ali hassanpour

Saffron is one of the most critical and valuable medicinal plants. The lack of mechanized planting of saffron corm and the high costs of labor in the limited planting time is one of the problems in the cultivation of this medicinal plant. The present study aimed to construct and evaluate a machine that can plant saffron corm at the desired intervals without having the corms damaged. For this purpose, first, a five-row planter machine with the ability to plant 5 to 10 tons of saffron corms per hectare was designed and developed. Then, under field conditions, two container volumes (full and half full) and two planting velocities (3 and 6 km/h) were examined using different planting indices. In the machine's structure, a continuous flow spoon chain feeder was installed in the bottom of the corms container and led the corms to the furrowers by five outlet ducts. The results of saffron corm planter evaluation performed in field conditions showed that the efficiency of the spoon chain feeder is suitable. The measurement of planting traits showed that with increasing velocity and decreasing the container volume, the distribution uniformity of corms around the mean of the obtained distances and around the set distance, uniformity of corm depth and feed quality index decrease; but the none-planting and multiple-planting indices and coefficient of variation of intervals increase. This machine can be replaced by labor and it is better to use it at a speed of 3 km/h and with a modified container.

Plants with green leaves are seasonal and perishable due to high humidity. Proper maintenance can prevent the wastage of these products and increase their availability outside the production season. With controlled and proper drying, nutrients as well as aroma and color can be preserved in the dried leaves. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of drying Falcaria with an infrared dryer with the help of ultrasound pre-treatment on drying kinetics, color changes, reabsorption of moisture, and thermodynamic properties. Falcaria leaves were dried in an infrared dryer at three temperatures of 40, 45, and 50 C and three ultrasonic pre-treatment times of zero, 5, and 10 minutes until reaching a moisture content of 10% wet based. The results showed that increasing the temperature and duration of ultrasound pre-treatment increases the drying rate. The effective moisture diffusion coefficient for Falcaria in all samples has a direct relationship with the ultrasonic pre-treatment and temperature. Hence, the effective moisture diffusivity increased with the increase in temperature and ultrasonic pre-treatment. The activation energy during drying is reduced with the increased duration of ultrasound pre-treatment. The changes in color and brown index of Falcaria leaves increased with increasing temperature and decreasing duration of ultrasound pre-treatment, while the amount of chroma decreased. Enthalpy and entropy decreased with increasing drying temperature and ultrasound pre-treatment time, while Gibbs free energy enhanced.

Respiratory pathogenic beta-hemolytic streptococci in horses, including Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, the causative agent of strangles disease, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is an important cause of respiratory disease and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis has been isolated from nasal swabs taken from horses with a history of respiratory disease.

The present study aimed to determine the frequency and risk factors of respiratory tract infections originating from beta-hemolytic streptococci in the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, and Ardabil.

During this study, 121 horses with clinical respiratory symptoms were sampled. After performing clinical examinations and recording clinical signs in special worksheets, sampling of the upper part of the respiratory tract was performed using nasopharyngeal swabs. The samples were sent to the laboratory in a standard transfer medium with cold chain.

In this study, out of 121 samples collected from horse breeding clubs from 10 different regions of northwestern Iran, 51 were negative for beta-hemolytic streptococci while the results were positive for the other 70 samples (P<0.001). Regarding the positive samples for beta-hemolytic streptococci, the results of differential cultures were as follows: eight cases of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, 57 cases of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, and five cases of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. There was no significant relationship between the frequency of beta-hemolytic infections with variables of gender, race, and geographical area (P>0.05). Meanwhile, the statistical test showed a significant relationship between the frequency of infection with these bacteria and the variable of clinical symptoms (P<0.001). Moreover, the frequency of beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections was significantly associated with age (P<0.05).

The results herein suggested that the bacterial cause of the majority of respiratory infections in infected and sampled horses in the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, and Ardabil at the time of sampling was Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and that this organism is a potential pathogen for respiratory diseases in horses in these provinces.

Strangles is a prevalent infectious and contagious disease among Equidae that is caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. The present study was performed on patient and healthy horses to evaluate serum levels of vitamin C (vitamin C), vitamin E (vitamin E), selenium (Sel) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Clinical signs and bacterial culture confirmed sixty patient horses. To separate the serum, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of the studied horses. Blood samples were also taken from 52 healthy horses with similar conditions (age, diet, etc.). Serum levels of Vit E, Vit C, Se and serum’s activity of GPx were measured in samples taken from healthy and patient horses. The mean serum concentration of vitamin E, selenium and serum glutathione peroxidase activity in patient horses were significantly reduced. A significant increase in the patient's hemoglobin concentration was observed. The study of the relationship between serum selenium and antioxidants (serum glutathione peroxidase activity, vitamin E and hemoglobin) showed that increasing serum selenium also increased the antioxidants studied. Serum antioxidant markers were significant in patient horses in all three cases. The final outcome is that in horses which infected to strangles antioxidants like selenium, glutathione peroxidase and vitamin E reduced and these antioxidant intakes for dealing with them this issue should be considered in treating these patients.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that has spread worldwide. The primary origin of infection is rodents and wild animals that excrete Leptospira in their urine. This study was performed on 200 sheep in Meshginshahr to determine the serum prevalence of Leptospira infection. Serums were analyzed at a dilution of 1:50 and above on six Leptospira interrogans serovars, including Pomona, Conicola, Hardjo, Icterohemorrhagica, Australis, and Grippotyphosa and by using microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Among 200 samples, 22 samples were positive (11%), and 178 samples were negative (89%); There was a significant difference between positive and negative cases (P < 0.05). The most common strains were Icterohemorrhagica, and the lowest strains were Conicola and Pomona, and the Australis strain was not observed. There were five positive samples (13.51%) in the age group of 1.5 to 2 years old, ten positive samples (10.75%) in the age group of 2 to 4 years old, and seven positive samples (11.62%) in the age group of 4 to 6 years old. Also, a positive sample was not observed among the over six years old. One hundred fifty samples were related to ewe, and 50 samples were related to ram, that were positive 20 samples of ewe (13.33%) and two samples of ram (4%), there was a significant difference between different sexes in serum infection with Leptospira. The final result is that Leptospira infection is present in sheep in Meshginshahr city, and preventive measures should be taken to prevent its further spread.

Strangles is a prevalent infectious and contagious disease among Equidae that is caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. For this purpose, the present study was performed on 184 horses to investigate the frequency of carriers in the population of horses in Tabriz. Blood samples were taken to determine the presence of anti-SeM antibody of Streptococcus equi in the horse's serum in Tabriz. This study is conducted on 184 horses that were studied in terms of carrying S. equi and its frequency among the horse population kept in equestrian clubs in around of Tabriz. The serum samples were collected from different parts of equestrian clubs and were assayed using an iELISA test for anti-SeM antibody in Streptococcus equi. The relative frequency of carriers was 53.3% in stallions and 24.5% in mares (p < 0.001). The seroprevalence of carriers was 95% in horses with a record of respiratory disease, and 39.6% in horses without the history of respiratory disease (p < 0.001). The seroprevalence of carriers was 68.2% in Kurd breed horses, 37.1% in the Arabian breed, 64% in Crossbreed, and 80% in the Thoroughbred breed (p < 0.05). Any significant relation was not found between carriers and age (p>0.05). The results of Chi-squared test showed that the most positive results were observed in Arpadresi area of Tabriz city (p < 0.001). The present investigation is the first study in the city, and the results show the lack of proper hygiene and the existence of stable carriers at the level of equestrian clubs.

Milk is considered to be a perfect food for humans, but combined cheating and lack of it’s fast  recognition by existing machines, causes the dairy industry has been challenged. In this regard,  alternating current electrical conductivity is used to detect some of the properties of milk, but direct current is not permitted due to disadvantages such as electrode polarization and milk hydrolysis. In this research, a device have be made that work based on the electrical resistance of the milk. In this device, by passing a direct current through the milk, The suspended ionic material is absorbed at the electrode surface and causes the dilution of the milk. The value of the electrode current density at resistances of 1.48, 1.85, 2.5, 3.7 and 7.4 k𝛀 with two aluminum and steel electrodes at temperatures of 17.2, 20.7 and 23.7 degrees Celsius, at intervals The electrodes 1, 2 and 3 cm were measured in volumes of 15, 30 and 45 cc for two minutes, and the effective factors in designing the device to reduce the effects of double  disadvantages were optimized geometrically. The results show that the device with the steel electrode and cell coefficient of 0.33 cm-1 can optimally measure the quality of 45 cc milk at 25 oc. the current density of the steel electrode is lower than that of the aluminum electrode and increases with decreasing circuit control resistance, and for reducing the polarization of the electrodes and the rate of hydrolysis, with a resistance of 3.2 k𝛀, and a constant cell coefficient with a minimum oscillation, it’s optimum value was obtained 1.5 mA And the temperature, volume of the milk and the distance of the electrodes did not affect it’s value.

Retinol or vitamin A is an essential fat-soluble vitamin. Because of the particular role of vitamin A in different tissues and organs, various clinical signs are seen during its deficiency. In addition, in cases of marginal deficiency without clinical signs performance defects, such as infertility are seen. This study was conducted to determine the serumic amounts of beta-carotene and vitamin A of sheep in Khalkhal city. During the summer of 2018; 200 blood samples (100 males and 100 females) were collected from jugular veins of sheep. Spectrophotometry was used for determination of vitamin A and β-carotene levels. The mean±SEM concentration of β-carotene and vitamin A of serum in the open breeding system were 19/5±9/3 (µg/dl) and 57/6±13/1 (µg/dl) respectively, and also in the closed breeding system these values were 19/2±9/6 (µg/dl) and 26/9±7/9 (µg/dl) respectively. The difference between vitamin A in the two groups was significant (p < /em>=0.000), but beta-carotene was not. There was no significant difference in levels of vitamin A and beta-carotene of serum in the four age groups and between the two sexes. In conclusion, the role of age, sex and nutrition in the serumic amounts of these compounds is significantly varied and laboratory results should be interpreted more cautiously.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with global distribution, the main source is rodents and wild animals that excrete leptospira in their urine. This study was conducted on 167 horses to determine the serologic prevalence of leptospiral infection in Kurdistan Province, Iran.  Sera were examined at 1:100 dilution using six live serovars of Leptospira interrogans, including Pomona, Canicola, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, and Grippotyphosa, through microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The significance of the obtained results was examined in the SPSS24 software by different tests, including T-test and ANOVA.  Of 167 samples, there were 16 (9.6%) positive and 151 (90.4%) negative samples with significant differences (P < 0.05). Icterohaemorrhagiae was the most abundant strain, and Grippotyphosa and Australis had the least numbers. Hardjo and Pomona were not observed here. The grouping was based on population and determined by dental pattern. Age groups of < 2 years, 2-4 years, and 4-6 years presented one (2.94%), seven (10.60%), and eight (18.6%) positive samples. No positive samples were found in samples aged over six years, with no significant differences among the age groups. Of 91 mares and 76 stallions, 12 (13.18%) mares, and 4 (5.26%) stallions were positive. The sexes were not significantly different in terms of serologic leptospiral infection. Of 16 positive samples, Kurdish, Arab, and hybrid races comprised seven (43.8%), five (31.3%), and four (25%) of the horses, respectively. Significant differences were observed among the genera and races of the horses infected with different Leptospira serovars (P < 0.05). It can, therefore, be concluded that serologic infection with different Leptospira serovars is found in the horses studied in Kurdistan Province, which necessitates preventive measures against its further prevalence.

The use of thermo-compressors to increase the steam enthalpy in agricultural processing plants can improve productivity by upgrading the mechanization and also increase the value added of the final product. The simple construction, low cost, and simple mounting were enhanced using this equipment in relevant fields of industry and agriculture-mechanization. In this study, the various levels of motive steam pressure effect on the performance, vorticity development, and turbulent kinetic energy were investigated. Performance curves for various inlet flows were extracted and evaluated. Regarding the high potential of vorticity creation in the nozzle outlet, the suction section, and the wall vicinity were evaluated. In the following, the turbulent kinetic energy contours in the various motive pressures were assessed. Also, pressure and temperature diagrams along the longitudinal line of the thermo-compressor were presented to illustrate the increase in enthalpy. Finally, considering the results of the performance curve, turbulent energy contours, and vectors evaluation, P=15 bars present the best performance between the evaluated motive steams.

Evaluation of dietary and medication adherence in the patients undergoing dialysis is a necessity, and laboratory index is the most objective method for measuring adherence to treatment in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of educational interventionsbased on collaborative care model on the level of laboratory indicators in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

In this clinical trial study, 66 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis were selected initially based on the inclusion criteria and easy sampling and then they were assigned into intervention and control groups base on random allocation rule. The intervention group received educational content in eight sessions based on four stages of participatory care model (motivation, preparation, engagement, and evaluation) then the interventions were implemented in intervention group. The data collection tools were a demographic questionnaire and also a checklist of laboratory index which were completed at baseline and three months after intervention in both groups. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using independent t-test, chi-square, and Fisher's exact test.

Mean and standard deviation of calcium index after intervention were 9±1/765 and 8/16 ±/893 in intervention and control groups, respectively. The results of the independent t-test showed a significant difference between two groups (p = 0.001). Phosporous index after intervention in intervention and control group were 4/31±/52 and 5/83±3/37, respectively, therefore independent t-test was significant between two groups (p = 0.015). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with regard to mean of potassium and BUN index.

The level of laboratory index in the patients undergoing hemodialysis after intervention based on the participatory model has shown improvement in adherence to treatment in these patients, which should be considered in the process of educational and supportive care in these patients.

Judicial officers are part of the criminal justice system's task force, whose task is to carry out one of the most important stages of a criminal investigation which is the discovery of a crime. Given the change in the Code of Criminal Procedure in this area, it is necessary to consider the role of the judicial authorities in the new law. The purpose of the present study is to show the effectiveness of the judiciary report in judges' decisions. The present study is cross-sectional in terms of time; it is practical and quantitative in terms of the results, nature, and process of the research. The statistical population of this study consisted of judges and chiefs of courts and prosecution offices, specialized police chiefs and their executive circles, chiefs of police and their districts in Bojnourd in the year 2018, out of them 50 people were selected through stratified random sampling. According to the findings of the research, it was observed that the justice clerks were only determined by law and that the trained and qualified individuals had to be selected as the judicial bailiffs and the results were presented in the form of 7 approaches.

This study aims to examine serumic indices of renal function in horses suffering from piroplasmosis and to compare them with healthy animals. Based on clinical signs and laboratory findings, 17 horses (14 males and 3 females) were diagnosed with piroplasmosis in horse ranches of the suburb of Tabriz city. After taking the history of these animals, blood sample was taken from the jugular vein and serum was separated. Also, 16 healthy horses (13 males and 3 females) were sampled as a healthy group with the same age, feeding and managerial conditions. Renal function was evaluated based on serumic level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), total protein (Pr), albumin (Alb), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). Mean serumic level of total protein and albumin had an insignificant increase in horses suffering from piroplasmosis, but increment of mean serumic level of creatinine and BUN was significant in the diseased group (p=0.000 and p=0.001, respectively). Serum variations of sodium and potassium were not significant between the two groups. The difference between mean serum parameters in diseased group was significant between the two sexes only in respect to total protein and albumin (p=0.001 and p=0.012, respectively). In healthy group, age did not have any effect on serum variations of measured parameters, but in the diseased group, mean serum total protein increased with increase in age (p=0.033). The results of this study indicated that renal function is affected in horses suffering from piroplasmosis and improvement of renal function using fluid therapy should be considered in the treatment of this disease.

Objective- Tendon healing, in terms of histologic and functional characteristics, is always inferior to its normal level due to the poor vascularity and low metabolic rate. Curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and healing effects. This study aimed to investigate effects of curcumin on Achilles tendon experimental injury using histopathology, biomechanical and functional evaluations
Design- Experimental study
Procedures- Twenty four adult male rats were divided into control and treatment groups. After aseptic preparation, complete transverse tenotomy through the middle section of right Achilles tendon, followed by modified Kessler suture placement was performed. Normal saline and curcumin (100 mg kg-1) were administered orally for seven days after surgery in control and treatment groups, respectively. Sampling was done six weeks later.
Results- Lower peri-tendinous adhesion was found in the treatment group. Histopathology revealed significant increase in density and arrangement of collagen fibers, decrease in fibroblast and inflammatory cells and lower vascularity in treatment group compared to control groups which indicates earlier maturation of granulation tissue by curcumin. Significant increase in maximum load, yield load, stress and absorbed energy in the treatment group were noted by biomechanical analysis. Improved functionality was also found in the treatment group according to hind paw print analysis.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- The present study indicated that oral administration of curcumin resulted in improved structural, biomechanical properties and functionality of the Achilles tendon in rats.

Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis is an untreatable infectious disease of ruminants with a global distribution caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). The disease is commonly spread by fecal-oral contamination of calves. Persistent diarrhea, weight loss and decrease in milk production are the most important signs in acute form of the disease and these signs are usually seen in cattle with over 2 years of age due to prolonged incubation period. The aim of the present study was to investigate the rate of infection to Johne’s disease by detecting antibody titers against MAP using the absorptive ELISA method. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 738 randomly selected milking cattle of Moghan agro-business and animal husbandry complex and their sera were investigated using commercially available specific kit (ID.vet, Paras Company, Mont Pellie, France). The results indicated that 58 cattle had antibody titers against MAP with S/P percentage over 60% (infection rate of 7.86%) of which 25 cattle were positive (with S/P percentage over 70%) and 33 were suspicious (with S/P percentage between 60-70%). Because Johne’s disease is manifested as a subclinical disease and infected cattle seem to be apparently healthy, bacteria are shed through faeces and body secretions causing infection of the rest of the herd. This study demonstrated that the rate of infection to Johne’s disease in Iran is much higher compared to most other developed countries necessitating performing periodic herd screening tests and testing recently introduced animals alongside other preventive measures.

Knee osteoarthritis is the most common articular cartilage disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of massage therapy and aromatherapy (Lavender essential oil) on fatigue in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
In this clinical trial, 93 patients referred to the Imam Ali Clinic in Shahrekord, Iran, were included. The patients were randomly assigned to 3 equal groups of massage therapy, aromatherapy (Lavender essential oil), and control by blocked randomization. Data were collected using demographic characteristics questionnaire and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). Fatigue scores in the three groups were determined before intervention and in the 5th and 10th sessions after intervention.
No significant differences in demographic characteristics were observed between the groups. There was a significant reduction in fatigue score in the aromatherapy group when compared to the control group (P Since knee osteoarthritis has no definite treatment, aromatherapy can lead to improving fatigue in patients with the disease.

Since the elderly population is increasing rapidly in developing countries which may decrease the physical activity and exercise and in turn could affect the elderly’s quality of life, this study aimed to investigate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on the elderly’s quality of life in Iran. In a randomized clinical trial, participants were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. For the intervention group, muscular progressive relaxation was run three days per week for three months (totally 36 sessions). In relaxation, a patient contract a group of his/her muscles in each step and relaxes them after five seconds and finally loosens all muscles and takes five deep breaths. Each session lasts for 45 minutes. The instrument of data gathering consisted of questionnaires on individual’s demographic data and quality of life SF-36. After intervention, quality of life increased significantly in the patients undergoing muscular progressive relaxation and fatigue severity decreased significantly in the intervention group compared to prior to intervention. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in mean score of physical performance, restricted activity after physical problem, energy, socially function, physical pain, overall hygiene, and quality of life between intervention and control groups. By implementing regular and continuous progressive muscle relaxation, quality of life could be increased in different dimensions in the elderly and the context could be provided to age healthily and enjoy higher health and autonomy. Therefore, all of the therapeutic staffs are recommended to implement this plan to promote the elderly’s quality of life.

Hepatitis is a chronic disease which greatly impacts patients’ lives. Since patients with chronic hepatitis have special care needs, they experience many challenges. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore self-care in patients with chronic hepatitis.
This qualitative study was conducted through directed content analysis method among patients with chronic hepatitis in 2013 at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The study participants were selected through purposive sampling and data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was used to extract data from verbatim transcripts of the participants’ interviews.
In this study, the 4 themes of requirements in the matrix of time and place, self-care agency, the need for change in self-care, and disease outcome were extracted.
The results of this study showed that patients with hepatitis have specific vital, basic, sexual, physical, economical, and psychological-behavioral needs, and need for respect and belonging. These needs had a negative impact on self-care in patients with hepatitis.

To assess the effects of platelet rich plasma (PRP) with chitosan biodegradable film on full thickness wound healing in rat. This was an experimental study being performed in 2015 during a 4-month period. Twenty-four male white Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 12 rats each, randomly: Control group (SHAM) with creation of wounds and no treatment, PRP group with creation of wounds and application of one milliliter PRP, Chitosan group (CHIT) with dressing the wound with chitosan and CHIT/PRP group with application of one mL PRP and dressing the wound with chitosan. The wounds were created by cutting healthy skin. Wound size was measured on 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 post surgery and was compared between groups. Reduction in wound area, hydroxyproline contents and biomechanical parameters indicated there was significant difference (p=0.001) between group CHIT/PRP and other groups. Biomechanical testing was performed on day 9 post surgery in incisional model. Quantitative histological studies and mean rank of the qualitative studies demonstrated that there was significant difference (p<0.001) between group CHIT/PRP and other groups. PRP with chitosan have beneficial effects on wounds repair and could be suggested for treating various types of wounds in animals and human being.

This study was conducted for evaluation of sialic acid concentration in serum of 19 foals with Rhodococcosis and compared with 18 normal foals in horse stables in Tabriz area in Iran. Sick foals were detected using clinical and laboratory (culture of nasal discharge) findings. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein in all foals and serum was separated. Sialic acid (serum total sialic acid, lipid-bound sialic acid and protein-bound sialic acid) concentrations in the serum were measured in all samples. Increasing of total sialic acid, lipid-bound sialic acid and protein-bound sialic acid in the sick group was significant (p=0.000, p=0.012 and p=0.001, respectively). In the normal group, the correlation between serumic parameters was not significant. In the sick group, the correlation between total sialic acid and protein-bound sialic acid was not significant (r=0.095) but there was a significant correlation between total sialic acid and lipid-bound sialic acid (r=0.842). The correlation between lipid-bound and protein-bound sialic acid was also insignificant (r=0.196). The results obtained revealed that Rhodococcosis increases the serumic concentration of sialic acid and there is a correlation between increases in serumic concentration of various parameters.

Political issues have assumed media quality in recent decades under the influence of the emerged intellectual turns. The media have turned into the most important ground for semantic representation and dispute in the political environment. Media representation and meaningbuilding are not inherent and natural affairs, but rather are based on discourse structures which hint at power relations. In this paper, influenced by “cultural studies” approach and by taking advantage of the theories of Stuart Hall’s “Representation” and Gramsci’s “Hegemony” theories, the mechanism of media representations of national identity and its political dimensions in TV historical series have been examined. For this purpose, a random five television series of “historical” genre, which have been aired in recent decades on different IRIB channels were examined and analyzed. The results show that political power is a determining element in media representation and being influenced by the resolve of such a power which has been manifested in the dominant political discourse, representation of national identity and its political dimensions have gained an ideological characteristic in TV series. The dominant political discourse has created a process in TV programs through civil hegemony in the media that has resulted in ideological representation of national identity and its political dimensions.

Hypokalemia in sheep causes cardiac arrhythmia and electrocardiographic changes such as changing the shape of QRS,complex and T wave and the distance between waves. In this study, 20 rams with the age of 12-15 months were divided into two groups. Electrocardiography was used to check the heart rhythm. After recording ECG and sampling, in order to create hypokalemia Isoflupredon acetat at a dose of 4mg was used intramuscularly in oll 10 treatment. All P waves in the control and the experimental group was recorded as positive and their monophasic or diphasic state was also studied. Between days 0 to 4, 30 cases of monophasic and 20 cases of diphasic P wave was recorded is the control group. In the treatment group, these figures were 21 and 29 cases respectively.
Different shapes of QRS waves were seen  in both treatment groups .In the control group they were recorded as QRS in 10 cases, qrs in 15 cases and qRs in 25 cases with in the treatment  group it was QRS in 31 cases, Qrs in 1 case, qrs in 4 cases and qRs in 14 cases. By examining the ECG in the control group on days zero to 4th day, sinus arrhythmia and atrioventricular block was observed in 7 and 2 cases respectively and in the treatment group sinus arrhythmia, atrioventricular block, atrial premature contraction and sinus tachycardia was recorded in 14, 12, 3 and 5 cases respectively. The results indicated that various arrhythmias can be observed due to hypokalemia. As physiologic arrhythmias can lead to pathologic arrhythmias, the animals should be treated with anti-arrhythmia drugs.

This study was conducted for evaluation of urinary and gastrointestinal disorders in foals with Rhodococcosis and the effect of treatment with azithromycin plus rifampin on these disorders. The study was performed on 17 foals with Rhodococcosis (2-5 months old) and 18 normal foals as control in horse stablesaroundTabriz area, Iran. Sick foals were detected with clinical and laboratory (culture of nasal discharge) findings.  Blood samples C20 ml were collected from the jugular vein in all foals and serum was separated. Sick foals were examined and the clinical function of urinary and gastrointestinal systems were recorded. Kidney function was evaluated with measurement of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), total protein (Pr), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) in the serum. The gastrointestinal function was evaluated by considering the presence of diarrhea, appetite and gastric ulcer (with endoscopy). Azithromycin plus rifampin was used orally once a day for 2 weeks in foals with Rhodococcosis. Blood Sampling was conducted at the end of treatment and the preview parameters were evaluated. In sick foals, the clinical findings were resolved but soft stool wasstillobserved in 13 cases. Gastric ulcer were higher in the sick group with most of them considered grade II in the nonglandular region of the stomach. BUN, Cr and P increased significantly after treatment in the sick group. Rhodococcosis increased total protein in the serum significantly but was corrected after treatment. In conclusion, both Rhodococcosis and its treatment using azithromycin plusurinaryand gastrointestinaldysfunction.

Leptospirosis is a world-wide zoonotic infection occurring in animals and humans. Rodents and wild animals are a major source of infection. Clinical signs in animals include fever, heamoglubinuria, jaundice, abortion, mastitis, reduced milk production, reproductive failure and death with periodic ophthalmia, abortion and stillbirths being among its important signs in horses. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors for the prevalence of leptospiral infection in horses of Gonbad area. This study was conducted on 200 horses in Gonbad area in Iran in order to determine seroprevalence of leptospiral infection. Sera were initially screened at dilution of 1:100 against 7 live serovars of Leptospira interrogans: Pomona, Canicola, Hardjo, Ballom, Icterohaemorrhagiae, AutomenalisandGrippotyphosausing themicroscopic agglutination test. The prevalence of leptospiral infection was 12% in horses. The majority of these infections were seen in horses that live in marsh and semi-marsh conditions and they accounted for 89% of positive samples. The highest number of reactors in horses (58.34%) wasdue toserovarCanicola and 33.34% of positive samples were seen in horses with many rodents living in their environment.66.67% of positive samples were seen in horses that were kept In moist and semi moist stables. The highest number of positive samples were seen in 3 to 6 years old animals, in other words prevalence of this disease is raised with increase of age. So according to the results, increasing age, living in marsh environment, moist stable presence of infected dogs and rodents, in environment are some of risks factors for prevalence of leptospiral infection