فهرست مطالب ali es haghi

The production of bovine theileriosis vaccine involves in vitro cultivation of Theileria annulata schizont-infected cell lines. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is commonly used in animal cell culture, including the Theileria cell line. However, we aimed to reduce the amount of serum needed for cell culture by modifying the Stoker culture medium with supplements such as excretion factor and serum substitutes.  

To evaluate the effectiveness of these modifications, techniques such as cell counting, cell viability assays, and genomic analysis were employed in the Parasitic Vaccines Production Department of Razi institute of Iran, from 2020 to 2022.  Statistical analysis was used to compare the results of different experimental conditions.  

The three experimental media were as effective as the commonly used 10% Stoker medium in supporting the growth and viability of cells.

The significant reduction in the required amount of serum and the remarkable cell growth achieved by using defined serum replacements for the production of cell culture media is a significant step towards the preparation of a proper cell culture medium for the production of bovine Theileriosis vaccine.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer effects of Mazu oil as an important medicinal plant in traditional medicine, which was synthesized by the nanoemulsion method as a new method in medicine.

The antioxidant activity of Mazu oil nanoemulsion was investigated by DPPH radical inhibitory activity assay and its antimicrobial properties on four Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were assed by disk diffusion method. To determine the minimum growth inhibitory and growth killer concentration the microbroth dilution method was used. In addition, the anticancer properties of Mazu oil nanoemulsion on prostate cancer cells were investigated by MTT method and the results were compared with normal skin fibroblast cells.

Based on the disc diffusion results, the nanoemulsion of Mazu oil has inhibitory power only against gram-positive pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus, while gram-negative bacteria were resistant to this compound. Mazu oil nanoemulsion has acceptable antioxidant properties and the free radical inhibition rate (IC50) was measured by the DPPH method to be about 58.905 μg/ml. The toxicity test also shows the significant effect of Mazu oil nanoemulsion in destroying prostate cancer cells compared to normal skin fibroblast cells.

The present study shows that the nanoemulsion of Mazu oil in vitro has relative degrees of antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial properties against Gram positive pathogens, which can be helpful in food products.

A novel and simple way to synthesize quinoxaline derivatives bearing functional group moieties in a one-pot reaction from o-phenylenediamine and benzil derivatives in the presence of Choline chloride:2 ZnCl2 as a green and reusable catalyst is described. The products were characterized by using FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and comparing the melting points with authentic samples. The reaction was followed by the nucleophilic addition mechanism in which the catalyst polarizes, and promotes the carbonyl groups. The catalyst used was presented with several advantages, including easy preparation, low price, high stability, proper reusability, easy separation, purification from the reaction mixture, and an outstanding yield of quinoxaline derivatives under a suitable temperature and reaction time in a non-toxic solvent.

Angiogenesis is a physiological process that involves the formation of new blood vessels, contributing to the development and progression of various diseases, including metastatic cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory conditions. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the main regulators of tumor angiogenesis. Studies show that VEGF and its receptor (VEGF-R) are often upregulated in tumor tissues, and the overexpression of VEGF increases tumor growth and metastasis. This research aimedto synthesize solid-lipid nanoparticles containing Foeniculum vulgare essential oil and investigate its anti-angiogenic effects. For this purpose, the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was used, and the expression of two important genes involved in the angiogenesis process, VEGF and VEGF-R was assessed using Real-Time PCR. The results showed a decrease in the growth rate of blood vessels in the CAM model, indicating the anti-angiogenic effects of the nanoparticles. Also, Real Time-PCR confirmed a decrease in the expression of the VEGF and VEGF-R genes. The results of this study showed that solid-lipid nanoparticles containing Foeniculum vulgare essential oil had anti-angiogenic properties and; therefore, can be useful agents for treating cancer.

Boswellia essential oil possesses bioactive compounds with therapeutic properties. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-oxidant and antiangiogenic activities of nanoemulsion prepared from Boswellia essential oil.

In this study, an oil-in-water nanoemulsion was prepared using the ultrasonic method and Boswellia essential oil (the oil phase) and Tween 80 surfactant, and water (the aqueous phase). Droplet size, dispersion index, and zeta potential of the prepared nanoemulsion were evaluated, and the ability of the nanoemulsion to inhibit DPPH free radicals was measured. Also, the angiogenic activity of the nanoemulsion was investigated using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model.

The formulated nanoemulsion revealed particles with a spherical shape, average size of 58.29 nm, a dispersion index of 0.29, and a zeta potential of -28.87. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of the nanoemulsion shown that  the particles were almost uniformly spherical. The anti-oxidant activity of Boswellia essential oil, enclosed in O/W emulsion, was confirmed via the DPPH free radical inhibition assay with an IC50 of 61.92 μg/mL. In addition, the nanoemulsion was shown to inhibit the growth of new vessels in the CAM model, indicating anti-angiogenic effects.

Our findings suggest that due to anti-oxidant and anti-angiogenic effects, nanoemulsion loaded with Boswellia essential oil can be used as a therapeutic agent.

Many diseases associated with oxidative stress threaten human health, exaggerated by antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections due to the increasing use of antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of a nanoemulsion prepared from Artemisia vulgaris essential oil (EO).

Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized in this study. The disk diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were used to investigate the antibacterial properties of the synthesized NPs. In addition, the microdilution method was utilized to examine the antimicrobial properties of the synthetic substance. Inhibitory concentrations (MIC and MBC) were determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the nanoemulsion was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2- picryl-hydrazyl biochemical method.

The findings of this study demonstrated that the synthesized NPs had significant growth inhibitory effects against Gram-positive bacteria with considerable inhibition of growth being observed for S. aureus and M. luteus.

In general, Artemisia EO seems to be beneficial for treating bacterial infections owing to its antimicrobial properties and antioxidant effects. Further therapeutic applications of this EO as a potential drug carrier are yet to be divulged in future studies. 

The purpose of this work was to estimate the anti-cancer properties of the nanoemulsions synthesized by Zingiber officinale L. tincture against PC3 prostate cancer cells.  Fresh ginger was initially procured from a local market, and extraction was performed after complete washing. In the next step, a nanoemulsion containing ginger extract was prepared using Tween 80, and its size and zeta potential were determined by a Zetasizer. The prepared nanoemulsion was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm the size and morphology of the particles. The toxicity of the nanoemulsion containing ginger extract against PC3 prostate cancer cells and normal HFF skin cells was evaluated using the MTT assay. To determine apoptosis, flow cytometry was used to assess cell cycle changes. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the nanoemulsion was estimated by DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging tests.  The results showed that the prepared nanoparticles had a size of 67 nm (confirmed by TEM electron microscopy) and a zeta potential of -25.05 mV. The results of the MTT assay showed inverse dose-dependent toxicity for different concentrations of ginger nanoemulsion against PC3 cells. In addition to anti-cancer activity, the nanoemulsion showed a potent ability to scavenge DPPH and ABTS free radicals.  Our results showed that the nanoemulsions containing ginger extract had toxicity against PC3 cancer cells but not normal cells, indicating their applicability as a suitable option for treating PC.

Spectrophotometer is one of the instruments which is vastly used in variety of chemical and biochemical tests in laboratories. Performance qualification and reproducibility of this instrument can affect the different tests results. Validation or qualification of an instrument is a process during which suitable performance of the device and its compliance with intended purpose is proven by documentation. Calibration of a device is one of the most important parts of its qualification.Calibration of spectrophotometer consists of some steps including the evaluation of accuracy, precision and likely error of the instrument. This article describes the calibration of Spectrophotometer using the control of wavelengths, absorbance, and limit of stray light and equality of cuvettes. The most important parameters in the calibration of the visible-ultraviolet spectrophotometer are the control of the absorbance and also the control of the wavelength generated by the spectrophotometer. Control is done by cells or reference materials and comparing between the values created by the device and true values.

In this study, the antioxidant and antibacterial capacity of PLGA nanoparticles containing rapeseed extract (RE-PNP) was investigated.

Three various methods including Disk Diffusion (DD), Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were used to evaluate the antibacterial effects of synthesized nanoparticles against different strains of bacteria. The inhibition capacity of ABTS and DPPH free radicals was measured to evaluate the antioxidant power of RE-PNP.

The results showed that the RE-PNP have the potential to inhibit DPPH radicals (IC50 = 500μg / ml) and ABTS (IC50 = 1000μg / ml). The inhibitory effect of RE-PNP on the growth of Staphylococcus aurous and Micrococcus luteus was confirmed by the growth inhibition zone 8 and 15 in the disk diffusion model.

According to the results, RPE-PNPs can be used as a safe, natural, and effective antibiotic for bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus and also, this formulation can be used due to its antioxidant effects in treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases.

Cancer can be defined as an illness of reformed gene expression. There are numerous agents affecting gene expression and altering cellular activities. Nanotechnology has offered the possibility of modulating tumor suppressor genes’ expression, improving kinetics of gene-targeted therapeutics, and simplifying drug delivery to tumors and across bio-complexes.

Gene expressions of caspase3, 8 and 9, Bax and Bcl2 were assessed after RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in an ovarian cancerous cell line (A2780). Real-time PCR was employed to determine the change fold of apoptotic genes in the cells exposed to the biosynthesized CeO2 -NPs (cerium oxide nanoparticles) at the dose of 0, 7, 9, and 11 μg/mL after 24 hours of incubation.

Our findings displayed a significant increase in the antioxidant genes’ expression in the A2870 cells. The results exhibited that the biosynthesized CeO2 -NPs could enhance the Bax/ Bcl2 ratio in a dose-dependent way. Also, the expression of caspase3, 8, and 9 up-regulated significantly under the dose of 11 μg/mL.

Considering the effects of the bio-fabricated CeO2 -NPs on the expression of apoptotic genes in ovarian cancerous cell lines, these nanoparticles (NPs) may be employed in pharmacology to develop new anti-cancer medications.

Saffron is a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus L. The present study reports the antioxidant capacity and chemical compositions of various parts of saffron. The IC50 for stigma, style, stamen, petal and corm was found to be 4.94 ± 0.25, 123.68 ± 8.52, 58.97 ± 3.63, 46.02 ± 2.89 and 720.49 ± 14.32 μg/mL, respectively. The ferric reducing antioxidant power assay for these parts of saffron flower was determined and the stigma of saffron has the highest (2.36 ± 0.15 g Fe+2/100 g sample) and the corm of saffron has the lowest value (0.03 ± 0.001 g Fe+2/100 g sample). The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to estimate the total phenolic content and the highest amount was found in stigma (183.25 ± 16.42 g quercetin/100 g sample) and the lowest amount in style of saffron (3.72 ± 0.89 g quercetin/100 g sample) respectively. The stigma and stamen of saffron were found to have 597.67 ± 11.12 and 159.14 ± 5.03 μg/g sample of carotenoid content which is highest among the selected parts of saffron. The aim of this study was to provide information about all of the saffron flower parts.

Plants comprise great antioxidant sources as a result of their redox and biochemical components, which are rich in secondary metabolites such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and other constituents. Haplophyllum obtusifolium from polygonaceae is widely used for preventing and managing diabetes. This study investigated the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized by H. obtusifolium.

The aerial parts of H. obtusifolium were gathered from the north of Khorasan Razavi province, Iran and desiccated at the chamber temperature. The shoots were powdered by grinding, 5 g of the powder was mixed with 250 mL of deionized water, and the resultant blend was then filtered. Bactericidal properties and antioxidant activity of the nanoparticles were assessed using disk diffusion and DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) tests, respectively.

The results of this study showed that the biosynthesized nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against a gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacterium, but they had no effects on grampositive Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antioxidant test results showed that these nanoparticles were capable of eliminating DPPH radicals in a concentration-dependent manner so that a more potent antioxidant activity was seen in higher concentrations of the nanoparticles.

Our results suggested that H. obtusifolium can be used as a key source of antioxidants/ antimicrobial agents in food and pharmaceutical industries

Today, the use of medicinal plants for treating cancer is extremely important. Over the past few years, the anti-cancer properties of Nigella Sativa L. have been proven. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, the cytotoxic effect of a nanoemulsion synthesized using N. Sativa L. tincture, against a cancerous cell line as well as its and free radical scavenging activities.

The size and zeta potential of the nanoemulsion were determined using particle size analyzer and morphological shape of nano emulsion was visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antioxidant activity of nanoemulsions was investigated by the DPPH assay. Cytotoxic effects of the nanoemulsions were assessed by MTT method against A2780 ovarian cancer and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as normal cells. To evaluate the probable molecular mechanism of cell death, acridine orange and propidium iodide staining methods were used for identifying apoptotic cells.

The results obtained from this study showed that the synthesized nanoemulsion had a good and dose-dependent radical scavenging capacity in the DPPH assay (IC50 of about 47μg/ml). Also, the nanoemulsion significantly reduced the bioavailability of A2780 cancerous cells (IC50 of 0.72 μg/ml); however, its toxicity against HUVEC cells was much lower (IC50 > 25 μg/ml). The pro-apoptotic effect of the produced nanoemulsion was confirmed by acridine orange and propidium iodide staining.

Nano emulsions synthesized by N. Sativa L. tincture has a relevant potential antioxidant and anticancer effects and therefore they can be considered and studied as anticancer compounds in future experiments.

Nowadays, nanotechnology has offered great success in resolving concerns in cancer therapy and created a new interdisciplinary field of study incorporating various sciences, such as biology, chemistry and medicine. Apoptosis is a conserved and controlled strategy in regulating cellular growth and proliferation, as well as preserving development and general homeostasis of the body. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are the most important and widely used nanoparticles. This study aimed to evaluate the apoptosis-inducing properties of the synthesized ZnO-NPs by aqueous extract of Rubia tinctorum against the MCF7 breast cancer cell line.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using rubia tinctorum extract and characterized by some methods including dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Apoptosis was measured by the Hoechst and Acridine-Orange/Propodium Iodide staining, as well as flow cytometry.

The results of this study showed that the particle size of biosynthesized ZnO-NPs using R.tinctorum extract was about 40 nm and had a spherical morphology. The obtain results of the Hoechst and Acridine-Orange/Propodium Iodide staining, as well as flow cytometry showed that biosynthesized ZnO-NPs effectively and dose-dependently induced apoptosis in the MCF7 breast cancer cells.

Therefore, the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs by watery extract of R. tinctorum can be used in the treatment of many diseases, including cancers.

The conversion of a protein from its native conformation to the pathogenic form is a critical event in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases, along with type II diabetic mellitus. Although there are several reports on the mechanism of protein aggregation, the actual conformation playing a part in the pathogenicity is yet unclear. Accordingly, the present study summarizes the early pathogenic conformation resulting in several protein aggregations. It is well-documented that a pre-molten globule (MG) structure appears at the early stages of some proteins. Pre-MG is one of the intermediate structures, which is formed during some protein unfolding processes. In addition, it is shown that the pre-molten structure is more flexible than the mature MG one and thus, protein easily rearranges to form amyloid fibrils in this conformation. Therefore, protein aggregation is halted by preventing the pre-MG structure. The strategy of protein aggregation prevention has profound implications in fighting the devastating disorder.

Drug resistance due to genetic variations renders many therapeutic methods such assurgery,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,and hormone therapy unsuccessful in eradicating cancerous cells.Nowadays,application of nanoparticles (NPs) has been promising in destroying cancerous cells withoutside effects on normal cells.

This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant,anticancer effects of biosynthesizedcerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) on a hepatic carcinoma cell line.

MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of CeO2-NPs in concentrations of 0,15.6,31.2,62.5,125,and 250 μg,mL after 24,48,and 72 hours of incubation. Moreover,the expression levelsof catalase (CAT),superoxide dismutase (SOD) (the antioxidant genes) were investigated at differentconcentrations of CeO2-NPs using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Our results showed a significant toxicity of the synthesized NPs against the cancerous liver cells.The IC50 calculated for CeO2-NPs was 500 μg,mL at 24 hours of incubation. In addition,the expressionlevels of CAT,SOD significantly (P<0.05) increased upon the treatment of cells with CeO2-NPs (500µg,mL) compared to the untreated cells.

Considering the minimal effects of the biosynthesized CeO2-NPs on normal cells,onthe other hand their considerable toxicity against hepatic cancer cells,these NPs could be utilized inmedicine,in the development of new drugs for cancer cells

Free radicals have singlet electron in their outer layer rendering them high reactivity against biomolecules (i.e., DNA, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids). Oxidative stress is created when the production of free radicals exceeds their removal by antioxidant systems and is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, inflammatory conditions, and various cancers. Regarding the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles (NPs) in human diseases, the purpose of this study was to synthesize cerium oxide NPs using Origanum majorana leaf extract.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) were synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of O. majorana. The sizes of NPs were characterized by a particle size analyzer. The antioxidant properties of the CeO2-NPs were determined by Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The anti-inflammatory effects of the NPs were also determined by measuring gene expressions of IL-1β and IL-10 using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

The CeO2-NPs were successfully synthesized using O. majorana leaf extract. The results of FRAP assay showed that the anti-oxidant activities of CeO2-NPs at concentrations of 50, 100, and 400 μg/mL were 75%, 77.1%, and 94.5%, respectively. Moreover, interleukin 10 (IL-10) gene expressions increased by 4.6 folds while the expression of IL-1β gene decreased by 0.75-fold in HUVECs.

The CeO2-NPs synthesized using the aqueous extract of O. majorana demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, these NPs can be used as potential therapeutic agents in medicine.

Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the modern societies, which results from the non-stop growth of cells in the body. Due to the advancement of nanobiotechnology, highly effective herbal metabolites can be used to treat cancer. Apigenin is a natural flavonoid that is found in abundance in fruits, vegetables and herbs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-cancer properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized by apigenin on MCF-7 cell line.

In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using apigenin. Antioxidant effects of synthetized nanoparticle were evaluated using ABTS and DPPH assays. The cytotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles were evaluated by MTT assay towards breast cancer cells.

The obtained results showed that the silver nanoparticles synthesized using apigenin had a significant effect on scavenging free radicals. Also, these nanoparticles had a cytotoxicity property towards MCF-7 cells and reduced the survival of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner.

Based on our results, silver nanoparticles synthetized using apigenin have cytotoxicity as well as antioxidant properties towards MCF-7 cancer cells and can be proposed as a suitable nanoparticle in the field of pharmacy and medicine.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have grabbed special attention owing to their exclusive structural features. Green synthesis (i.e., plant-mediated) of AgNPs is an efficient and cost-effective method with widespread clinical applications. Therefore, the present study aimed to synthesize AgNPs based on green synthesis method employing the seed extracts of Amaranthus cruentus and to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the biosynthesized AgNPs. The Ag-NPs were biologically synthesized using the A. cruentus extract which served as a reducing agent. Then, the synthesized Ag-NPs were visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Next, the antioxidant activity of the synthesized Ag-NPs was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS methods. Finally, the cytotoxicity of AgNPs was investigated against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line using MTT assay. The mean diameter of the synthesized Ag-NPs ranged from 20 to 40 nm. In addition, the IC50 of free radical scavenging activity of the Ag-NPs were obtained as 500 µg/mL (DPPH) and 400 µg/mL (ABTS). Further, the AgNPs showed time and dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells. Eventually, at the 24-hour exposition to the 80 µg/mL dose of AgNPs, the viability of cancerous cells was 19% plunging to 2.03% and 1.9% after 48 hours and 72 hours, respectively. In general, plant extracts can serve as facile and eco-friendly alternatives to hazardous methods for synthesizing the metal nanoparticles. Therefore, the A. cruentus biosynthesized Ag-NPs can be utilized in medicine for various purposes due to their low toxicity and appropriate antioxidant activity.

Food waste is one of the main issues for international organisms. It is not only an ethical and economic issue but it also depletes the environment of limited natural resources. Among strategies suitable for fighting such challenge, intelligent packaging is an interesting tool to reduce waste derived from households and retailers. Colorimetric detection of biogenic amines, well-known criterions of food corruption, shows the main role for monitoring of food safety. A novel colorimetric sensor based on hydrolysis-induced mercury metallization reaction to tune the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) adsorption of Au nanoparticles sensitive to total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) released from meat has been created for real-time supervision of meat quality. Sensors were kept in atmosphere of ammonia simulating which changed its colour with changing of pH. This is the case of highly volatile amines, produced in food spoilage, specifically in the deterioration of meat, for which the color development of the smart labels can be used as a visual test for food freshness.

With considering the importance of natural products for their remedial and therapeutic value, this research was aimed to analyze the chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of four propolis samples from different areas of Iran (Chenaran, Taleghan, Morad Beyg, and Kalaleh) with various climates and flora.
ethanolic (70% EtOH) and dichlromethane (DCM) extracts of Iranian propolis were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods, and antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus using disk diffusion antimicrobial method.
The results of GC-MS analysis showed the presence of fatty acids, flavonoids, terpenes, aromatic-aliphatic acids, and their related esters. The total flavonoids in DCM extract of Chenaran, Taleghan, Morad Beyg, and Kalaleh propolis were pinocembrin and pinostrobin chalcone. The common phenolic and terpene compounds detected in all four tested EtOH extracts were P-cumaric acid and dimethyl -1,3,5,6-tetramethyl-[1,3-(13C2)] bicycloce [5.5.0] dodeca-1,3,5,6,8,10-hexaene-9,10-dicarboxylate, respectively. The highest inhibitory diameter zone of the Iranian propolis against C. albicans, E. coli, and S. aureus was for DCM extract of Kalaleh propolis (13.33 mm), Morad Beyg propolis (12 mm), and Kalaleh (11.67 mm), respectively.
Iranian propolis showed antimicrobial activities against C. albicans, E. coli, and S. aurous, perhaps due to the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenes as active components that can be used alone or in combination with the selected antibiotics to synergize antibiotic effect, as well as to prevent microbial resistance to available antimicrobial drugs.

The emergence of antimalarial drug resistance is one of the great problems of malaria control and elimination of worldwide. In order to overcome anti-malarial drug resistance, cytotoxicity and in vivo anti-Plasmodiumal activity of four different Iranian propolis were investigated.
Four Iranian propolis samples were collected from four different regions of Iran and extracted by %70 ethanol and dichloromethane. The cytotoxicity of ethanolic and dichloromethane extract of propolis, using L969 fibroblast cell lines, were evaluated by MTT assay. The in vitro anti-Plasmodial activities of the propolis samples on BALB/c mice were assayed.
The cytotoxicity results showed that ethanol and dichloromethane extracts of four Iranian propolis samples at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 µg/ml were non-toxic (P Considering the drug resistance of P. falciparum to conventional medicine and its dangers, and the emergence of development cheap and safe anti-malaria drugs to control and eliminate programs. Further investigation on Iranian propolis as safe and anti-malarial drug is recommended.

La bursite infectieuse (maladie de Gumboro) a été rapportée de partout dans le monde et limportance socio-économique de cette maladie est considérable au niveau international. Plusieurs types de vaccins commerciaux ont été introduits pour contrôler cette maladie. Ces vaccins sont produits par culture cellulaire ou dans des œufs embryonnés. Si les vaccins à base de cellules contre la maladie de Gumboro s’avèrent sans danger et efficaces, ils seront beaucoup plus abordables pour le traitement de la maladie. Les fibroblastes embryonnaires de poussin (CEF) sont les cellules les plus populaires pour la production du vaccin contre la Bursite infectieuse par culture cellulaire. Le procès de préparation et dutilisation des cellules CEF est très long et difficile. Dans cette études, l’attention est portée pour la première fois sur la référence Annex3 TRS 978, WHO, une cellule en suspension de moutons dorigine lymphoïde (H1 Cell Line) ayant montré une sensibilité au virus vaccinal de Gumboro. Cette cellule a passé avec succès tous les tests et a été adaptée à la réplication du virus de la Bursite infectieuse.

Eradication of malaria will depend on discovery of new intervention tools such as anti-malarial drugs. Due to the increasing interest in the application of propolis against significant clinical pathogenic agents, the aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the anti-plasmodial effect of Iranian propolis extracts against chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain).
Crude samples of honeybee (Apis mellifera) propolis were collected from four provinces in northern (Kalaleh, Golestan), northeastern (Chenaran, Razavi Khorasan), central (Taleghan, Alborz) and western (Morad Beyg, Hamedan) areas of Iran with different types of flora. The dried propolis samples were extracted with three different solvents, including ethanol 70% (EtOH), ethyl acetate (EA) and dichloromethane (DCM).
All extracts were shown to have in vitro anti-plasmodial activity with IC50 ranging from 16.263 to 80.012 µg/mL using parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay. The DCM extract of Morad Beyg propolis indicated the highest anti-plasmodial activity (IC50: 16.263 ± 2.910 μg/mL; P = 0.027, Kruskal-Wallis H test). The samples were also evaluated in mice for their in vivo anti-plasmodial effect. The curative effect against established infection (Rane test) showed that both extracts at all doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kgBW) produced anti-plasmodial activity against the parasite. Furthermore, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the quantity of flavonoids in DCM and EtOH 70% extracts were found to be 7.42% and 3.10%, respectively.
The potent anti-plasmodial activity of both EtOH 70% and DCM extracts of the propolis of Morad Beyg, Hamedan suggests further analyses of individual components to assess its utilization as anti-malarial drugs.