فهرست مطالب ali jahanshahi

Context: 

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a benign inflammatory condition of the breasts with an unknown etiology, which can mimic breast cancer on conventional ultrasound (US). Other imaging modalities, such as mammography and magnetic (MRI) resonance imaging, cannot efficiently differentiate this condition from malignancies. Elastography is a novel imaging technique used to evaluate tissue elasticity.

This systematic review aimed to investigate the imaging features of IGMon elastography and also to determine whether this modality is useful for distinguishing IGM from other breast lesions.

Acomprehensive literature search was conducted across several databases, including Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science, in October 2022. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool was used for the quality assessment of the studies.

After screening 851 articles, seven studies investigating ultrasound elastography (USE) were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Regarding the quantitative findings, both the strain ratio (SR) and shear wave velocity (SWV) were observed to be higher in malignant masses as compared to IGM. Additionally, qualitative scoring systems, such as the Tsukuba and Tozaki classifications, assigned higher scores to malignant lesions. Five of the included studies in this review proposed a specific cut-off point for differentiating IGM from malignancies, using either SWV, SR, or elasticity scores (ES). In four of the studies, these criteria exhibited sensitivity and specificity of approximately 90%.

The current findings suggest that USE can serve as a valuable tool for distinguishing IGM from breast malignancies. By potentially reducing the number of unnecessary tissue biopsies, this modality may lead to a more efficient patient evaluation process.

The mechanisms behind seizure suppression by deep brain stimulation (DBS) are not fully revealed, and the most optimal stimulus regimens and anatomical targets are yet to be determined. We investigated the modulatory effect of low-frequency DBS (L-DBS) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) on neuronal activity in downstream and upstream brain areas in chemically kindled mice by assessing c-Fos immunoreactivity.

In this experimental study, 4-6 weeks old BL/6 male mice underwent stereotaxic implantation of a unilateral stimulating electrode in the VTA followed by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) administration every other day until they showed stage 4 or 5 seizures following 3 consecutive PTZ injections. Animals were divided into control, sham-implanted, kindled, kindled-implanted, L-DBS, and kindled+L-DBS groups. In the L-DBS and kindled+L-DBS groups, four trains of L-DBS were delivered 5 min after the last PTZ injection. 48 hours after the last L-DBS, mice were transcardially perfused, and the brain was processed to evaluate c-Fos expression by immunohistochemistry.

L-DBS in the VTA significantly decreased the c-Fos expressing cell numbers in several brain areas including the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, VTA, substantia nigra pars compacta, and dorsal raphe nucleus but not in the amygdala and CA3 area of the ventral hippocampus compared to the sham group.

These data suggest that the possible anticonvulsant mechanism of DBS in VTA can be through restoring the seizure-induced cellular hyperactivity to normal.

 Today, psychological warfare has become a widely used tool to change the culture, beliefs and values of a nation and society, and any neglect of it will cause irreparable damage to the bodies of nations. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of psychological warfare on the anxiety and frustration of Tehran society. The current research is descriptive and analytical and the data were analyzed using multivariate regression. The statistical population of the research was among the ordinary people of Tehran. In this way, 1000 subjects were selected from 5 regions of Tehran and the questionnaires were given to them. The research tools were Beck's anxiety questionnaire (BAI) and Gilbert's feeling of failure scale, which has two dimensions of internal and external failure, and to investigate the effect of psychological warfare, the researcher made a media warfare questionnaire that has two dimensions of rumor mongering and reality distortion. is usedThe results of the research showed that the rumination dimension is a good predictor for the variables of anxiety, internal and external failure and has a significant positive relationship with them, while the dimension of reality distortion has no significant relationship with the variables of anxiety and failure. It has no internal or external and is not a good predictor in relation to these issues.

Based on the obtained results, war mentality can have an effect on anxiety and every dimension of failure of ordinary people, and the existence of this is a sign of more attention of policy makers in this field.

The research aim is to present defensive strategies of Islamic Republic of Iran with emphasis on the role of geopolitical factors in order to enhance security and permanent extension of the borderline zones of the north eastern of the country. This research is an applicable – developmental research which is accomplished by descriptive – analytical research method with a quantitative approach. To reach the research objective, through a questionnaire and applying whole-counting sampling method, the opinions of 60 military and governmental elites and geopolitical experts, especially geopolitics and defensive strategy in the level of army forces and the zone of north eastern of the country were utilized. Ultimately, 45 geopolitical factors affecting defensive strategies of Islamic Republic of Iran in the borderline zones of the north eastern of the country were identified and then were categorized into the quadruplet factors of strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (8 strength, 11 weakness, 9 opportunity and 17 threat factors). Then, using IFE and EFE matrices, strategic situation of the country in the borderline zones of the north eastern of the country in defensive situation was identified. After determining the strategic situation and analyzing the gap between the current situation and the utopia, 7 defensive strategies of Islamic Republic of Iran with emphasis on the role of geopolitical factors using ascending indices (strengths and opportunities) for resolving weaknesses and responding to the threats were stipulated.

Nucleus Raphe Magnus (NRM) that is involved in the regulation of body temperature contains nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Considering the effect of NO on skin blood flow control, in this study, we assessed its thermoregulatory role within the raphe magnus. To this end, tail blood flow of male Wistar rats was measured by laser doppler following the induction of hypothermia. Intra-NRM injection of SNP (exogenous NO donor, 0.1- 0.2 μl, 0.2 nM) increased the blood flow. Similarly, unilateral microinjection of glutamate (0.1- 0.2 μl, 2.3 nM) into the nucleus increased the blood flow. This effectof L-glutamate was reduced by prior intra NRM administrationof NO synthase inhibitor NG-methyl-L-arginine or NG-nitro-L-argininemethyl ester (L-NAME, 0.1 µl, 100 nM). It is concluded that NO modulates the thermoregulatory response of NRM to hypothermia and may interactwith excitatory amino acids in central skin blood flow regulation.

In this study we have investigated the changes in D receptor expression level in morphine-sensitized mice, in the absence and presence of lithium chloride (LiCl). The result would pave the way to comprehend and confront this complicated event.

Male NMRI mice, weighing 0-5g, were used in this study. They were divided into six groups. The first group received 0.9% saline as the control group and the other group was treated with morphine sulphate (0 mg/kg). LiCl (5 and 0 mg/kg treatments) was separately performed in two other groups. The final two groups were simultaneously treated with morphine sulphate (0 mg/kg) and LiCl (5 mg/kg) in one group and morphine sulphate (0 mg/kg) accompanied by LiCl (0 mg/kg) in the other group. All injections were performed intraperitoneally and once daily. After a five day wash-out, mice were decapitated and the brain regions which included the striatum, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus were extracted. Using relative Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the expression levels of the long (DL) and short (DS) isoforms of the D receptor were investigated.

Morphine treatment leads to a significant increase (p<0.0.5) in DS levels in the striatum and PFC but has no effect on DL levels in the examined regions. In the group receiving LiCl 5mg/kg, the DL levels showed a significant augmentation in PFC and the hippocampus (p<0.05) as well as the striatum (p<0.00). The DS levels in the same group, significantly increased in the PFC (p<0.05) and striatum (p<0.00). LiCl at a dose of 0 mg/kg did not alter the expression of either isoforms in any region. While simultaneous administration of morphine and LiCl (0 mg/kg) resulted in a marked increase in DS levels in the striatum (p<0.00) and PFC (p<0.05), morphine administration along with LiCl (5mg/kg) was ineffective on the expression levels of DL and DS isoforms when compared to the control group.

Morphine sensitization leads to an increase in DS receptor expression and is affected by lithium in a dose-dependent manner where the lower dose inhibits and higher dose to enhances this effect. It is assumed that sensitization-induced changes in the transcript level are more regulated by dopamine transmission rather than by the direct effect of morphine and/or lithium on gene expression.