questionnaires were used for data analysis. Structural equation modeling using Smart PLS software was also used to analyze the data. Based on the findings, determining the scope of activities with a coefficient of 0.522, quality of systems evaluation and internal controls with a coefficient of 0.751, and audit planning with a coefficient of 0.618 all have a significant effect on improving the financial performance of hospitals. The results show that what matters most is the quality of the systems and internal controls being evaluated, followed by the type of audit process planning and scope of activities.

The use of data and electronic systems as the subject of a crime, the means of committing a crime, and finally the means acquired from a crime are among the manifestations of the negative link between these technologies and criminal law in Iran. Inspection and seizure of electronic evidence is one of the most important actions of law enforcement officers in the acquisition of this evidence.

The article is of a descriptive-analytical type, which was written using a library document method.

By reflecting on the relevant regulations in the field of cybercrimes, two areas of the role and powers of the police in the position of the bailiff for search and seizure can be defined and systemized; First, the powers that the police force has in the search and seizure process directly and without the need for a judicial order, and secondly, the powers that the police have in the role of executing the orders of the judicial authorities to search and seize computer and telecommunication systems.

by examining the laws of Iran, France and England as well as European documents, in general for the search and seizure of evidence; Three conditions are foreseen: the first condition for inspection and seizure of data and system is the necessity of a judicial license or the same document as ordered by the judicial authority. The second necessary condition for the inspection and seizure of data and systems is the need to pay attention to the privacy and confidentiality of acquired information or any other information about data and systems and related persons. The third condition is in the process of inspection and seizure of data and their protection system.

After the assassination, Sardar Soleimani and his entourage were martyred, including issues in international and domestic circles, the jurisdiction of the courts and the manner of prosecuting and prosecuting the perpetrators. Government terrorism, government immunity, the immunity of heads of state, the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, and the like are the main studies conducted by experts and researchers since the assassination. One of the neglected issues in this regard is the prescriptive jurisdiction of the Islamic Republic of Iran in prosecuting the perpetrators of the assassination of Sardar Soleimani. The purpose of this study is to investigate the legal jurisdiction of the Islamic Republic of Iran to prosecute the perpetrators and assassins of Sardar Soleimani from the perspective of international criminal law.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method.

According to the study, based on international documents, in particular the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Supported Persons, including Political Officials (December 14, 1973), and the Membership and Accession of All Three Governments In this case, according to the document and the international support of Sardar Soleimani, according to the provisions of this document, the act is considered a criminal act and the Islamic Republic of Iran has the legal authority to prosecute the perpetrators of the crime from the perspective of international criminal law. .

Earthquake is an unpredictable and destructive event that affects most of urban regions. It is a necessary job to reduce the earthquake damages to a minimum level. The supervision of an especial organization on design principles is an effective solution to minimize structures damages. On the other hand, there are plenty of buildings that have been constructed before establishment of supervision organizations. Two solutions can be introduced to these structures. The first is demolition and reconstruction; the second is retrofitting. The first is not satisfactory because of its high cost, however, the second is usually preferred. The second solution is cost-effective and has been proved that can be useful to minimize the seismic risks. One of the methods to retrofit concrete structures is using steel bracings. Chevron bracings were used in this paper to retrofit the concrete structure. The changes in seismic parameters like coefficient of behavior, initial stiffness, absorbed amount of energy, and ductility ratio were calculated.

After death human beings enter isthmus world with imaginal or purgatory bodies and continue to live in their own imaginal way, enjoying the blessings and pleasures of Paradise and suffering from pains and chastisements of hell. The issue of isthmus is one the controversial problem of eschatology in Islamic doctrines which deserves deep due attention. For this reason, it becomes a source of ambiguity for some Islamic groups. Having used Islamic scriptural evidences, Muslim theologians have explained the close relation of hereafter with material world. With an affirmative approach and analytic-descriptive method the present article attempts to explore hadiths in Shiite and Sunni sources and present appropriate classification to support its claim under such topics as possibility of relation, realization of such relation, results and consequences of this relation and finally to provide answers to the objections raised on the problem in question.