فهرست مطالب ali chegini

According to the decision No. 812 of the Supreme Court of Iran, the calculation of damages for delay in check payment is based on the due date. However, the application of the said decision and the different views among the doctrine and the judges caused that even after the issuance of the said decision, unanimity was not established among the judicial authorities and conflicting opinions were arisen in many cases. Some of the most important hypothetical disputes are the transfer of a check after protest, the passage of a long period of time from the due date and the lack of demand by the holder (rule of action) and the inclusion of the passage of time for commercial documents stipulated in Article 318 of the Commercial Law. The current research, by examining the view of the doctrine, international documents and especially the judicial procedure regarding the origin of the calculation of damages for the delay in check payment with a descriptive and analytical method, has reached the conclusion that the application of the decision of the Supreme Court does not lead to other legal rules such as expiration of commercial documents, failure to comply with commercial document transfer formalities or action rules to be inapplicable. Therefore, due to the special ruling, these cases are excluded from the application of the unanimous decision and the basis for calculating the damages for the delay in check payment will be generally from the date of claim.

Amongst occupational disorders, musculoskeletal disorders and, most importantly low back pain is the most frequent ones. The most popular and widely used risk assessment method among ergonomists for estimating LBP exposure risk is the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation. In order to improve RNLE, many studies have been carried out yet, and their limitations have been described. One of these cases is the inconsistency of vertical multiplier with anthropometric conditions of various workers' societies.

In the present study, by designing a laboratory work, VM has been carefully considered. Thirty-one volunteer students consisting of 19 males and 12 females, participated in two tests, using a dynamometer; and results were analyzed by Minitab software.

The results have shown a significant relationship between isometric muscular strength in two tests, but there was no correlation between body mass index and isometric muscle strength. Based on results, VM, permissible, and the optimum range of manual lifting location height were analyzed and adapted to volunteers’ condition.

It seems that with changes that have been made, the RNLE results can be more proportionate for Iranian workers.

Pushing/pulling activities are known as usual and high frequent tasks in industrial sectors, especially in developing countries. Nearly, half of all manual material handling tasks is comprised of push/pull exertions, so it is essential to determine the maximum value of push/pull force exertions by Iranian workers to design the workplace optimally. A total number of 31 volunteer students (19 males and 12 females) were participated in a one-handed maximum push/pull force measurement test in standing posture. The results were measured using the Isometric Push-Pull Dynamometer. Height and weight were also recorded through interviews. Data analysis showed that the pull/push forces of women were 72% and 52% of men, but the data variation for men was higher than women. Using linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficient, it was found that there were only two strong correlations between the push force of women with body mass index (R-Sq = 75.55%) and weight (R-Sq = 74.8%) and men’s pull strength was almost independent of individual characteristics. The results of maximum push/pull can be used for improvement in workstations and push/pull tools’ design in production and services industries, in which occupational health promotion will be achieved.

Individual and societal security and its maintenance strategy is one of the most indispensable issues of human societies and governments in the course of history. Islam as the most perfect religion has its own specific strategy for safeguarding security. Imam Ali (pub) is one of the samples of Islamic governments which has great priority over others from theoretical and applied views. The present research investigates Imam Ali`s views about security and strategies used by him in maintaining security. It also explores that Imam Ali, besides establishing an effective religious government, attempted to save Islam in post era of the grand Prophet and mend deviances in order to establish a stable state from security perspectives.