فهرست مطالب ali akbar saboor

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to myelin degradation and neuronal damage. MS symptoms detrimentally affect the quality of life and expectancy in MS patients. It affects frequently peoples, aged between 18 and 40 years, with an incidence 2–3 times higher in women. . MS can be arranged conforming to its clinical course in four various types of MS could be distinguished: relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and progressive-relapsing MS. Experimental animal pattern for the MS disease that commonly used is Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) .inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss and gliosis in EAE associated with interaction among a variety of immunopathological mechanisms. The results of immunological, histopathological, and genetic studies on MS patients suggest that autoimmunity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Th17 cells are thought to play an important role in the onset of the early phase of MS, while Th1 cells are involved in the late stages of CNS inflammation. Decreased number of regulatory T cells as well as dysfunction of these cells have been observed in MS patients. The results of previous studies showed a significant association between dietary supplements and the onset and progression of the MS disease. Researchers in last years, becoming more interest about relationship among the dietary MS and supplementation.  Supplementation with Vitamin D, vitamin A, Curcumin, Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids improve the patientchr('39')s physiological symptoms and increase life expectancy and reduce the symptoms of MS. Vitamin D establish an essential fat-soluble vitamin obtained through exposure to sunlight as well as dietary origin such as animal protein, fish liver oil, and fortified dairy and cereal products. The cellular mechanisms of vitamin D are mediated by the Vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR is one of transcription factor that belong  steroid superfamily of nuclear receptors .heterodimer form of Ligand-bound VDR  and retinoid X receptor (RXR), together becomes translocated to the nucleus where it performs its functions on gene regulation. The vitamin D effects are associated with cell type-specific and depend on VDR/ RXR binding, which is influenced by the cellular chromatin condition and the availability of interacting DNA-binding protein component. VDR/RXR as nuclear receptors associated with a diversity of coactivators and corepressors in cells and resulting in local epigenetic changes that have either permissive or repressive effects on gene expression. DNA methylation, histone modifications and expression of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which is important for cell survival and its physiological function are epigenetic condition comprises highly interconnected mechanisms. Vitamin D has impact on histone modifications and VDR/RXR associations with deacetylases, histone methyl transferases and histone acetyltransferases that its access on DNA methylation is just beginning to emerge. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) origin turmeric plant Curcuma longa and its derivatives known as curcuminoids have been identified to be effective in experimental studies. In addition, curcumin has been tested as an anti-inflammatory agent for treatment of cancers and other diseases. Curcumin exerts its beneficial effects by anti-oxidative, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties and is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation and promote wound healing.  Moreover, curcumin has been gradually used as an auxiliary drug for various diseases, such as cancer, arthritis, and immune diseases. Curcumin exerts its beneficial effects by anti-oxidative, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties and is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation and promote wound healing .Curcumin inhibits EAE in association with the inhibition of neural antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation. Curcumin modulates Th1/Th17 responses by acting directly on T cells and indirectly by attenuating IL-12/IL-23 production by antigen presenting cells (APCs) in EAE and can improve the severity of symptoms in the Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) model by modulating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway signaling.  Curcumin enhances neurotrophic factors and repair mechanisms in CNS via repair of myelin. The proteins and cells involved in the immune system have specific actions and role. The role of T-helper 17(Th17) cells and T regulatory (Treg) cells in MS pathogenesis, the effect of vitamin A, and of its active metabolite retinoic acid (RA), as well as the management of inflammation, have been well analyzed, mainly in in vitro studies. Also it is known that in MS, the balance between Th17 cells and Treg cells is diminished. Vitamin A may amend MS pathogenesis via several mechanisms. Those mechanisms include the reduction of inflammatory processes by re-balancing pathogenic (Th1, Th17, Th9) and immune-protective (Th2, Treg) cells, modulating the B-cell and dendritic cell functions, as well as increasing autoimmunity and regeneration tolerance in the CNS . The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of micronutrients and dietary supplements on the immune system in MS. Thus, vitamin A could be considered as a potential co-treatment agent in MS disease management. Data of this review study were collected from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases from 2000 to 2019 and keywords like “Multiple Sclerosis, Vitamin D, Calcitriol, Retinoic acid, Vitamin A, Curcumin, Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids” were used in this search.

Omega 3 and vitamin E are two critical nutrients which include beneficial effects in coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of omega 3 alone supplementation or in combination with vitamin E on serum glucose and lipid levels and insulin resistance in CAD patients.
Participants of this clinical trial included 60 male patients with CAD who selected from Tehran Heart Center in Tehran, Iran in 2014. They received 4 g/day omega 3 plus 400 IU/day vitamin E (OE), 4 g/day omega 3 with vitamin E placebo (OP), or omega 3 and vitamin E placebo (PP) for two months. Serum glucose, lipids and insulin were assessed and HOMA-IR was calculated before and after the trial and effects of these nutrients on the highlighted parameters were compared within the study groups.
Serum glucose level increased significantly in OP group (P=0.004), but not in OE group. OE and OP groups showed a significant decrease in fasting serum TG (P=0.020 and P=0.001, respectively). Serum insulin and HOMA-IR decreased significantly in OE group (P=0.044 and P=0.039, respectively) but did not change significantly in OP group.
Although, omega 3 supplementation may include adverse effects on serum glucose level, co-administration of omega 3 and vitamin E can beneficially decrease serum insulin and insulin resistance in CAD patients.

Bacteria in foodstuff are the most important agent of foodborne disease. Aside from their infectious effects, obligate aerobes have a respiratory metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Therefore, they can produce reactive oxygen species and free radicals in contaminated food. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product of lipid peroxidation used as an indicator of oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative damage produced by two common food pathogenic bacteria in foodstuff. The egg yolks were incubated with different dilutions (105,106, and 107) of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis at 37°C for 20 hours. The level of MDA in egg yolk was measured by fast and simple enzymatic or colorimetric methods, such as the thiobarbituric acid reactive species method. The high group (107) had a higher MDA level of 1.97 ± 0.11 (µg MDA/g) in S. aureus and 1.65 ± 0.27 (mg MDA/L) in S. enteritidis than the control (0.90 ± 0.13 mg MDA/L). We concluded that common food pathogenic bacteria can induce oxidative damage in foodstuff aside from other common problems. Heating or sterilization methods cannot protect foodstuff from the damage caused by the presence of pathogenic bacteria.

Decreasing the population and activation of inflammatory T helper cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using vitamin A derivatives (retinoic acids) has been well documented. The present study determined the effect of vitamin A supplementation on psychiatric signs in MS patients. The subjects were 101 relapsing-remitting MS patients enrolled in a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. The treatment group was administered 25000 IU/d retinyl palmitate (RP) for 6 months followed by 10000 IU/d RP for another 6 months. The results for baseline characteristics, modified fatigue impact scale and Beck Depression Inventory-II were recorded at the beginning and end of the one-year study. The non-normal distribution data was compared between groups using a nonparametric test and normal distribution data was analyzed using a parametric test. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT01417273). The results showed significant improvement in the treatment group for fatigue (p=0.004) and depression (p=0.01). Vitamin A supplementation helped during interferon therapy in the treatment process and improved psychiatric outcomes for anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Many studies have shown that active vitamin A derivatives suppress the formation of pathogenic T cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The aim of the present study is to determine the impact of vitamin A on disease progression in MS patients. A total of 101 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients were enrolled in a 1-year placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. The treated group received 25000 IU/d retinyl palmitate for six month followed by 10000 IU/d retinyl palmitate for another six month. Results for the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and multiple sclerosis functional composite (MSFC) were recorded at the beginning and the end of the study. The relapse rate was recorded during the intervention. Patients underwent baseline and follow up brain MRIs. The results showed "Mean ± SD" of MSFC changes in the treated group was (-0.14 ± 0.20) and in the placebo group was (-0.31 ± 0.19). MSFC was improved in the treatment group significantly (p < 0.001). There was no significant differences between the "Mean ± SD" of EDSS changes in the treated (0.07 ± 0.23) and the placebo (0.08 ± 0.23) groups (p = 0.73). There was also no significant differences between the "Mean ± SD" of annualized relapse rate in the treated group (-0.36 ± 0.56) and placebo (-0.53 ± 0.55) groups (p = 0.20). The "Mean ± SD" of enhanced lesions in the treatment (0.4 ± 1.0) and in the placebo (0.2 ± 0.6) groups were not significantly different (p = 0.26). Volume of T2 hyperintense lesions "Mean ± SD" was not significantly different between treatment (45 ± 137) and placebo (23 ± 112) groups after intervention (p = 0.23). Vitamin A improved total MSFC score in RRMS patients, but it did not change EDSS, relapse rate and brain active lesions.

This study evaluated the impact of body mass index (BMI), total calorie intake and physical activity (PA) as energy expenditure related factors on oxidative stress (OS) in follicular fluid (FF). This prospective study conducted on 219 infertile women. We evaluated patients’ BMI, total calorie intake and PA in their assisted reproduction treatment cycles. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in pooled FF at oocyte retrieval were additionally assessed. There was no relation between OS biomarkers to total calorie intake and PA. The TAC levels in FF adjusted for age, duration of infertility, etiology of infertility, number of used gonadotrophin and PA showed a positive relation to BMI (p=0.001). The number of used gonadotrophin and PA had a negative relation to duration of infertility (p=0.03) and anovulation disorder as an etiology of infertility. The MDA level in FF had a positive association with anovulation disorder as the etiology of infertility (p=0.02). MDA in FF was unaffected by BMI. Increasing age, BMI and PA do not affect OS in FF. In women with longtime infertility and those with anovulation disorder as an etiology of infertility, decreased potent antioxidant defense in the follicular microenvironment may contribute to ovarian function. Therefore antioxidant supplements may be beneficial for these groups of women.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to degeneration of the brain and spinal tissue. Imbalances of CD4+ T cells including Thelper1 (Th1)/Thelper2 (Th2) and Thelper17 (Th17)/Tregulatory (Treg), their secreted cytokines and gene expressions, are important aspects of in immunopathogenesis of MS. Vitamin A and its metabolites can regulate the immune system and appears to be effective in preventing progression of the autoimmune disease such as MS. Disease progression was evaluated By Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Expanded Disability States Scale (EDSS) and Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) tests. Cytokine levels were measured using ELISA kits and gene expression was quantified by Real time PCR (RT-PCR) system. According to the difference between the epidemiological and clinical data on the relationship between vitamin A and immune system regulation, this study of the first time assesses Immune function as well as gene expression and progression of the disease following administration of vitamin A supplement.

Cigarette smoke contains many oxidants and may alter the human reproduction by inducing oxidative stress (OS) in both active and passive smokers. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on oxidative stress in the follicular follicle and the assisted reproduction outcomes. An observational prospective study was carried out on 236 infertile women, who underwent assisted reproduction cycles. The ETS exposure was assessed using self-reported ETS exposure and the cotinine level in follicular fluid. To evaluate the OS in follicular fluid (FF) malon-di-aldehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured. The number of retrieved oocytes, rate of metaphase II stage oocytes, fertilization rate, good cleavage rate, and no-fragmented embryo rate were considered as the assisted reproduction outcomes. The results were adjusted for age, body mass index, duration, and etiology of infertility; P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. The MDA and TAC levels in FF were not related to the self-report number of the weekly ETS exposure and cotinine levels in FF. Also, the number of retrieved oocytes, MII stage oocytes, fertilization rate, good cleavage rate, and no-fragmented embryo rate were not related to the cotinine level and weekly ETS exposure. However, in women whose cotinine levels in FF were lower and equal/above 3.5 ng/ml, the number of retrieved oocytes was higher (12.63 ± 0.71 vs. 9.28 ± 1.11, P = 0.01). The relationship between the MDA level and cleavage rate (Beta = −18.5, confidence interval-34.9 and-2.1, P < 0.05) was negatively significant and the relationship between the MII stage rate with TAC (Beta = 0.02, confidence interval 0.01 and 0.04, P < 0.05) was positively significant. The ETS exposure may alter the assisted reproduction success by influencing the number of available oocytes. Although, the OS in a follicular environment affect the ability of oocytes to reach the specific cleavage stages at appropriate time intervals, it does not mediate poor-assisted reproduction outcomes due to ETS exposure.