فهرست مطالب akhondi mm

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare three available methods for mitochondrial isolation from a human cell line to predict the best method for each probable application.
Organelle isolation is gaining importance in experimental laboratory settings. Mitochondrial dysfunction may affect tumorgenesis process. There are some evidences that transplantation of healthy, intact and active mitochondria into cells containing defective mitochondria may reduce the proliferation. Therefore, isolated mitochondria could be considered as an effective tool for assessment and management of mitochondrial related disorders.
Patients and Mitochondrial isolation from the human liver cell line (HepG2) was performed using two commercially available kits, including Qproteome (Qiagen) and MITOISO2 (Sigma-Aldrich), as well as a manual method. Integrity of inner membrane of mitochondria was assessed by JC-1 staining. Activity of isolated mitochondria was evaluated by DCFH-DA staining, and total yield of isolated mitochondria determined by micro-Lowry method. Finally, relative quantification using Real-time PCR was conducted to compare the mtDNA copy number of mitochondria isolated by three different methods.
Compared to other methods, manual kit resulted in higher yields of total amount of mitochondrial protein and mtDNA copy numbers. Isolated mitochondria by Qproteome kit, showed a higher activity. Finally, the integrity of inner-membrane of isolated mitochondria was significantly higher in Qproteome when compared with the other two methods.
Due to differences in quality, quantity and activity of isolated mitochondria using three techniques discussed here, the method in which best-suited to each research project should be selected according to the distinct features of isolated mitochondria.

Evidences suggest an association between the prevalence of thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and anti thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) with recurrent abortions and infertility. Iodine deficiency was once endemic in Iran and little data is available about the prevalence of these antibodies in different groups of fertile or infertile individuals.

This case control study was designed to compare the presence of anti-TPO and anti-Tg in four groups of women to reveal their role in the etiology of recurrent abortion and infertility.

Four groups of euthyroid women referring to Avicenna Infertility Clinic in Tehran were selected; 95 cases as fertile controls and 70, 78 and 137 cases with male and female factor infertility and recurrent abortion respectively. TSH, anti-TPO and anti-Tg were evaluated by chemiluminescent immunoassay.

The prevalence of the above mentioned autoantibodies in euthyroid controls was about 25% and the percentage of people with an anti-Tg >500 was two times bigger in the abortion group compared to the control group (p<0.05) and the proportion of people with an anti-Tg >500 in younger cases in the abortion group was significantly higher than the rest of the cases (p<0.05). Anti-TPO distribution had no significant differences.

There were no statistically significant differences among four groups. It seems that more comprehensive studies are needed to reach a common conclusion about thyroid autoantibodies in women with recurrent abortions in different groups and different parts of Iran. In addition, dividing the recurrent abortion and infertility groups on the basis of their etiologies could be effective.

Pi-GST and Mu-GST are subclasses of glutathione S-transferase that present on human sperm surface and play an important role against oxidative stress. Therefore, any defects in the enzyme activity may be associated with male infertility. In this study the polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTP1 in association with enzyme activity and sperm parameters were studied. This case-control study involved 95 men with oligoastenoteratozoospermia and 26 controls with normozoospermia. Semen analyses were carried out according to WHO guidelines. Blood DNA was extracted using salting out procedures. GSTM1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms gene were determined through PCR-RFLP and multiplex PCR

Infertility as one of individual and social dilemmas sometimes result in significant expenditures, it also might weaken the family stability. Recent developments in assisted reproductive technologies have enabled the infertile couples to become pregnant. Although these methods were initially used only for women in premenopausal age, gamete donation has brought about the possibility of treating women beyond the age of menopause. In this article an attempt will be made to consider effects of ageing on natural and artificial reproduction. In this descriptive-analytic study we compare different views and policies relevant to various aspects of pregnancy in the aged. First we describe the changes in reproductive ability during the lifespan and the effect of ageing on the results of assisted reproductive technologies. This is discussed from medical, social and psychological points of view. Finally by regarding the different studies and the current status of Iranian society, we evaluate the access of middle-aged women to assisted reproductive technologies.

Our study displays the differences in policies defining an age limit and the results of donation in different societies. These policies differ based on the level of access to social welfare, supportive services, life expectancy and the medical, financial and social status of each individual. Regarding Iran’s current social standing, it is emphasized to limit the reproductive treatments to the age of fifty. There is a possibility that some individuals might be included in a younger or older age depending on their medical, financial and social situations and after a thorough and timely counseling. It is also essential to educate all advanced-aged women on the issues related to child-bearing in middle age and the likely consequences.

Development of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) and the successful birth of the first child in 1978, new therapeutic options have become available for infertile couples. Development of IVF methods made conception and embryo formation possible for the infertile, something impossible by then. ART has also brought about the possibility of third party involvement in the process of reproduction. This may occur by providing an egg, a sperm, an embryo or a uterus by a third party.

To use a donated gamete requires an evaluation and screening of the health of both donors and recipients in order to make any necessary adjustment regarding physical characteristics and specifications, blood group, social and cultural traits and religious requirements. All these ought to be in accordance with relevant rules and regulations. As ART methods enables women over 40 to conceive and bear child, meticulous evaluations of physical health, pregnancy risk factors and in particular emotional readiness of the couples is necessary. The very first step in the treatment of infertility using a substitute gamete is to inform the couple of the method of gamete and embryo supplement and the way the embryo will form in vitro. This may lessen their worries, make the procedure safer, reduce possible ethnic hazards, increase the success rate and finally bring the expenses involved to an efficient level. Other aspects that should be considered, since they may give the couple a sense of confidence are a religious and legal counseling, technique explanation, confidentiality of identities of recipients and donors None of the said aspects should be overlooked. Health evaluation could be undertaken by a history review, physical examination, infection tests, genetics and general medicine consultation.

Phonotypical characteristics of the recipient such as height, weight, skin color; hair color will be matched with donor according upon recipient’s request. Although, in most cases, matching blood group is not medically compulsory but it might be required in some cases. In many cases, recipients are interested in raising questions regarding particularities of the donor like their beliefs, social and cultural status, intelligence quota education on which a donation clinic should be cooperate.

Along with the emerged IVF technology in 1978, the possibility of fertilizing couples, who could produce gametes but were for one reason or another deprived of having children, was materialized. Assessment of applying ART methods in Iran, in particular from jurisprudential point of view, is among the main prerequisites to make such a therapeutic approach to this technology. Concepts like assisted reproductive techniques, IVF, direct transfer of donated gamete into the uterus and its comparison with formation of embryo from donated gamete after its culture, in the laboratory and the consequent embryo transfer to the uterine cavity are among the fundamental and initial concepts for familiarization of religious schools and jurisprudents with the application of donated gametes in treatment of infertile couples, which together have provided a new view point in Shiite jurisprudence in confronting treatment of infertility. The donors' and the recipients' physical and mental health are among the most important factors in assessing the process of donation which will not only increase the level of confidence in preventing transmission of genetic and non genetic diseases to the embryo but also insures a high level of compatibility in blood born, physical, cultural, social and even religious characteristics. Preparing the socio-cultural basement for application of these techniques for treatment of infertile couples calls for a comprehensive introduction of such issues in the society and also in the scientific community. For an infertile couple to volunteer to use these techniques, they need to be well aware of their different dimensions.

Any information that can affect the decision of the couple in applying these techniques must be discussed with them in comprehensive and even repeated consultation sessions and only after well educated and informed consent of the couple, application of these techniques may be allowed. It is the task of the infertility clinics to cover these issues with maximum caution.

Descriptive reports suggest that couples with fertility problems undergo various forms of psychoemotional stress which may render them susceptible to depression. Such stress may further decrease the likelihood of conception. On the other hand, reported that happiness scores were lower among people who fail to conceive as compared with those who had successfully done so. In review of articles most of studies have categorized women into two infertile and controled groups. Infertile group comprise women awating for ART. The other group consistes of women ( similar age distribution) who are ready had at least one child of their own and had no history of ART. The survey was carried out using questionnaires of the self – administration type.

The prevalence of negative emotional feelings was higher in infertile group (37%-69%). Reported more changes interpartner relationship and sexuality. At the time of consultation, the infertiles had less favorable scores than controls on scales for depressed mood, memory/concentration, anxiety/feares and attractiveness. One in 4 of the infertiles had scores indicating depressive disorders as compared with only 6/8% of the controls.

It has emerged from the studies that many of those facing fetility problems may experience turmoil of negative feelings in particular at the time when they are attempting to conceive but realize they are not succeeding. Psychosocial consultation has significant role for preparation of these pre-, during and post ART.

Auto antibodies to zona-pellucida (AZA) seem to be important autoantibodiesimplicated in reproduction, with substantial role in both endocrine and reproductive functions of thehuman ovary. There are some debates on the relation of AZA with infertility, repeated In VitroFertilization (IVF) attempts, and outcome of it.

In this study, we assessed the presence of AZA in the follicular fluids (FFs) of womenwho underwent intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), in relation to etiology of infertility andmultiple puncture of ovaries.

In this prospective study, follicular fluids were evaluated from 96 infertilewomen, (19-40 years old, 31.5±5.1), who were candidates for ICSI based on the etiology ofinfertility. From these 80 women had explained infertility whereas 16 had unexplained infertility.All FFs were evaluated for presence of AZA by ELISA test.

Twenty patients (20.8%) were positive for AZA in follicular fluid. In patients withunexplained infertility, AZA antibody in follicular fluid, was significantly higher than the groupwith proven etiology of infertility (p=0.001). In addition, 20.4 % of patients who had beenpunctured previously showed AZA in their FFs which is statistically similar to the patients whowere punctured for the first time.

The high incidence of AZA in infertile women, especially women with unexplainedinfertility has to be considered. Relation of the presence AZA and repeated puncture of ovaries isstill debatable. Determinations of AZA are highly recommended in evaluation of infertile couplesespecially in patient with unexplained infertility.