ali issazadegan

The purpose of study was to investigate the direct and indirect effects of maladaptive narcissistic trait, hypercompetitiveness attitude, on body dysmorphic syndrome with the moderating role of behavioral activation / inhibition system among female secondary highschool student. The research method is descriptive correlational and the research population consisted of all female secondary high school students (N=2850) in Zarrinshahr in 2020. 355 participants were selected through cluster sampling. The participants answered the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16) (Raskin & Hall; 1979), Competitive Attitude Scale (CAS) (Ryckman et. Al., 1990), Behavioral Activation Inhibition System Scale (Carver & White, 1994) and Body Image Concern Questionnaire (BICI) (Littelton, Axome & Puri, 2005). The proposed model was evaluated using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The mediating variables’ effects was tested through bootstrapping. The evaluation of the hypothetical model of the research showed that the hypothetical model fits with the measurement model (CFI= 0.93, NFI= 0.90 and RMSEA= 0.06). Results showed that maladaptive narcissistic trait and hypocompetitiveness attitude through behavioral activation / inhibition system have a significant effect on body dysmorphic syndrome (p<0.01). Research findings supported the hypothetical model for body dysmorphic syndrome. So result demonstrated that behavioral activating system is a good mediator between maladaptive narcissism and hypercompetitiveness with body dysmorphic disorder among female secondary high school students. Pay attention to psychological needs of female secondary high school students with body dysmorphic syndrome and the awareness, trainings and interventions by those in charge of education and health can put them and the community on the path to health.

Transcranial direct electrical stimulation is a non-invasive neuromodulation stimulation technique with good tolerance and no side effects in the treatment and improvement of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, which effectively modulates cortical excitability. However, there is still no strong and sufficient evidence for the use of this treatment method in adolescents with obsessibe- compulsive disorder.

The present study was aimed at the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation on the Self-conscious Affections of Shame and Guilt and the disgust sensitivity of Adolescents with obsessibe- compulsive disorder.

In this research, the experimental method was used as a single case method with a continuous measurement design and different subjects. The statistical population of the present study included all teenagers suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder who were referred to Yas Counseling Center in Tabriz in 1400, and 4 of them were selected by purposive sampling and based on the protocol of Green et al (2020) they underwent ten sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation twice in a week for 20 minutes each time. Subjects in the baseline stages, the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, and one-month follow-up sessions with disgust sensitivity scale (Heidet, McCauley, and Rosin, 1994), guilt questionnaire (Kugler and Fons, 1992) and shame questionnaire (Cohen, Wolff, Penter and Insko, 2011) were evaluated. For data analysis, a visual drawing method, reliable change index, percentage of recovery, and percentage of non-overlapping data were used.

The results showed that transcranial direct electrical stimulation has a significant effect on reducing feelings of shame and guilt and disgust sensitivity in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (RCI≥1/96), and the therapeutic effects are maintained in the follow-up phase.

Adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder who were treated with transcranial direct electrical stimulation experienced less shame and guilt and less disgust sensitivity. It is recommended to use this method in the treatment of adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

One of the most important factors that have been considered in marital relationships is the sexual relations and sexual functions of couples such as sexual function and sexual self-expression, which if not properly realized can lead to many problems in married life and themselves. Show in the form of various marital problems (1). Among sexual issues, the term sexual fulfillment is defined as a psychosocial feeling defined by a person's personal interpretation of how his or her feelings are expressed in a marital relationship (4,5). In this regard, the study of Zarenejad et al. (1398) showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between low sexual fulfillment and sexual dissatisfaction (7).However, many factors affect sexual fulfillment, including the role of intimacy, violence, and attitudes toward sexuality (11). But one of the most important variables that plays a role in this is sexual self-expression, which is the ability to express feelings, beliefs, thoughts and rights in a logical way (12). In this regard, the results of the study of Westimer and Laporte (2018) indicated that the sexual function of couples is strongly influenced by sexual relations and their sexual expressions; Because sexual expression and dialogue of couples about sexual issues, sexual desires and preferences (14).There are few studies on sexual issues and sex education in men and many men feel ashamed and guilty of raising and talking about their sexual issues and problems, so their problems in the form of anxiety, depression, They show sleep disorders or problems and diseases of the genital tract. In addition, many men are unaware of its effect on marital dissatisfaction as well as dissatisfaction with their lives (15). Therefore, providing sexual interventions and training is very important due to awareness, education and treatment.

The research method of the present study, according to its subject, was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The sample of the present study included 40 people from the statistical population (90 people) who were selected based on the available sampling method and taking into account the entry and exit criteria. And were randomly divided into 2 groups of intervention based on sexual intelligence (n = 20) and control group (n = 20). Then, they completed the Halbert Sexual Achievement Index (HISD) and Apt (1992) questionnaires and the Snell et al. (1988) Spouse Sexual Self-Expression Scale before, immediately after, and one month later. Admission criteria were: completing the consent form to participate in the training program, not having psychological problems, minimum diploma literacy to answer the questionnaires and exit criteria were: having psychological problems, taking psychiatric drugs and Refusal to participate in the training program.

The results of statistical analysis in the present study showed that in the variables of sexual fulfillment (P = 0.006, P = 0.001) and sexual self-expression (F = 211.510, P = 0.001) between three different stages of measurement There is a significant difference.The results of Bonferroni test also showed that the difference between the scores of the variables in the pre-test and post-test stages as well as the pre-test and follow-up stages was significant (P <0.01), while the difference between the post-test and follow-up stages was significant. Not significant (P> 0.01). This finding means that sexual intelligence intervention training not only increased male sexual fulfillment and sexual self-expression in the experimental group, but also had a lasting effect in the follow-up phase. As a result, the research hypothesis that sexual intelligence intervention training has an effect on sexual fulfillment and sexual self-expression of couples (men) was confirmed.

The results of the present study showed that education based on sexual intelligence is effective on sexual fulfillment and sexual self-expression of male couples. In this regard, the results of Martha et al. (2011) showed that the provision of sex education had a significant effect on the promotion of healthy sexual behaviors in married students (20). In explaining these findings, it can be said that sexual intelligence is a set of internal resources that allows a person to relax, be present in the moment, communicate, react to arousal in different situations, create a physical and emotional bond with a sexual partner and has a component. Information and awareness are emotional, sensory and verbal skills, body awareness and cognition, and comfort and satisfaction (17). In fact, by training sexual intelligence, people become more assertive in expressing their emotions. In this regard, Reed and Saunders (2020) report that people with self-expression skills are not shy and can express their feelings clearly, directly and without violence, aggression and insults. It is very difficult for some people to express emotions, especially love. This is while self-expression is highly correlated with love, affection, attention, trust and understanding. Thus, lack of sexual arousal causes a sexual problem to persist for a long time; Because it will not be resolved until the issue is discussed and may lead to sexual dissatisfaction (29).Therefore, it can be said that sexual intelligence training by increasing the correct information from reliable sources, increasing awareness about knowing your body, increasing sexual self-awareness of your sexual personality, makes people develop emotional skills and the ability to communicate honestly and effectively. Mind, consciously regulate their emotions and even increase sexual conversations with their sexual partner (5). In these trainings for couples, it was repeatedly emphasized that "increasing communication" and "friendship" are the key aspects of sexual intelligence. Thus, sex education leads people to feel more empowered in their sexual fulfillment and on the other hand to show a lot of sexual self-expression (19).

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of mind-wandering in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs with psychological distress in students. The present study is basic research in terms of purpose and a correlational study in terms of method. The statistical population of the present study was all the students of the Azad University of Tehran Central Branch from four faculties (Psychology and Educational Sciences, Arts, Political Sciences, and Management) in 1401, of which 200 people were selected through random-cluster sampling. Research questionnaires included: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10, Kessler & et al, 2002), Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ, Wells, & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), and the Mind Wandering Scale (MWS, Carriere & et al, 2013). Path analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of the path analysis indicated that the model fit in well. The findings showed that metacognitive beliefs and mind-wandering were directly related to psychological distress (p<0.001). Also, the components of metacognitive beliefs were able to predict psychological distress in students indirectly through mind-wandering (p<0.001). It can be concluded that mind-wandering plays a mediating role between metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress in students, and it is necessary to pay attention to these factors in interaction with each other in programs to improve students' mental health.

Emotional processing and destructive lifestyle are among the components that impact drug abuse; However, interventions for improving the emotional processing and lifestyle of addicts have received less consideration. Therefore, considering the mechanism of the impact of compassion-based therapy and its effectiveness on the component's risk of recurrence, might this intervention be effective on the lifestyle and emotional processing of addicts?

The aim of the present study was to the effectiveness of compassion therapy intervention on the lifestyle and emotional processing of addicts in the non-drug rehabilitation phase.

The quasi-experimental research design was pretest-posttest and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population of this study included all addicts who had received a diagnosis of opioid dependence in 2021 at addiction treatment clinics in Urmia. The sample size consisted of 30 Subjects of adolescents (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The statistical population was selected by the available sampling method and placed in two groups. The compassion therapy intervention was implemented for the experimental group, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instruments included the Lifestyle Scale (Lali et al., 2012) and the Emotional Processing Scale (Backer et al., 2007). Finally, Data were analyzed using the Repeated Measures ANOVA.

The results showed that compassion therapy intervention had a significant effect on lifestyle components and emotional processing (P< 0.001). So that the scores of physical health, exercise and fitness, weight control and nutrition, disease prevention, psychological health, spiritual health, social health, drug avoidance, accident prevention, and environmental health increase, and scores of suppression, Lack of emotional experience, symptoms of lack of emotional processing, lack of emotion regulation and avoidance had a significant decrease in the post-test phase and the change in scores in the follow-up phase was stable.

According to the results, it might be concluded that compassion therapy intervention improves lifestyle (Physical and psychological health, daily activities, and diet) and emotional processing (Management and processing of emotional information) in addicts in the non-drug rehabilitation phase.

Today, the occurrence of emotional failure in people can lead to dysfunction in various areas. Therefore, this research considered the role of emotional schemas in predicting love trauma syndrome in people with emotional failure. The research method was descriptive-post-event and used the correlation (regression) method. At first, the emotional schemas questionnaires and love trauma syndrome were modified online, and then through links were sent to emotional failure people in the age of 18to38 years in a purposeful method in 2020-2021 in Isfahan city. Then, 89 people were grouped into three levels, data were analyzed, using diagnostic analysis method, and their scores in love trauma syndrome indicators as criterion variables and their scores in emotional schemas as predictor variables. The findings indicated the achievement of two diagnostic functions that only one diagnostic function was able to significantly explain the variance of the formed groups with the appropriate eigenvalues. Among the constructs of emotional schemas; uncontrollability, simplistic view of emotion, and feeling of shame/guilt, respectively, had the highest structural coefficient. The results of this research showed that people who experienced emotional failure have more emotional schemas, which hinders the resolution of the emotional failure experience

The present research aimed to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness-based relapse prevention intervention on craving and emotional processing in substance-dependent individuals in the non-pharmacological rehabilitation phase.

The current research was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included all substance-dependent men in addiction treatment clinics in the city of Urmia in 2020. Among them, 30 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The participants of both groups completed the craving scale-short form and the emotional processing scale in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The experimental group underwent mindfulness-based relapse prevention intervention in eight 60-minute sessions, and the control group did not receive any training during the treatment. The data were analyzed by the repeated-measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that the mindfulness-based relapse prevention intervention had a significant effect on reducing craving and emotional processing, and this effectiveness also remained stable in the two-month follow-up period.

Findings of this study provide useful information concerning mindfulness-based relapse prevention intervention and counselors and psychologists can use this intervention to improve craving and emotional processing in substance-dependent individuals in the non-pharmacological rehabilitation phase.

Psychological research and real-life reports indicate that one of the pervasive issues in today's society is the occurrence of emotional failure. This issue can lead to dysfunction of people and affect their mental health. A more in-depth investigation of this issue requires conducting research that has not been the focus of researchers in this field in current studies.

Considering the current research gap, this study seeks to examine the role of the quality of interpersonal relationships and communication beliefs in predicting the occurrence of love shock syndrome caused by emotional failure.

This research is a descriptive-post event study that was performed using the regression method. For this purpose, first, the quality of interpersonal relationships questionnaires (Pierce, & etal, 1991), communication beliefs (Aidelson & Epstein,1982), and love trauma syndrome (Ross,1999) were created online and then through links for people with experience of emotional failure in the age 18to38 years was sent in a targeted manner in Isfahan city. After reviewing the data,89 individuals were included in the analysis. People according to the scores in the Love Trauma Syndrome Questionnaire in three groups (less than9; no emotional failure (A), between 9 to 19; emotional failure with the ability to heal spontaneously (B) and 20 and above; people with emotional failure need therapeutic intervention (C), and their scores on love trauma indicators as property variables and their scores on quality, interpersonal relationships and communication beliefs were considered as predictor variables of group membership by diagnostic analysis method.

The results indicate the achievement of two diagnostic functions that the first diagnostic function significantly was able to the variance of the groups(P<0.05). Among these, the structures of gender differences, interpersonal conflict with friends, and the depth of interpersonal relationships with friends, Respectively, they had the highest structural coefficient in predicting the incidence of love trauma syndrome in people who experienced emotional failure.

The results of this study showed that people with the experience of emotional failure and love trauma syndrome have a lower quality of interpersonal relationships (higher conflict and lower interpersonal relationships with friends) and have more communication beliefs (gender differences). Based on the obtained results, effective relationship training is recommended to the general population by experts in the field of mental health.

Latest neuro-cognitive frameworks claimed that working memory and cognitive flexibility as the main feature of executive functions (EF), were affected by worry and intolerance of uncertainty. Considering that the role of cognitive functions in understanding and treating emotional disorders has received less attention of researchers, it seems to be a major research gap to focus on these novel aspects.

The purpose of this study was to compare the working memory and cognitive flexibility in individuals with high/low levels of worry and intolerance of uncertainty.

The method of this study was causal-comparative. A sample of 500 individuals were chosen availably and were screened with Pen-state worry questionnaire (PSWQ) (Meyer et al, 1990) and intolerance of uncertainty scale (IUS) (Freeston et al, 1994) and 50 individuals were selected by targeted sampling in high levels of worry and intolerance of uncertainty, as well as 50 other individuals in low levels. Finally, they undertook computerized Stroop (Ridely, 1935) and N-Back tests (Kirchner, 1958).

The multivariate analysis of variance results, indicated a significant difference between working memory with F=417/49 and cognitive flexibility with F= 30/27) P= 0.001(.

The findings revealed that working memory and cognitive flexibility in individuals with high levels of worry and intolerance of uncertainty had a significant drop. Therefore, further considerations on this issue can be effective in treatment plans.

The research has shown that the psychological distress is an important risk factor in pathogenesis of the functional dyspepsia. It severely affects the quality of patients’ life regarding psychological processes in the field of pain and visceral stimuli. However, there is a lack of structural models among the literature for predicting the quality of life based on psychological distress considering the effect of mediating roles of pain self-efficacy, visceral sensitivity, pain-related mental imagery, and pain catastrophizing.

The purpose of this study is investigating the relationship between the psychological distress and the quality of life in functional dyspepsia considering the effect of the mediating roles of pain self-efficacy, visceral sensitivity, pain-related mental imagery, and pain catastrophizing.

The method used in this research is the model of “correlation of structural equation modeling”. The statistical population of the model consists of 363 patients with functional dyspepsia who referred to gastrointestinal clinics in Isfahan selected using the “convenience sampling method”. Nepean dyspepsia index (Talley et al., 1999), depression, anxiety and stress scale (Sahebi et al., 2005), chronic pain self-efficacy questionnaire (Besharat, 1387), short form -McGill pain questionnaire (Kachooei et al., 1394), visceral sensitivity index (Pourtavakoli et al., 1397) and pain catastrophizing scale (Sajjadian et al., 1391) are used to acquire data. The data are analyzed using the developed structural equation model and the smart-PLS software.

The results obtained by the developed model shows a strong overall fit (GOF= 0.857) and the general structure of the tested relationships is confirmed by the obtained data (NFI= 0.907 and SRMR= 0.056). All indirect coefficients in the model are considered as significant with t≥ 1.96 and p≤ 0.05. Also, all direct coefficients are significant excepts the direct effect between the quality of life and both the visceral sensitivity and the pain self-efficacy with t≥ 1.96 and p≤ 0.05.

The results of the present research demonstrate that the quality of life has significant relations to the psychological distress through pain self-efficacy, visceral sensitivity, pain-related mental imagery, and pain catastrophizing. The findings of this model help to understand the effect of psychological distress on the quality of life of patients with functional dyspepsia and considering these relationships can be of great importance in the etiology and treatment of patients.

Internet addiction is a behavioral disorder that has devastating effects on the lives of people with disabilities, especially female students. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between boarding school types, attachment styles and emotional processing with Internet addiction among female high school students in Urmia.

The research method of the present study was descriptive-correlation.The statistical population included all female eleventh grade high school students in Urmia in the academic year 2016-2017.375 people were selected by cluster random sampling method. Data collection instruments included "Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire", “Attachment Styles Questionnaire”, "Emotional Processing Questionnaire" and  InternetAddictionTest". Validity has been confirmed in previous studies. The reliability of the instruments was calculated by the internal consistency method by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed using SPSS. 21.

There is a significant inverse correlation between boarding school types and Internet addiction (-0.437).Also, there is a direct and significant correlation between attachment styles and Internet addiction, and the avoidance style has the highest correlation coefficient (0.292). Among the emotional processing styles, imbalance variables (-0.241), decomposition (-0.239), impulse control (-0.227), harassment (-0.389) and repression (-0.131)They had a significant inverse correlation with Internet addiction. In addition, the variables of circadian types, attachment styles, and harassment styles together were able to explain 36.9% of the total variance of the Internet addiction variable.

Circadian types, attachment styles and emotional processing predict the internet addiction. Therefore, in order to reduce Internet addiction, health care providers can better understand the nature of Internet addiction by focusing on the variables of the present study and take the necessary measures to prevent female students from developing this disorder.

The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between scientific epistemological beliefs, motivation of learning (surface - deep) and conception of learning. A total of 339 students of basic during the academic year 2015-2016 at Urmia University, Iran, were selected through stratified random sampling for this study. The present study is descriptive and correlational. The total number of the population consisted of 2926 students. The following questionnaires were used in order to collect the data: Scientific Epistemological Beliefs Scale (SEBs), Motivation Learning Scale (MLS) and Conceptions of Learning (COLS). Pearson coefficient and regression were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between scientific epistemological beliefs and constructive conception of learning. However, there was not any significant relationship between scientific epistemological beliefs and reproduced conception of learning. Nor was there any significant relationship between reproduced conception of learning and motivation of learning. Nevertheless, a positive and meaningful relationship was observed between science constructive learning and motivation of learning. Besides, regression analysis results indicated that scientific epistemological beliefs play a meaningful role in predicting the conception of learning. However, motivation of learning did not predict the conception of learning. The results of this study showed that scientific epistemological beliefs through conception of learning play a important role in students\' motivation of learning.

Functional dyspepsia is a group of gastrointestinal disorders in which the psychological symptoms play a significant role in their incidence.

The aim of this study is determination of the relationship between psychological distress and physical symptoms of functional dyspepsia with the mediating role of pain-related mental imagery, visceral sensitivity, pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy.

The present study is conducted using the descriptive cross-sectional method. The statistical population includes all patients with functional dyspepsia referred to gastrointestinal clinics of Isfahan in 2021-2022. The statistical population consists of 363 people who are selected by the convenience sampling. Instruments include Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Nepin Dyspepsia Index, Chronic Pain Mental Image Questionnaire, Visceral Sensitivity Index, Pain Catastrophizing Scale and Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Software such as smart-PLS, SPSS-23 and descriptive indices and structural equations are used for data analysis.

Results showed that the direct path of psychological distress (0.329), pain-related mental imagery (0.396) and pain catastrophizing (0.234) to physical symptoms were significant. Also, the indirect paths from psychological distress to physical symptoms through the mediating pain-related mental imagery, pain catastrophizing, and self-efficacy on pain-related mental imagery and visceral sensitivity on pain-related mental imagery with values of 0.052, 0.231, 0.058 and 0.246 respectively had significant relations.

The results show that the pain-related mental imagery, visceral sensitivity, pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy play a mediating role between the psychological distress and physical symptoms of functional dyspepsia. It is suggested that these factors are included in patients treatment plans to reduce recurrence, exacerbation of symptoms and burden of the disease.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of working memory rehabilitation and cognitive-paracognitive strategies on visual memory and memory span in the elderly.

The research method of this study was a quasi-experimental in the form of pretest - posttest with control group. The statistical population of this study included all the elderly who lived in Bukan Nursing Home from April to July 2019 (N = 120). Forty-five elderly people (three groups of 15 people) were selected by convenience sampling method and then randomly assigned to three groups: first experimental, second experimental and control group. Kim Karad Visual Memory test and Wechsler Memory Span were performed on groups in pretest. Then working memory rehabilitation and cognitive-metacognitive strategies were performed. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance test (MANCOVA) according to its assumptions.

The findings showed that cognitive-metacognitive rehabilitation and working memory rehabilitation had a positive and significant effect on different types of memory. (p <0.001). Also the results of Bonferroni test for comparing the means showed that working memory rehabilitation had more effect on dependent variables than cognitive-metacognitive rehabilitation (p <0.001).

The results showed that working memory rehabilitation and cognitive-metacognitive strategies had a positive and significant effect on the visual memory and memory span of the elderly and improved their memory abilities.

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that affects both sexes and causes some physiological and psychological disabilities. The present study aimed to examine the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the psychological profile of patients with epilepsy. The design of the present study was a randomized clinical trial with a pretest-posttest and a control group. The statistical population comprised patients with epilepsy, who were referred for treatment to a private health center in Urmia in 2019. The sample consisted of 30 patients with epilepsy selected via the convenience sampling method. Data collection was performed through the use of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) questionnaire. After the pretest, 15 subjects were randomly assigned to the intervention group, and 15 subjects were placed in the control group. The intervention was performed in 10 sessions, and the duration of stimulation was 20 minutes. The anode was placed in the F3 region (left hemisphere), the cathode in the F4 (right hemisphere), and the current intensity was 1.5 mA. After the intervention, the posttest was conducted for both groups, and the data were analyzed using a univariate covariance analysis in the SPSS software, version 23. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results of the ANCOVA analyses revealed significant differences between the intervention and control groups. The tDCS group represented a significant decrease in the scales of depression, anxiety, and stress in the posttest in comparison with the pretest (P≤0.001). The results showed that tDCS could reduce depression, anxiety, and stress with the changes caused in the brain system. Trial Registration Number: IRCT20190803044417N1.

Aging is associated with a decrease in various cognitive functions, including memory, and changes in memory function which are not uniform and vary depending on different aspects of memory. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of rehabilitation of cognitive-metacognitive strategies on visual memory and memory span in the elderly. The present research method was quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The population included all the elderly who lived in the nursing home of Bukan from May to August 2019 (N = 120). Among these people, 30 elderly people (two groups of 15 people) were selected by convenience sampling according to the inclusion criteria and were placed by random assignment into two groups; experimental and control groups. Kim Karad and Wechsler’s memory span tests were performed on the groups in the pre-test. Then, the rehabilitation of cognitive-metacognitive strategies was performed and in the next stage, the post-test was performed again. The obtained data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance according to its assumptions. The results showed that after performing cognitive-metacognitive rehabilitation in the experimental group, the mean of straight and reverse components of the memory span test and short, medium, and tall components of the visual memory test increased significantly compared to the pretest (p < .001). The results showed that rehabilitation of cognitive-metacognitive strategies can improve visual memory and memory span, and using rehabilitation methods is suggested to improve cognitive functions and memory in the elderly.

Age-related cognitive decline or cognitive aging is largely the result of structural and functional decline in specific areas of the brain, but lifestyle also contributes to this cognitive decline. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of working memory rehabilitation on visual memory and memory span in ageing.

This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The study population included all elderly people who lived in Bukan Nursing Home from April to July 2019 (N = 120). Among these individuals, 30 elderly people were selected by convenience sampling method and then randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (two groups of 15 people). Kim Karad Visual Memory Test and Wechsler Memory Span Test were taken from the groups in pretest. The working memory rehabilitation was performed in 18 sessions (each sessions 60-minute) and after which the test was performed again. The data were analyzed by multivariate covariance test according to its assumptions.

The results showed that after the rehabilitation of working memory, in the experimental group, the mean of short, medium and long components of visual memory were 12.00, 10.8 and 12.33, respectively, and the direct and inverse of memory span were 11.66 and 9.66, respectively. In the control group, the average of short, medium and long components of visual memory is 7.00, 6.70 and 9.00, respectively, and direct and inverse of memory span is 8.33 and 6.46, respectively. The difference in the mean scores between the two groups in the components of visual memory and memory span after the intervention was significant (p < 0.001).

The results showed that working memory rehabilitation can improve visual memory and memory span, and it is recommended that this rehabilitation method be used to improve the cognitive functions of the elderly.

In recent years, different values of the general prevalence of restless legs syndrome have been reported in various studies and its related factors in Iranian society are not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with restless legs syndrome in Iran by meta-analysis.

  This study was performed based on PRISMA checklist. There was a time limit from 1st July 2014 to 11th November 2019 for documents obtained from English and Persian databases such as Magiran, Sid, Medilib, Iranmedex, Irandoc, Civilica, ISC, Pubmed, Scopus, Springer, and Google Scholar Engine. Data were searched and extracted independently by two researchers and finally, a group decision was made with the presence of a third observer. All reviewed articles with selection criteria were evaluated qualitatively by the STROBE checklist. Comprehensive Meta analysis (CMA-2) software was used to analyze the data by meta-analysis random effects model.

The prevalence of restless legs syndrome was estimated to be 32.9% (95% CI: 22.9- 44.7) in 24 studies with 26474 Iranian subjects that 65.9% of whom were women. The prevalence of this disorder was 47.6% in Iranian women (95% CI: 28.7-67.2%) and 36.7% in Iranian men (95% CI: 21.4-55.3%). The most and the least prevalence of restless legs syndrome based on geographical region were respectively in east (44.3%) and north of the country (15.5%) and this difference was significant based on meta-regression (p <0.05). The prevalence of this syndrome was 50% in hemodialysis patients, 35% in other diseases, 25.7% in pregnant women, 20.2% in elderly and 13.8% in adults.

The prevalence of restless legs syndrome in Iran is higher than other parts of the world based on different studies. Therefore, early detection, prevention and treatment of this disorder in adults, especially women, is essential.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of tDCS and MBCT on forward and backward memory span in patients with epilepsy.The sample consisted of 45 patients with epilepsy who were selected by convenience sampling and assigned to two experimental and one control groups. In data collection phase, a pretest was administered using Wechsler Scale, tDCS and MBCT interventions were applied, and then posttest was performed.The findings from MANCOVA analyses showed that there were significant differences between experimental and control groups. Both experimental groups demonstrated significant improvements in posttest in terms of the components of working memory.The results showed that tDCS and MBCT can enhance working memory in patients with epilepsy; however, theeffect of tDCS was more significant.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological-motor disorder in which most patients tend to shake their legs during sleep and describe it as an unpleasant feeling. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of RLS, its relationship with demographic characteristics, depression, and insomnia and comparison of the mentioned variables in the group with and without RLS.

This was a case-control analytic study. The sample consisted of 429 adults aged 17-70 years who had referred all the psychiatric and neurological clinics of Yazd (center of Iran) in 2019. Participants were selected by cluster sampling method. Research tools included a demographic questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and an International Restless Legs Syndrome Questionnaire (IRLSQ). The data were analyzed by SPSS-21, chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, and linear regression. Significant level was considered 0.05.

The mean and standard deviation of the age of participants was 34.43± 10.82. Furthermore, the mean and standard deviation of the age group with RLS was 36.07± 10.95 while in group without RLS was 33.92± 10.75. Prevalence of RLS in adults was 23.5% (n= 101), in women was 32% (n= 66) and in men was 28.7% (n= 35). The t-test showed patients with RLS had a higher degree of depression and insomnia than those without RLS (p<0.05). Multiple linear regression also showed that insomnia (β= 0.36), age (β= 0.13), and depression (β= 0.15) had a significant effect on RLS score. 

The prevalence of RLS among adults in Yazd is high. Severe insomnia, depressed mood, and aging are considered as important factors in predicting this disease. According to what was mentioned early detection, prevention, and treatment of this disorder in adults is necessary.

The current study aimed to determine the relationship between scientific epistemological beliefs, motivation, science learning self-efficacy and conception of learning science. For this, 339 students of basic sciences (167 females and 172 males), from Urmia university were selected through stratified random sampling for this study. The questionnaires of scientific epistemological beliefs scale (SEB), motivation learning science scale (MLS), science learning self-efficacy (SLSE), and conceptions of learning science (COLS) were used in order to collect data. The results indicated that the conception of learning science predicted meaningful by the dimension of scientific epistemological beliefs and science learning self-efficacy. However, The results indicated that there is a significant positive correlation among verification, improvement of scientific epistemological beliefs and constructive of conception of learning science. but, there was not meaningful relationship was observed between resource, certainty and reproduction of conception of learning science. In addition, while no significant relationship was found between reproduction and motivation of learning science, there was significant positive relationship the constructive and motivation of learning science. Furthermore, a significant positive relationship was observed between science learning self-efficacy and conception of learning science. In the general, the finding of the present study support the role that motivational and cognitive factors play in the predicting and determining the conception of learning science, which has useful scientific implications for learners process of motivation and science learning.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease that is the most common cause of disability and may be associated with cognitive impairment. Despite the implementation of cognitive rehabilitation (CR) studies in patients with MS, there are still no clear and conclusive results. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CR on speed and WM capacity, executive function, and quality of life (QOL) in MS patients.

The current quasi-experimental study (with a pretest-posttest plot and a control group) was conducted on 32 patients of the ….. MS Society, Iran. Participants were selected through the purposive sampling method and were divided into intervention (n=16) and waitlist groups (n=16) by the simple random method. The patients in the intervention group participated in cognitive rehabilitation for 12 sessions, individually. The scores for speed and working memory (WM) capacity, executive function, and QOL in both the groups were determined using N-Back test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Digit Span subtest, Wisconsin Card Sorting (WCST), and Quality of Life Questionnaire of MS patients (MSQOL-54). The scores were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (repeated measures ANOVA).

The results showed that, apart from the physical domain of quality of life (QOL), the average scores in WCST and Digit Span Memory, response time in N-Beck test, and emotional QOL, differed over time and in both the intervention and waitlist groups(P<0.05). Thus, in the intervention group, the performance in speed and capacity of WM, executive function, and emotional QOL showed a significant improvement (P<0.05) in the post-test and on follow-up compared to the waitlist group.

Cognitive rehabilitation, based on these findings, is likely to be effective in improving the speed and capacity of working memory, executive function, and quality of life of MS patients.

This study examined the model causal relationship between epistemological beliefs and study skills on academic performance with the mediating role of academic self-efficacy. This study is descriptive (non-experimental) and study design is correlational plans type of the structural equations. Statistical population of the study formed all of secondary school students of Orumieh in 2015-2016 years of academic. Sampling was cluster random and determination the sample size for each of the sub-variable were considered 20 samples and 350 persons were selected as study sample. To collecting data was used of Patrick, Hicks and Ryan’s the academic self-efficacy scale (1997), Schommer’s epistemo logical beliefs scale (1991), Congos’s study skills scale (2009) and to measure academic performance of students was used of average scores of students in the first academic semester 2015-2016. in this study structural equation modeling was used to assess. the results of this study revealed that study skills and academic self-efficacy directly affect the academic performance of students. So the results of this study revealed that study skills and epistemological beliefs indirectly and through academic self-efficacy affect the academic performance of students. in this study the direct affect of epistemological beliefs on the academic performance of students was not proved. these findings of study support the mediating role of academic self-efficacy in the model causal relationship between epistemological beliefs and study skills on academic performance.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of disability with cognitive impairments. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive rehabilitation (CR) on cognitive flexibility, response inhibition, and selective attention in patients with MS. The current quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest plot and a control group was conducted on 32 patients in the Urmia MS Society, Iran. They were selected through the purposive sampling method and were divided into intervention (n=16) and control groups (n=16) by the simple random method. The patients in the intervention group participated in the cognitive rehabilitation for 12 sessions, individually. The scores of cognitive flexibility were obtained by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), selective attention by the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), and the response inhibition by Go/No-go task. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (repeated measures analysis of variance). The results of the current study showed a significant preservation error in the interaction between group and time (p<0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of the error of committing (p<0.05). Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed in the responses of inhibition scores at pre-test, post-test, and follow-up between the two groups. Thus, significant differences observed in cognitive flexibility and selective attention at follow-up and post-test in intervention and control groups. Cognitive rehabilitation is likely to affect cognitive flexibility and selective attention in patients with MS.

The purpose of the present study is to compare the Adlerian Treatment and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on reducing symptoms in students suffering from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) The current research was conducted using a semi-experimental pre-test and post-test design with follow-up process. Among the students who referred to the counseling centers of the Universities in Neyshabour, 45 subjects who had the criteria for generalized anxiety were in 1395 selected available sampling and randomly assigned to three Adlerian, Cognitive-Behavioral, and control groups (15 subjects in each group). The data were collected through State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and then were analyzed using software spss mixed Variance Analysis, two-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), and one-way Analysis of Covariance. There was no significant difference demonstrated between Adlerian and Cognitive-Behavioral groups in terms of reducing the severity of symptoms in students with generalized anxiety that experienced these two treatments (P> 0.05). there was no significant difference observed with cognitive behavioral group statistically. On the other hand, the Adlerian intervention had a significant effect on reducing the severity of symptoms in students suffering from generalized anxiety (P 0.05). According to the results, it can be argued that Adlerian treatment is more effective than Cognitive-Behavioral approach in reducing the severity of symptoms in students with general anxiety; the Adlerian treatment was indicated to be more stable.