ali mirshahi

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a leading health issue in dairy calves, significantly impacting animal welfare and farm economics.

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of BRD in a dairy herd, comparing the diagnostic effectiveness of clinical signs and thoracic ultrasound (TUS) screening.

A cohort of dairy herd calves was assessed using both diagnostic approaches (clinical signs and TUS). Clinical signs were evaluated based on observable indicators such as coughing, nasal discharge and abnormal breathing patterns. Concurrently, TUS was used to detect pulmonary abnormalities indicative of respiratory pathology. The prevalence rates determined by each method were analyzed.

This study underscores the importance of advanced diagnostic tools in the early identification and control of BRD in calves, advocating for a more comprehensive approach to calf health management. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the prevalence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in a cohort of 230 dairy calves using thoracic ultrasound (TUS) and clinical signs. Our findings indicate a significant discrepancy between the two diagnostic methods, with TUS identifying a prevalence rate of 62%, while clinical signs suggested a rate of 21%. This disparity highlights the potential for underdiagnosis when relying solely on clinical observations.

Our findings reveal that while clinical signs provide a rapid assessment tool for on-farm diagnosis, TUS provides higher accuracy and quality and revealing subclinical cases not readily diagnosed through clinical observation alone. The integration of TUS into routine veterinary examinations could enhance the early detection and management of BRD, potentially reducing the economic burden of the disease and improving the overall health status of dairy herds.

Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction of bone mass and destruction of bone structures, followed by high bone fragility and susceptibility. This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) on experimental osteoporosis in rats. Twenty-four female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sham-operated (Sham = 6), Sham with PSO treatment (Sham+PSO = 6), ovariectomized (OVX = 6), and ovariectomized with PSO treatment (OVX+PSO = 6). OVX+PSO and Sham+PSO groups received 0.1 ml of pomegranate juice daily, and OVX and Sham groups received the same amount of paraffin oil. After eight weeks, the femur and tibia bones were removed, and the structure and metabolism of samples were assessed by histological examination. The average thickness of femoral neck trabeculae in group OVX was significantly lower than in groups Sham+PSO and Sham (p < 0.05). Regarding the number of trabeculae in the neck of the femur, a significant difference was observed between groups OVX and Sham+PSO (p < 0.05). Furthermore, trabecular separation in group OVX was significantly more than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). The trabecular separation in group OVX+PSO compared to groups Sham+PSO and Sham was significantly higher (p < 0.05). A histopathologic examination of the upper metaphysis of the tibia indicated that the number of bone trabeculae in Sham+PSO was only statistically significant in the OVX group (p = 0.018). It was also found that the average thickness of bone trabeculae in the OVX+PSO and Sham groups was significantly lower than in the Sham+SO group. The results of the present study suggest that pomegranate seed oil, having estrogenic compounds, can prevent osteoporosis in rats caused by ovariectomy.

A 12-year-old 4.3 kg intact female Terrier presented with a history of lethargy, anorexia, and melena for one month. The animal was dull and depressed. Dermatologic examination revealed some focal erythematous, crusty, and papulopustular lesions over the ventral abdomen. Ultrasonographic evaluation displayed an abnormal parenchymal pattern of the liver, which was noticed in the cranial part of the abdomen with diffuse hepatic involvement with irregular, hypoechoic, and heterogeneous ill-defined areas [a honeycomb-like echotexture]. Lateral thoracocervical radiograph showed numerous well-defined, small lytic lesions [polyostotic punched-out lesions] in the dorsal spinous process of axis bone in C2-C5 and pelvis that were likely metastatic lesions. Despite hospitalization and treatment, the dog died after 2 weeks and a necropsy was performed. At postmortem examination, a 5-cm mass was observed in the pancreas adjacent to duodenal loops which was finally diagnosed as a pancreatic tumor. Abnormal laboratory findings included elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, and calcium. Histopathological examination of the affected pancreas revealed neoplastic cells which were arranged mainly as solid nests or clusters and the amounts of the tumor stroma among the cellular clusters or individual neoplastic cells were scant. According to an immunohistochemical study which was positive for chromogranine A, the condition was diagnosed as a pancreatic islet cell tumor. Although rare, pancreatic islet tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis of abdominal discomforts, pancreatic inflammation, and hepatopathies. The final diagnosis of the tumor is achieved by combining imaging techniques and advanced histopathologic evaluations.

Congenital malformations are structural defects that occur in all species during fetal development. Pygomelia is a type of polymelia in which the redundant legs are joined to the pelvis. This abnormality is observed in both human beings and animals. A mixed female (Shih Tzu) puppy with a rigid mass resembling two pelvic hindlimbs was referred to a pet clinic in Mashhad City, Iran. In radiographic assessments, two extra hindlimbs stemmed from malformed pelvic bones and were shorter than normal limbs. Both extra acetabula were detected on the hemipelvis, with two extra coxofemoral joints perpendicular to the regular hip joints in the caudal direction. Also, two vulvas and two anuses were seen, but only one vulva and anus were functional. The additional limbs were amputated by surgery. This case is the first report of a dog with incomplete caudal duplication and successful correction of pygomelia in Iran.

Respiratory and cardiovascular diseases are pigeons' most common health problems, which usually change cardiac size. This study aimed to establish a normal radiographic reference value for cardiac size in pigeons. After clinical and radiographic (lateral and ventrodorsal views) evaluations of 27 adult pigeons, the indices below were measured: the cardiac and thoracic widths, the space between the third and fourth ribs on the left and right sides, the synsacrum width, the coracoids width on both sides and the distance between both femoral heads and the clavicles. The ratio between cardiac width and the mentioned indices has been calculated. A linear regression test evaluated the correlation of anatomical indices with cardiac width. The results indicated a significant positive correlation between cardiac width and thoracic width, with the distance between the femoral head, synsacrum width, and the distance between clavicles. Regression models showed a significant association between thoracic and synsacrum width and cardiac width. However, sex and weight factors were not correlated with cardiac width and were removed from the models. However, in regression models with a significant correlation between the distance of both femoral heads and between clavicles with cardiac width, the sex factor was correlated with the dependent variable and was not omitted from regression models. Thus, the results and values obtained from this study can be used as a normal cardiac size of pigeons in radiology to diagnose cardiomegaly in this bird.

The Turkmen horse is one of the oldest breeds in the world with unique characteristics in agility, endurance and jump, being publicly acclaimed. Laminitis affects the limbs and decreases athletic performance. Radiographic evaluation is essential to confirm the sinking diagnosis in every breed of a horse suffering from laminitis. Since no information about distal phalanx radiographic measurements in this breed has been reported, the current study was designed and conducted. In the present study, 24 clinically sound registered Turkmen horses of both sexes (15 mares and nine stallions) were selected. Lateromedial radiographic views of both front distal phalanges were taken, focusing on the distal phalanx. After magnification correction, images were used to measure founder distances (FD) and other distal phalanx radiographic measurements using an image processing program. There was no significant difference between radiographic measurements of the left and right front feet. The FD had a significant positive correlation with weight. The horses under 3 years of age had a significantly greater U angle than the horses over the age of three. Also, palmarocortical length (PCL) in the Turkmen stallions was significantly higher than mares. In this investigation, PCL in horses under the age of three was significantly lower than horses over 3 years of age. The values determined in this study can be used as baseline data of front feet in Turkmen horses.

Uterine horn intussusception has rarely been reported in bitches. However, the pathogenesis is not entirely clear and the incidence of uterine intussusception in bitches is unknown. This disorder occurs during the postpartum period and is a challenging clinical condition in terms of presentation, diagnosis, and management. In this report, a case of uterine horn intussusception is described in a four-year-old female Chihuahua bitch, which presented with abdominal pain, lethargy, anorexia, tremors, recumbency, and ongoing reddish vaginal discharge 20 days after whelping two pups. All the hematological and biochemical test results were within normal ranges except for a decreased calcium level. Ultrasonographic examination revealed the multilayered appearance of the uterine wall. The midline laparotomy confirmed the invagination of a proximal segment of the uterine horn into its distal segment near the uterine body. Ovariohysterectomy was performed as the recommended treatment. This case highlights the importance of assessing abdominal pain to avoid delay in diagnosis and management. Moreover, uterine intussusception should be considered as a differential diagnosis in bitches with the symptoms of abdominal pain during the postpartum period.

 Shiga toxin-producing strains have been considered remarkable diarrheagenic agents and foodborne pathogens. Several studies have mentioned the role of some Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains in diarrhea and dysentery in calves. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) have also been isolated from diarrheic calves. Generally, the culture and antibiogram results obtained from fecal samples are used to select antibiotics to treat calf diarrhea. However, the value of such a sampling method has not been evaluated yet.

 This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of fecal sample cultures for isolating STEC and EPEC in calf diarrhea by comparing them with small intestine samples.

 The small intestine and fecal samples were simultaneously collected from 35 diarrheic calves. Small intestine samples were collected under the ultrasonographic guide. A total of 70 confirmed E. coli isolates were screened by the multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect genes encoding Shiga toxin1 (stx1), Shiga toxin2 (stx2), intimin (eae), and hemolysin (E-hly). We also compared the presence of class 1 and 2 integrons and antimicrobial resistance properties in the STEC and EPEC isolates recovered from the small intestine and fecal samples. Finally, the presence of important STEC/EPEC serogroups, including O26, O103, O111, O113, O145, and O157 in isolates from both samples, was determined as well.

 STEC strains were detected in 25.7%, and 20% of E. coli isolates obtained from the small intestine and fecal samples, respectively. The stx1 was the sole Shiga toxin subtype detected among STEC in intestinal and fecal isolates. EPEC was detected only in one and two E. coli isolates from the small intestine and fecal samples, respectively.

 A numerically higher prevalence of STEC was observed in the small intestine compared to fecal samples; there was no significant difference in the frequencies of STEC and EPEC isolates between the small intestine and fecal samples. The results indicated that the fecal sample, as a non-invasive and practical method, could be used for isolating STEC and EPEC in calf diarrhea. The antibiogram showed the presence of a high degree of multi-drug resistance among the isolates.

The development of tooth is a complex process wherein there is a series of interactions between the ectoderm and ectomesenchyme. Hyperdontia (also called supernumerary teeth) is a developmental abnormality being additional to the normal series of teeth with unknown etiology and is rare in ruminants. In this report, a rare case with two abnormal teeth outside the alveolar region, observed in a healthy 3-month-old female lamb was presented. The congenital defect consisted of the presence of 2 teeth positioned bilaterally in the caudal part of the mandible ramus and under the prominent pendulous skin; so, with retraction of prominent pendulous skin, these ectopic teeth were seen outside of the skin. The anomaly was found during a routine physical examination and no other congenital abnormalities were found in the lamb. The etiology of supernumerary teeth is not completely understood. This odontogenic abnormality appears to be an extraordinarily rare condition. Genetic, toxic, infectious or environmental factors related to congenital abnormalities affect the tooth growth. Depending on the supernumerary teeth position, surgery may be required.

Diaphragmatic rupture is introduced as one of the most common injuries occurring in small animals. In our retrospective report, 14 cats with a mean age of 12 months (male = 8, female = 6) that underwent diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy were studied. The data included the following: age, sex, breed, and clinical signs. The cause of diaphragmatic hernia, diaphragmatic rupture area, herniated organs, concomitant injuries, and survival rate after surgical treatment were detailed. The cats included 11 domestic shorthair (DSH) and three Persian. Trauma was the most common cause of rupture in these patients and one 3-month old Persian cat had peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH). The most common clinical sign was dyspnea. Concurrent disorders included fractures of pelvic, long bones and ribs and mild pneumothorax. One of the five cats survived with concurrent disorders. In this study, the frequency of rupture sites was as follows: the right-side (11 cats), left-side (2 cats), and dorsal side of diaphragm in one case. The most frequently inserted organ into the chest was liver. In our study, the survival rate after surgical treatment was 71.00%. In conclusion, we suggested that stabilization of the patient was important before herniorrhaphy. Based on our study, the concurrent damages affected the survival rate.

Asthma is a chronic airway disorder with a rising prevalence. Dietary factors, antioxidant indicators and vitamin D deficiency are associated with the disease. Due to the presence of receptors for this vitamin in the lung, this study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin D administration on lung function, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level and total serum antioxidant activity in patients with moderate to severe asthma.

In this clinical trial, 60 patients with asthma were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (placebo recipient) and an intervention group (recipient of 2,000 vitamin D capsules for 12 weeks). At the beginning and at the end of the study, 5 cc blood samples were taken from each patient, and spirometry test was performed. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), IgE and vitamin D parameters were measured.

The mean score of forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC in both groups as well as the mean FVC in the control group did not change significantly after the intervention. The mean FVC score, vitamin D level and TAC in the intervention group increased significantly after the intervention, while the IgE levels reduced significantly.

Taking vitamin D tablets could increase the antioxidant parameters in asthmatic patients.

Diagnosis of tenosynovitis is usually confirmed on the basis of synovial fluid analysis (such as cytological and biochemical examinations). This study was designed to examine biochemical (serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp) and D-dimer) and cytological (total nucleated cell count (TNCC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte count) characteristics of serum and synovial fluid of the equine digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS). Synovial fluid samples were aseptically collected in EDTA from 43 limbs in 20 horses with (study group) and 8 limbs in 8 horses without (control group) distention of DFTS and serum samples were collected from each horse. Lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and TNCC in the synovial fluid were statistically higher in the distended sheath that shows an inflammatory nature of the distention, however, concentrations of D-dimer was lower in serum (0.1, 0.10-3.80) and (0.2, 0.10-0.20) than synovial fluid (19.2, 17.78-20.00) and (20, 19.90-20.00)) in both groups. The serum SAA concentrations of the control group (1.7, 0.10-2.16) were significantly higher than the study group (1, 0.86-1.05) and the concentration of SAA in serum was higher than synovial fluid (0.89, 0.86-0.98) in the control group. Results of this current study show that a cytological evaluation of the synovial fluid is more valuable than biochemical findings in the diagnosis of the inflammatory nature of this condition.

To investigate the hormonal and biochemical profiles of horses with osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD), serum insulin, cortisol, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, fasting blood glucose (FBG), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high- and low-density lipoproteins, albumin and uric acid were measured in horses definitely diagnosed with OCD (n=19) as well as clinically normal horses (n=18). Proxies representing insulin sensitivity [reciprocal of square root of insulin concentration (RISQI)] and beta cell responsiveness [modified insulin to glucose ratio (MIRG)] were calculated. Body fat percent (BF%) was estimated according to fat depth over the rump using ultrasonography. Body condition score (BCS), weight, and waist circumference were also determined. Glucose was significantly higher and MIRG, BCS, BF% and TG were significantly lower in OCD- horses compared to control group. Based on BCS scores, horses in control group were overweight. The results of the present study, higher FBG and lower MIRG, might implicate the existence of a footmark of insulin/glucose derangement. The body mass index and muscle mass were not measured in this study; nonetheless, a lower BF% might implicate a higher body muscle mass in OCD affected horses, which were comparably underweight compared to control group. While insulin resistance does also occur in human individuals and horses with lower BF%, horses with higher muscle mass may show greater potential for exercise, which in turn, exerts greater physical pressure on cartilages. An underlying hormonal predisposition could make these horses more prone to OCD, originally triggered by mechanical pressures.

Chocolate is a suspension of solid particles, including sugar, cocoa solids and milk powder (depending on the chocolate type) in a continuous fat phase, namely cocoa butter or its substitutes. The solid particles account for approximately 70% of chocolate with the fat constituting about 30%. Sugar takes up nearly 40–50% of the total solid particles of chocolate, thus influencing its sweetness, particle size distribution, rheological and sensory properties. It is also considered to be a bulking agent and a source of energy which produces 394 kcal/100 g of refined sugar. Therefore, consumers are increasingly becoming concerned with chocolate sugar and calorie content nowadays. This issue can be resolved by replacing sugar with bulk (nutritive) sweeteners and/or dietary fibers. Bubbles are found in many food products, including cakes, chocolates and beverages. Although they do not increase the food nutritional value, they change its textural properties and mouthfeel. Bubbles are normally visible to the naked eye and their mean diameter ranges from 0.05 to 3 mm. X-ray computed tomography is a 3D imaging technique which captures the images of a sample cross-sections. It is used for the non-destructive visualization and characterization of food microstructure. In this method, a series of radiographs of a sample are captured from different angles to be utilized for the 3D reconstruction of the material microstructure.

sugar was replaced with inulin: maltodextrin mixture at ratios of 25:75 (CH2), 50:50 (CH3) and 75:25 (CH4). Carbon dioxide was injected into the samples at 6 bar to produce aerated chocolate. Using X-ray computed tomography, the images of the samples were captured and after processing, the obtained images were segmented using the Chan-Vese method. The properties of bubbles included total volume, diameter and surface to volume ratio. The crystallinity of the samples was determined through X-ray diffraction. The hardness of the chocolate bars was measured using the puncture test. The density of the aerated chocolates was also compared with that of the nonaerated ones.

X-ray diffraction revealed that there were many strong peaks in the diffractogram of CH1, which can be ascribed to the high degree of sugar crystallinity in addition to the impurities present in the commercial sugar utilized in this study. In the case of the sugar-free samples, namely CH2, CH3 and CH4, two distinct peaks could be seen at 2θ of about 21° and 23.5°, both of which were much stronger and more defined in the scattering pattern of CH3, demonstrating the more crystalline structure of this sample. It seems that inulin and maltodextrin have physically interacted with each other or with the other ingredients of the chocolate, in particular CBS, which has been more pronounced at the ratio of 50:50. The results of image segmentation showed that the Chan-Vese method, compared with the adaptive thresholding one, was more able to segment the images, because this method does not depend on the image gradient and is especially suitable for the objects with vague edges. The mean bubble diameter of CH1 was bigger than that of the other samples, which could be due to its higher degree of crystallinity, because the crystalline structure of CH1 prevented the gas from being lost leading to the coalescence of smaller bubbles and the formation of bigger ones. In addition, it was observed that the density of the aerated chocolate was higher than that of the unaerated one in all the formulas as a portion of solid particles and fat was replaced with the gas. The results also demonstrated that the sugar-free aerated samples were softer than the corresponding nonaerated ones. However, it was reversed in the case of CH1 which could be ascribed to the presence of sugar in this sample, because in aerated products, solid particles, particularly sugar, form a continuous skeleton and play the same role as fat does in nonaerated products.

Hip dysplasia (HD) is an inherited, non-congenital disease that is particularly prevalent in large and giant breeds of dogs. The vast majority of dogs afflicted with HD show no clinical signs and it can be a highly debilitating condition for dogs.
Aim of this study is a preliminary study on hip dysplasia based on clinical and radiographical examination in referral large breed dogs referred to veterinary teaching hospital of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
Thirty six large breed dogs were examined for HD using Standard ventrodorsal hip extended view, and graded into five categories (A, B, C, D and E) using the FCI scoring system. PennHIP method was performed for measuring Distraction Index (DI). The Ortolani method was done to evaluate hip joint laxity.
HD was found in 72.2% of the dog, which included 11.1% unilateral and 61.1% bilateral. 73% of the afflicting cases were male. HD was reported In 11 dogs among 14 dogs with clinical signs and among 22 dogs without clinical signs 15 dogs were affected by HD. Ortolani test represented false negative in 33 cases and false positive in 6 cases.
This study revealed the radiological evaluation of hip joint is essential in susceptible breeds for diagnosis and screening program of HD

With the improvement of ultrasound equipment quality and portability, this ancillary test can be used in a farm setting or in hospital. Ancillary tests, such as complete cell blood count and serum biochemistry panel, may lack the sensitivity or specificity to detect heart disease. Diagnosing heart disease in cattle is challenging because clinical signs can be hidden until signs of congestive heart failure occur. An early diagnosis is of primary importance because the prognosis of the most common heart disorders ranges from guarded to poor. This article reviews the techniques, normal and abnormal findings of echocardiography concerning bovine heart.

Rumen lesion can lower the performance of the animal and sometimes cause its death. Ultrasonography as a diagnostic method for the detection of lesions in the gastrointestinal tract is considered safe. In this study, three regions of rumen including the dorsal blind sac, ventral blind sac, and pillar [0.5 × 0.5 cm] from 10 healthy sheep rumen were sampled. Histomorphometric study of all samples were performed in the mucosal, submucosal, muscular and serosal layers. For ultrasonographic evaluation, samples from wall of rumen in 6 × 6 cm dimensions were used probe. The results showed that identification of all layers of rumen wall is feasible in sheep by histomophometry and ultrasonography techniques. Statistical analysis of the data showed no significant correlation between the parameters of the rumen wall in ultrasonography and histological study. The lack of correlation between ultrasonography and histological data may be due to the tissue changes which would occur during the process of preparing the tissue samples including tissue fixation, dehydration and clearing

Bilateral simple ectopic kidney was diagnosed in an apparently healthy 3-year-old, female domestic short hair cat, incidentally based on radiology and ultrasonography examination. The cat was presented for routine examination without any complaint. In clinical evaluation, no significant abnormal clinical sign was seen except for the absence of both kidneys in their proper location in abdominal palpation, which they were palpated more caudally. Radiography revealed silhouettes of soft tissue opacity in the caudal part of the abdominal cavity superimposed on urinary bladder. Ultrasonography confirmed the presence of both kidneys more caudally. The left kidney was dorsal to the urinary bladder and the right kidney located cranially than the left one. Each kidney showed normal shape and size and imaged in their proper side. Hematological, biochemical and urinalysis examinations showed normal values. Ectopic kidney can be diagnosed in feline patients as an incidental finding but it is important to evaluate the kidney for concurrent problems.

Case Description: Two foals were referred for lameness evaluation. Case 1 was an 8-month-old male KWPN foal and the second one was a 2-day-old female Arabian foal.Clinical The KWPN foal was presented with severe lameness at walk and the second foal was unable to stand. In both patients luxation of the patella was confirmed on physical and radiological examinations.Treatment and Outcome- Patellar luxation was corrected by combination of releasing and imbrication methods in both cases. Follow up revealed that lameness gradually improved during postoperative period.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Diagnosis and surgical repair of lateral patellar luxation were reported in two foals as the first report in Iran. It was concluded that patella luxation as a congenital cause of lameness in foals can be corrected by surgical techniques successfully.

A 2-year-old male Mynah (Acridotheres tristis) was referred with history of abdominal hernia surgery, depression, cachexia, lethargy and swelling of foot joints. Hematological and biochemical findings consisted of leukocytosis, heterophilia, monocytosis, elevation of liver enzymes activity, hyperproteinemia and hyperglobulinemia. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) was performed from foot joints, aseptically. Mycological and bacteriological evaluations were shown Candida albicans infection. In spite of local and systemic treatments, signs were deteriorated and the animal was euthanized and then necropsy was done. Pathological findings revealed systemic candidiasis and fungal osteoarthritis.

Bone loss is one of the major pathological symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and some types of cancers. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) are widely used in patients with cancer as a drug and o have been known to play a key role in rheumatoid arthritis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of these factors on osteoporosis. 28 mouse (Mus musculus، male، and eight weeks of age) were divided into 4 groups of 7. They were injected subcutaneously with distilled water as control، 10 mg/kg IFN-α and 200 mg/kg G-CSF with or without 10 mg/kg IFN-α per day، for 28 days. After killing mice، standardized radiographs were taken from femur bones and the Image J program was used for measurement of the femoral bone density. The total femoral bone volume was measured using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). G-CSF reduced the density of the head and greater trochanter of femural bone in mice. The IFN-a alone increased bone density in the greater trochanter and the volume of the trabecular bone. This factor، in combination with G-CSF، strongly enhanced bone density and increased the volume of the trabecular bone. Therefore، administration of IFN-a may inhibit G-CSF-induced bone loss in inflammatory and treatment conditions.

The pomegranate seed oil (PSO), containing 17-α-estradiol, is one of the newly found phytosterols with synergistic health effects on estrogen related physiological conditions. Herein, PSO was assessed for its potential improving effects on bone characteristics in a rat model of menopausal syndrome. Three month old non-pregnant female Wistar rats (n = 30) were either sham-operated (SHAM) or ovariectomized (OVX), each divided into two further groups receiving 0.1 mL PSO or the same volume of paraffin oil as placebo. Before the operation and 67 days after it, multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) scanning was performed with the identical setup option for the scanner to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) in body of 12th thoracic vertebra, 1st to 6th lumbar vertebra and sacrum. This study revealed that bone density of 1st, 3rd, 5th, 6th and sacrum body were significantly different between OVX and SHAM groups during the study period. In conclusion, PSO during 67 days study could not completely prevent the osteoporotic effects caused by ovariectomy in vertebral column of rats.

Case description:A 6 month old common mynah (Acridotheres tristis) of unknown sex, weighing 200 g, was referred to Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Ferdowsi University. The mynah had history of swallowing a foreign body for one day.Clinical Circular-like radiopaque foreign body was seen from thoracic inlet to distal end of the celomic cavity in the lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs. Treatment and outcome- Because the foreign body can cause obstruction and this condition is life threatening, the surgical removal was done. The crop was approached through 3-cm incision to remove the foreign body. Exploration in the crop was done and the foreign body was removed carefully. The crop incision was sutured in one simple interrupted layer. Procedure resulted in a favorable outcome for the bird.Clinical Relevance: Successful surgery of foreign body has not been described in mynah frequently. According to circular-like foreign body that extends from crop to abdominal cavity this situation is a very rare case.

A2-year-old cachectic cross-breed gelding was admitted to Veterinary Teaching Hospital of University of Tehran following the onset of a marked respiratory distress، coughing and ventral edema. Clinical examinations indicated harsh respiratory and expiratory sounds as well as jugular vein distention. The respiratory and heart rates were 35/min and 60 bpm، respectively. Agrade III/IV pansystolic murmur with the PMI on the tricuspid valve، which could be heard on the left side، was detected. Sinus tachycardia was revealed by electrocardiography. Rupture of the chorda tendineae of the tricuspid valve، pulmonary artery regurgitation، pulmonary artery hypertension، tricuspid valve regurgitation، pulmonary artery، and right ventricular dilation were also found in echocardiography. These findings were confirmed at post mortem examinations. On the basis of the findings، chorda tendineae rapture of the tricuspid valve and right side heart failure due to primary pulmonary hypertension were diagnosed.

Case Description: A three-day-old male Kordi lamb had a soft painless fluctuating mass on the mid-parietal region, with no clinical signs except difficulty in standing; was referred to the clinic.Clinical Clinical examination revealed a normal body temperature, a heart rate, a respiratory rate, and inability to stand without any congenital defects Three-dimensional computed tomography (3DCT) of the skull following radiology and ultrasonography revealed an elliptical defect in the left side of the median parietal line of the skull. Treatment and Outcome- Unfortunately, before surgery the lamb died. Postmortem findings of meningocele exactly confirmed what was shown with 3DCT technique.Clinical Relevance:The present clinical case of meningocele is the first report of cranium bifidum at the left parietal bone in a lamb, using this diagnostic imaging technique.