ali asaadi

The purpose of the present research is to analyze the principle of justice in teachers’ professional ethics and its application in practical circumstances. The research method is descriptive-analytic. After studying the concept of justice, the study has dealt with the conceptual components such as aspects and levels of justice. Then, it has analyzed this concept within the most important practical circumstances of the teaching profession as well as intrapersonal and interpersonal relations at school. The research results indicate the significance of justice as the most wide-spread moral principle in teaching professional contexts and approves its role in a wide range of circumstances including inside and outside classroom as well as different relations (teacher relation with him/herself, students, colleagues, and also organizational justice in a more wide-spread range). Accordingly, identification of different aspects and levels of justice and awareness of the contexts in which educational justice should take place have an effective role in the betterment of intrapersonal and interpersonal relations at school and pave the way for creating effective teachers, effective teaching, and effective school.

Gamma Ray (GR) log is widely used to overcome the lack of continuous core samples and thin sections in many subsurface reservoirs, significantly reducing the uncertainty of presenting a robust sequence stratigraphic framework. The Lower Cretaceous Fahliyan Formation and Late Cretaceous Sarvak carbonates host important hydrocarbon accumulations in SW Iran and the Persian Gulf. This study addresses the application of Gamma Ray Dynamic Integrated Prediction Error Filter Analysis (GR D-INPEFA) and Normalized Cumulative Gamma Deviation Log (NCGDL) curves to discriminate and correlate sequences of the studied carbonates in two giant oil fields in the Abadan Plain and Northwestern Persian Gulf. In the first stage, depositional sequences were differentiated using the results from the core description and petrographic analysis. In this respect, four and three third-order depositional sequences were identified in the Sarvak and Fahliyan formations respectively. In the second stage, according to the turning points of the D-INPEFA and NCGDL curves, they were picked as positive or negative breaks in all studied wells. Based on calibrating the results from the analysis of D-INPEFA curve with the identified depositional sequences, positive changes (PB) occur at sequence boundaries (SB) and negative trend (NB) changes are associated with maximum flooding surface (MFS). The trend of changes in the NCGDL curve compared to the D-INPEFA curve is quite opposite. In other words, Positive Surfaces (PS) correspond to MFS and Negative Surfaces (NS) occur at SB. The results demonstrate that the proposed integrated method is feasible and effective to identify sequence stratigraphic key surfaces in similar carbonate and siliciclastic reservoirs of Iran.

Today, the sustainability of cities is based on the citizenship and participation of cities and is achieved with the commitment of the civil society in residential communities. Local community contracts have been introduced by Habitat as a grassroots process that emphasizes the presence of people in all local programs. This approach has been considered by many developing countries for several years in order to empower and improve local governance.

Due to the innovation of the subject in Iran, it is intended; By selecting Abkooh neighborhood in Mashhad as a case study, the approach of social contracts in local empowerment should be introduced and feasibility study using the method of grounded theory.

Explaining the thematic framework of this research by library method and feasibility study of field approach by interview with interview and questionnaire. The research method is descriptive-analytical according to the applied external purpose and its nature. Sampling in the interview and questionnaire was done in a purposeful manner until saturation. The method of analyzing the findings is based on content analysis.

The results of the analysis show 193 open source, 12 subcategories, 2 main categories and a core that play a key role in the feasibility of the conventional approach in the Abkooh neighborhood of Mashhad.

According to the results, although the implementation of the local community contract approach at the neighborhood level may seem easy and possible, but the realization of this approach in Abkooh neighborhood requires the integration and alignment of organizations involved in the context. On the other hand, the lack of funding to delegate neighborhood organizing measures to citizens, the lack of integration in management, decision-making and monitoring the organization of worn-out structures and the weak culture of participation in people and city managers are some of the issues that must be considered before implementing the approach.

The Lower Cretaceous Fahliyan Formation is one of the main oil reservoirs in the Persian Gulf. In this study, for investigating facies characteristics, depositional environment, diagenetic features, sequence stratigraphy and describing factors controlling reservoir quality, the integration of the results from core description, petrographic studies, and petrophysical data was utilized. Nine main facies were recognized and grouped in four facies belts of lagoon, shoal, patch reef and shallow open marine, indicating deposition of the formation in a carbonate ramp platform. Various diagenetic processes that influenced facies, occurred in marine, meteoric, and burial diagenetic realms. Four main pore types have been identified in the reservoir that include interparticle, moldic, vuggy, and microporosity. From the sequence stratigraphy point of view, three third-order sequences which are correlatable within the Fahliyan Formation were identified. The development of grainstone and algal rudstone/floatstone in shoal/ patch reef sub-environment played an important role in developing the high reservoir. In view of their controls on reservoir quality and pore system, diagenetic features can be categorized into two classes: (1) diagenetic processes enhancing reservoir quality that include dissolution and fracturing, and (2) diagenetic processes reducing reservoir quality that include cementation and compaction.

The Late Jurassic Arab Formation is one of the main oil reservoirs in the Middle East. To investigate factors reservoir quality controlling, the integration of the results from geological and petrophysical data was utilized. Ten main facies were recognized and grouped in five facies belts of tidal flat, intertidal, lagoon, shoal, and shallow open marine, indicating deposition of the formation on a homoclinal carbonate ramp platform. The diagenetic processes occurred in marine, meteoric, and burial diagenetic realms. According to the frequency within the reservoir, five main pore types comprising intercrystalline, interparticle, vuggy, moldic, and microporosity were determined. Four third-order depositional sequences which are correlatable with four reservoir zones (A–D) of the Arab Formation were identified. The development of grainstone facies played an important role in high reservoir potential intervals. In view of their controls on reservoir quality, diagenetic features can be categorized into two classes: (1) diagenetic processes enhancing reservoir quality that include dissolution, dolomitization, and fracturing; (2) diagenetic processes reducing reservoir quality including cementation, evaporate mineralization, overdolomitization, and compaction. Considering its layer cake nature, it is possible to use petrophysical logs for the correlation of different reservoir zones, and depositional sequences between the studied wells.

Since the late 1960s, as a result of the exacerbation of urban problems, there has been a widespread reaction against the dominance of ride. In this regard, the pedestrian movement, which aimed to restore and develop pedestrian spaces in cities, became one of the axes of urban planning and design. On the other hand, in recent decades, the central and old textures of cities have been left to their own devices and due to negligence, they have faced many problems. Highlighting historical places, producing and reproducing collective memories and centers of attachment, is the first step to mental attraction to historical environments, which raises a broad category and a phenomenon called urban tourism. One of the cases that helps to rebuild these textures is to pay attention to pedestrians and humanizing the environment, so today's urban community needs studies that analyze and scrutinize pedestrian crossings in the city and encourage the citizen to find a new balance between different ways of moving. The revival of the historical textures that make up the core of cities, in addition to improving the quality of the environment and re-establishing social life, also promotes tourism. Saqqez city, which is one of the oldest cities in Iran and the world, despite its significant population in Kurdistan province and its high potential, such as a complex of amusement parks along the river, the city's historic Grand Bazaar and a large number of travelers to buy from the border town of Baneh, it lacks the ability to attract tourists in its proper form; therefore, planning for the mentioned spaces to attract tourists and spend leisure time is very important in the development of this city. The present study tried to identify the desired axes of walking in the central part of the historical city of Saqqez to promote urban tourism and to suggest the selected axis to create pedestrian path.

The present study is an applied one in terms of purpose and also is based on quantitative methods. The statistical population of this study includes residents of Saqqez city and tourists who visit the city's attractions. The volume of statistical sample according to the population of Saqez city in 2016, which is 226451 people, has been considered. By using of the Cochran's formula, the number of selected samples to distribute the questionnaire among urban residents and tourists is 384. In order to implement the Delphi method, the opinions of 12 Saqqez experts and city managers have been used. In order to select the selected axis using the Inverted Hierarchical Weight Process (IHWP) and define and refine the criteria, the level of interference of the central texture of Saqqez city was proposed to suggest the necessary fields of walkability. Finally, through measurement quantification, calculations related to feasibility and prioritization, after feasibility of axes in the historical central texture of Saqqez city, using the Quantitative Analyze Matrix (QAM) model, the axis that received the highest score in terms of walkability was selected as the pedestrian target axis for planning.

The study area at the historic center of Saqqez city has valuable grounds and buildings in which physical intervention is subject to its own limitations. Therefore, in order to increase the coefficient of realization of the research, at first, the capability of intervening the areas in the texture was analyzed by IHWP method and the most intervention textures were designated to locate and select the appropriate axis to create the pedestrian path. After collecting the scores of each of the intervention criteria and the formation of the database, they are classified into four classes and the central texture of Saqqez city in four priorities of completely desirable, relatively desirable, relatively undesirable and completely undesirable lands for intervention-based services, which the Imam Khomeini, Jomhouri, Saheli, Beheshti and Vali Khan axes were identified to provide support services for the pedestrian axes. Then, in order to locate and select the appropriate axis of the pedestrian path using the Quantitative Analyze Matrix (QAM) model, after introducing the prone streets of the area and after going through the Delphi method and weighting steps using Expert Choice software through comparative comparison according to the extracted criteria and in the form of a Likert scale, the axes were examined and finally, among the axes in the central core of Saqqez city, Imam axis was selected with a score of (2.84) for pedestrian path planning.

Today, feasibility studies of desirable pedestrian axes are one of the urban needs in this area. In the present study, after performing quantitative calculations and qualitative analyzes, Imam axis gained the highest score with a relatively desirable quality status for creating pedestrian path in the central core of Saqqez city. It is natural that over time, the coefficient of importance and current status of each axis has changed, and given the tourism potential of other axes, it is not unreasonable to expect that in the coming years other axes will have a higher score and create the desired pedestrian path. Looking at the findings of the present study, it can be inferred that in the middle cities of Iran, especially those with a population of less than 250,000 and also according to economic, political, managerial, cultural, physical, spatial situations, etc., the potential of such cities to create the pedestrian path was low unless the city's historical dimension and the presence of prominent historical elements were influential enough to send a significant population to the city; because the demographic factor is a very important element in the creation and prosperity of the pedestrian path. So, looking at the current situation of the streets of the central part of Saqqez city and the results of the analysis, the relatively favorable option does not create a significant for urban management to create pedestrian path, and only with the passage of time and reaching the age of 20-30 can tourism flourish and hoped to revive the historical texture by creating sidewalks.

Abstract The late Tithonian Manifa carbonate is one of the important oil producing intervals in some oil fields of the Northwestern Persian Gulf. The combination of geological and petrophysical data in three key wells in one of oilfield, enabled us to clarify the effects of depositional facies and diagenesis on reservoir quality in a sequence stratigraphic framework. Nine microfacies were recognized that deposited in three facies belts: tidal flat, lagoon and leeward shoal in a homoclinal carbonate ramp. The carbonate interval of the Manifa has been subjected to a variety of diagenetic processes, including micritization, bioturbation, recrystallization, dissolution, cementation, dolomitization, dedolomitization and compaction in three realm of marine, meteoric and burial diagenesis. From the identification of sequence boundaries and maximum flooding surfaces, one third-order sequence was recognized and interpreted. The sequence boundaries are important local and regional disconformity surfaces. Investigation of reservoir quality of different facies demonstrates that diagenetic features have considerable effects on the reservoir characteristics and regulated pore system characteristics. After deposition of the shallow marine Manifa carbonate was drastically subjected to the fresh-water diagenesis in the meteoric realm. The main important meteoric diagenesis alterations including karstification, dissolution, cementation and recrystallization are mainly concentrated below disconformity surfaces of the Manifa carbonate. The poroperm properties are very good related to dissolution phenomena creating interconnected pore space. Vuggy and solution enlarged interparticle porosities are the two dominant interconnected pore types within the reservoir. Considering the reservoir significance of the Manifa carbonate in the northwest Persian Gulf, the conclusion drawn from this investigation can be utilized for a better reservoir characterization. Keywords: Manifa, Persian Gulf, Facies, Diagenesis, Sequence Stratigraphy, Reservoir Quality   Introduction Reservoir quality of carbonate reservoirs is controlled by many interrelated factors such as depositional facies, diagenetic processes and tectonic setting (Lucia 2007; Ahr 2008; Moore & Wade 2013). In fact, by controlling the pore system properties, these parameters affect the fluid flow and saturation within the reservoirs (Ahr 2008). Although, the original sedimentary properties substantially control the reservoir quality, but diagenesis may exert considerable influence on pore characteristics (Lucia 2007; Ahr 2008; Moore & Wade 2013). The reservoir quality may be enhanced or deteriorated depending on the type of dominant diagenetic processes (Ahr 2008). The Late Tithonian sequences of the Manifa carbonate is notable carbonate reservoir in some part of the Arabian Platform. Despite of this importance, a little is known about various geological and petrophysical characteristics in Iranian northwestern part of the Persian Gulf. This study is the first report of sedimentological and reservoir geological aspects of this carbonate sequences in subsurface sections of the northwestern Persian Gulf. In this study, by using a complete dataset of drilled cores, thin sections, petrophysical well log and porosity-permeability data, interpretation of reservoir quality evaluation has been carried out on the Manifa carbonate. The aims of this study are to investigate the facies characteristics, depositional environments, diagenetic alterations and evaluate pore system and reservoir properties in relation to the disconformity surface of the Manifa Formation in the northwestern part of the Persian Gulf   Material & Methods A continuous, 52-m-thick core through the Manifa Formation was logged in one of oilfield in the northwestern Persian Gulf. To differentiate the calcite from dolomite, all thin sections were stained with Alizarin Red-S (Dickson 1966). Also, in order to determine pores types and their properties, epoxy resin was injected to the samples (130 thin section), and all samples were scanned by a high-resolution (Up to 10000 DPI) scanner (CREO-IQSMART3) at the Petroleum Industry of Research Institute. Petrographic studies were carried out to identify different types of depositional facies, and based on the allochems type and their frequency, different sub-environments were distinguished. Also, the important diagenetic processes affecting the pores system were identified. Based on the combination of the results of facies/diagenesis studies the framework of sequence stratigraphy was introduced and one third-order sequences interpreted. Due to the interpreted distribution of depositional and diagenetic characteristics, petrophysical well logs were used for their correlation between the three studied wells in the studied field.   Discussion of Results & Conclusion The core description and petrographic studies resulted in the identification of nine microfacies. These microfacies were attributed to three facies belts including tidal flat, lagoon, and leeward shoal. The carbonate ramp model proposed for the Manifa Formation is comparable with the model and facies distribution presented for this interval in the neighboring area. The Manifa carbonate has been subjected to a variety of diagenetic processes including micritization, bioturbation, recrystallization, compaction, cementation, dissolution, dolomitization, dedolomitization and fracturing. Dissolution, cementation, dolomitization, compaction, along with fracturing have had the greatest impact on the pore system and reservoir properties of the Manifa carbonate. In order to establish a sequence stratigraphic framework and specify the sequence boundaries and maximum flooding surfaces for the studied formation, the results from depositional and diagenetic studies were integrated. Hence, sequence stratigraphic analysis of the studied interval has resulted in the recognition of one third-order depositional sequences with aggradational-progradational stacking pattern. At the Late Tithonian, a eustatic sea-level fall caused platform emersion and subaerial exposure at top of the Manifa carbonate. This sequences are bounded with two local and regional disconformities. From reservoir quality point of view, intense meteoric dissolution of grain-to mud-dominated facies exert a main improving effect and development of intervals with high porosity and permeability. Core poroperm data interpretation clearly demonstrate that most grain- and mud-dominated facies related to different sub-environments have a good reservoir quality due to the high impact of dissolution related to meteoric diagenesis. With respect to the effect of diagenesis on the reservoir properties, the defined diagenetic facies display a distinct trend on poroperm distribution. Porosity-permeability distribution indicating the high heterogeneity is strongly related to the effects of both depositional and diagenetic characteristics. Vuggy and solution interparticle pore spaces are two dominant pore types and show high pore connectivity. Thus, an integrated sedimentological and petrophysical reservoir evaluation of the Manifa carbonate in one of oilfield in the northwestern Persian Gulf indicate that diagenetic alterations had main role in pore system characteristics and reservoir evolution.