ali baghaee

Black titanium dioxideNano pigments can retain daylight from UV to infrared wavelengths, since its optical absorption properties, and is presented as a good light absorber contrasted with titanium dioxide. Ongoing improvements in the field of black titanium dioxide have plainly shown that these materials are generally utilized in innovative work, because of their exclusive structural properties, for instance, surface disordered, oxygen vacancy and Ti3+ ions and their appropriate electronic properties, which are because of their narrow band gap, have been utilized in different applications, for example, photodegradation of dyes, photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting, batteries, super capacitors, fuel cell, hydrothermal treatment of cancer, and solar cells. Various approaches have been reported to prepare black TiO2 such as hydrogenation, chemical reduction with different metal like Al, Zn and Mn, chemical oxidation, ultrasonication, anodization-anilling and laser modification. This paper focused on the synthesis method, properties and applications of these Nano pigments briefly.

The most complex and ambiguous relationship is the one which exists between a Couple (a husband and a wife). Therefore, to achieve the information about is very difficult and may be impossible in some circumstances. This study was to review a set of factors affecting the divorce systematically. So, all researches and study factors related to divorce were gathered and finally, 23 studies chosen to "Systematic Review". Total sample size of the study population was over 577957 people among the divorced couple that could cause results to be valid any more. There are some theories such as the same theory of wife swapping, network and social stratification and common feature - almost –in all of the studies on divorce in Iran. Take the divorce on the map indicates the extent and causes of divorce based on different cultural and social differences. A unique feature of this study is to identify the models used in the studies on divorce and provide a "Hybrid Theory".