فهرست مطالب ali ameer abd zaid

Normal Spinel Zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4 or ZnO.Fe2O3) nanoparticle has been synthesized as a dark reddish brown powder using precipitation method. The solvothermal method assisted the preparation route using ethanol at 180 oC for 90 min. The non-ionic surfactant Hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine) is employed as a capping agent, stabilizer and template. The XRD datum demonstrated the ZnFe2O4 peaks were embedded in an amorphous matrix giving broad peaks with a small mean crystal size (16.98 nm). The SEM analysis revealed the ZnFe2O4 was found to be homogenous agglomerated like-cauliflower, with particle size 27.78 nm. The EDX analysis evidence the ZnFe2O4 was purely prepared from Zn, Fe and O in wt % equal 100. The FT-IR analysis proved the ZnFe2O4 nanoparticle is synthesis as a normal spinel type, and found two reasonable peaks of M-O bond  in crystal lattices of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticle first for (Fe3+ -O2-) octahedral site and the other for (Zn2+- O2-) tetrahedral sits for. The band gap found to be 2.10 eV as an indirect band gap. The best dose of spinel to decolorize alkali blue 4B dye was 0.025 g/ 100 mL with efficiency 97.3 % at 30 min. The high increased in ZnFe2O4 dose leads to the screen effect. The photodecolorization of dye obeys to pseudo-first order, and the activation energy is found to be 47.689 kJ/mol at temperature raged (15-35) oC. This photoreaction is endothermic and non-spontaneous that attributed to the raise in the solvation of the transition state between dye and hydroxyl radical.

Inverse spinel nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4 (or) NiO.Fe2O3) like- broccoli shape was manufactured as a brown nanoparticle. The NiFe2O4 preparation is done in the presence of the mixture of precursor salts in a ratio (2:1) of the iron ion with nickel ion prior to the presence of a nonpolar surfactant (hexamine). Hexamine acts as a capping agent before adding ammonia to solution; template and stabilizer via growth and storage of its powder. The solvothermal technique aided the precipitation route by using ethanol solvent at 180°C for 90 minutes to depress the defect in the prepared nanoparticle. The XRD data revealed that the NiFe2O4 peaks were wide and had a modest mean crystal size (20.13 nm). The broccoli-like NiFe2O4 nanoparticles with homogenous agglomerations were investigated using SEM- EDX analysis. The particle size is found to be 30.67 nm composing 100% of Ni, Fe, and O atoms. The - FT-IR analysis exhibited the positions of the tetrahedral site for (Fe3+-O2-) and octahedral site peaks for (Ni2+- O2-), and proved the type of NiFe2O4 is an inverse spinal structure. The NiFe2O4 has been owned as an excellent optical property with a small indirect band gap value (2.05 eV). Following this fact, this spinal can be used as a photocatalyst. The best photo-decolorization of this dye took place at pH 7 as a pseudo-first order with efficiency (98 %). This photoreaction is fast, endothermic and non-spontaneous. Negative entropy value refers to the products in this dye decolorization being more regular than the reactant (dye) structure.