ali marjani

This study was conducted to evaluate the morpho-physiological and pomological traits of 21 peach cultivars/genotypes under the Mashhad climatic conditions, during two years (2017-2019), based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated significant differences between cultivars and genotypes in terms of morphological, pomological, and qualitative traits. The results showed that ‘Early-Red’ and ‘Vizivo’ were among the early flowering genotypes with a long flowering period (20 days). ‘Baby Gold-5’ and ‘PMsh-5’ were the earliest-ripening, and ‘PMsh-2’ and ‘PMsh-4’ were the latest-ripening genotypes. ‘Dixie Red’ and ‘PMsh-5’with 1.85 and 1.77 m3 respectively had the highest volume of the crown of the tree. ‘J.H.Hale’ had the highest fruit weight with an average of 148.92 g, while ‘Apago’, ‘Early-Red’, and ‘PMsh-5’ had the lowest fruit weight. ‘PMsh-1’, ‘Vizivo’, ‘PMsh-6’, and ‘Sorkho-Sefid Mashhad’ cultivars and genotypes had the highest fruit length, width, and shape index and placed statistically in the same group with ‘J.H.Hale’ cultivar. ‘Sorkho-Sefid Mashhad’ cultivar showed 59.1% more yield efficiency, compared to the control cultivar (‘J.H.Hale’). The highest yield efficiency belonged to ‘Baby Gold-5’, ‘PMsh-3’, ‘Suncrest’, and ‘PMsh-8’. The lowest acidity achieved in ‘Apago’, ‘Shasta’, and ‘PMsh-8’. ‘Sorkho-Sefid Mashhad’, had the highest TSS content, which was increased by 3.68% compared to the control cultivar (‘J.H.Hale’). ‘Apago’, ‘PMsh-1’, ‘Shasta’, and ‘Sorkho-Sefid Mashhad’, compared to ‘J.H.Hale’ cultivar, had higher flavor index, 16.17, 27.25, 26.29 and 26.67%, respectively. In general, based on the studied traits, ‘Sorkho-Sefid Mashhad’, ‘Vizivo’, ‘PMsh-1’, and ‘PMsh-6’ are recommended as promising cultivars and genotypes under Mashhad climatic conditions.

In Iran, Sweet cherry is one of the most important horticultural products in temperate regions. So it is necessary to use micropropagation methods to accelerate its reproduction. This study was conducted as factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two cultivars (Adli and Takdaned), and browning reduction treatments in four levels (dark, cold, dark and cold, antioxidant (100 mg/l ascorbic acid and 150 mg/l citric acid)) and proliferation growth regulators BAP at concentrations of (0, 1 and 2 mg/l) and IBA (0 and 0.01mg/l) and rooting stage treatments consisted of NAA (0 and 1 mg/l) and IBA (0 and 2 mg/l).The results showed that there was significant difference between treatments. The highest and lowest levels of browning were in cold treatment and antioxidan treatment, respectively. The highest number of shoots for Takdaneh (5.6) and for Adli (5) cultivars were 5.6 and 5, respectively. The highest rooting percentage was obtained for Takdaneh (78.73%) and Adli (69. 4%). In general, for Adli and Takdaneh cultivars in vitro propagation, MS culture medium containing 2 mg/L BAP and 0.01 mg/L IBA in the proliferation stage and 2 mg/L IBA in the rooting stage is recommended.

Medicinal plants have played a major role in the treatment of multiple diseases for centuries. Ziziphora clinopodioides is one of these plants with well-known antibacterial properties. The present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effects of Z. Clinopodioides essential oil and nanoemulsion.

After preparing and collecting the plant in spring, the samples were dried in the shade and transferred to the laboratory. Thereafter, the essential oil was extracted by Clevenger. Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus were used to determine antibacterial properties.

Pulegone had the highest composition (44.49%) of essential oil. Particle size in 5% nanoemulsion of Z. Clinopodioides essential oil was 13.0 nm. The results demonstrated that considering the diameter zone of the no-growth, there was no significant difference between 5% nanoemulsion and 5% Z. Clinopodioides essential oil in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Nanoemulsion containing essential oil showed no significant difference in antibacterial activity compared to essential oils

Graft compatibility is one of the most problems in fruit tree. Determination graft compatibility, it may last a long time but it was achieved in a short time by in vitro techniques. Plants increase their capacity antioxidant rapidly when stress occurs to increase resistance and tolerance to the conditions created. Since grafting in plants is also considered a form of stress, this way. It can be said that the plant's ability to disperse excess energy and neutralize free radicals is impaired, thus increasing the antioxidant capacity to increase the resistance to stress, so in incompatible grafts increases phenolic compounds and peroxidase to minimize oxidative damage compared to compatible grafts. This study Investigation the possibility of early determination of grafting (in) compatibility of sweet cherry by compare phenolic compound and peroxidase activity in vitro techniques.

Two factorial experiment was carried out on the base of completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments including the first factor, four levels of sweet cherry cultivars “Bing’’, “Takdaneh”, “Siyah Mashhad”, and “Adli” and the second factor, four levels of rootstocks Gisela-5, Gisela-6 (compatibility control), Mahaleb-168, and GF-305 (incompatibility control). Measurement of total phenolic compounds was determind according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method (Singleton et al., 1999). Antioxidant enzyme extraction was determined with the method of Mac Adam (1992) with some modifications. Analysis of variance was carried out by SAS software ver. 9.1 and mean comparison was conducted using LSD test.

The result showed that the highest and lowest percentage of grafting were “Bing” cultivar on Gisela-6 rootstock with an average of 64.21% and “Bing” cultivar on GF-305 rootstock of 1.1%. The highest number of leaves and longitudinal growth of scion was in “Bing” cultivar on Gisela-6. The highest number of roots and root lengths were in “Takdaneh” cultivar on Gisela-6 and “Bing” on Gisela-6. The highest amount of total phenol at the graft union was GF-305 and the lowest at the graft union was Gisela-5. The highest and lowest of peroxidase were at the graft union of “Bing” on-G5-305 and “Bing” and “Siyah mashhad” on Gisela. In general, the highest levels of total phenol and peroxidase at the graft union were higher on the GF-305 incompatible rootstock than Gisela-6 compatible rootstock. Therefore, our finding leads to the conclusion that phenolic compounds and peroxidase activity can be used to pre-screen for incompatible grafts. In general, the amount of total phenol in the grafts made on Gisela-6 (compatible control) and Gisela-5 rootstocks was less than GF-305 (incompatible control). GF-305 is incompatible with cherry cultivars. Phenolic compounds such as Catechins above the graft site can be used as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of graft incompatibility (Baron et al., 2019). Peroxidase levels in incompatible grafts were higher than compatible grafts. It seems that the peroxidase enzyme can be used to predict incompatible grafts quickly. Preliminary analyzes on the role of peroxidase indicate that this enzyme is involved in the formation of cell wall constituents and in the next step reduces the flexibility of the cell wall by creating cross-linking between phenolic polymers of the cell wall (Cassab & Varner, 1987).

The highest levels of total phenol and peroxidase at the graft union were higher on the GF-305 incompatible rootstock than Gisela-6 compatible rootstock. Therefore, the finding of this study leads to the conclusion that phenolic compounds (mostly) and peroxidase activity can be used to pre-screen for incompatible grafts