ali hassanzade

In the present article we try to examine the relationship between Plato's theory of Ideas and his political and ethical thoughts. First, we present an outline of the genesis of theory of Ideas in "Meno", "Phaedo", and "Republic". Then, we go on to examine Plato's political and ethical thoughts in "Apology", "Protagoras", "Gorgias" and again "Republic". The study results in the conclusion that Plato's "cave allegory" is the climax of both his theory of Ideas and his politico-ethical thoughts. A close reading of "cave allegory" and comparing of its main ideas with the crucial problems of "Protagoras" and "Gorgias" reveals the politico-ethical character of theory of Ideas. Contrary to the sophists who think they are the locus of Truth, Socrates only keeps open the abyss of truth and makes the student turn around it. In "The Symposium", Alcibiades calls this "madness of philosophy". At the end, we try to provide a possible answer to Nietzsche's and Popper's reproaches to Plato and show that there may be a possible immanent reading of Plato's theory of Ideas.

Kant’s Dreams of a Spirit-Seer Explained by Dreams of Metaphysics is one of the significant works from Immanuel Kant’s so-called "pre-Critical" period, published in 1766, fifteen years before the Critique of Pure Reason. In this essay, Kant examines and critiques the claims of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Swedish scholar and mystic, regarding access to a transcendent, supersensible world. The question of this paper is whether Kant’s critique of Swedenborg’s claims was influenced by Hume. If so, which fundamental concepts in the essay Dreams reflect this influence? In the present paper, we read Dreams in light of Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, a work that Kant is believed to have studied before writing Dreams. Through an analysis of both works, we ultimately conclude that some of Kant’s most important positions in Dreams, including his critique of metaphysics, his empirical interpretation of causality, and his understanding of metaphysics as "the science of the limits of human reason," were directly influenced by Hume.

In order to study the effects of nitrogen and boron elements on quantity and quality characteristics of karela (Momordicacharantia L.), a factorial experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in AgricultururalFaculty, Shahrood University of Technology. The treatments consisted of nitrogen as a first factorin in three levels(75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1,as urea) and foliar application of boron as a second factor in four levels (0, 1, 2 and 3 g L-1 boric acid). The results showed that the maximum amount of the phosphorus in fruit was obtained at the 75 kg ha-1. The results showed that foliar application of boron up to 2 g L-1 caused the greatest effect on the number of flowers per plant (96.46), number of perfect seeds per fruit (36.36), and reducing the number of hollow seed fruits (2.07) and increased the amount of nitrogen (11.10%) in the fruit tissue. The highest fruit yield per plant and seed thousand weight were obtained at the 150 kgha-1nitrogen and 2 gr/l foliar application of boron and the lowest of these traits were treated of 75 kg ha-1 and without application of bororn. Results showed that use of 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer plus 2 g L-1 of boric acid, had a greater effect on the fruit yield and concentration of mineral elements in karela fruit.

Research shows a positive relationship between self-directed learning (SDL) and reading comprehension. The present quasi-experimental study attempted to expand the scope of SDL by investigating its effect on the components of reading comprehension. Sixty high school students took the reading comprehension part of PET as the pretest and the posttest. Over 16 weeks, the experimental group, consisting of 30 students, underwent instruction in SDL. Data from the pretest was analyzed using an independent samples t test. Results [t(1.158 = 0.157, p > 0.87)] indicated that the 2 groups were homogeneous before the treatment. After the treatment, the data from the posttest were analyzed using a one-way between-groups MANOVA. Results between the 2 groups on the combined dependent variables [F(5,54) = 0.72), p =. 61], Wilk’s Lambda=. 93, and partial eta squared =.06 displayed no significant difference, and this may be due the fact that SDL is not compatible with Iran’s system of education.

The role of direct external investment in employment in the host country is twofold: first, with the enterance of multi-nationality corporations into the country, due to the high utility of these corporations, the damand for skilled labor forces in that country will increase. Second is the spillover effect. That is, compared to the local corporations, multi-nationality ones have higher benefits. Thus, trying to narrow the existing gap, the local corporations tend to compete the foreign factories. Achieving this which needs employing similar foreign technology and skilled labor force will lead to the spillover effect of foreign corporations on local ones. In this research, the spillover effect of direct foreign investment on factory industries was tested using factory industries data (segmented into two-digit groups ISIC) of the period 1997-2004 with the help of panel data combination method. Results showed that, in contrast with other industries, the spillover effect of direct foreign investment on oil-related industries will emerge in form of increase in demand for skilled labor forces.