فهرست مطالب ali moghaddam

 Powdery mildew of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop) is one of the most important diseases of this crop, which primarily spreads in the last cuts and causes loss. If this disease spreads widely on plants, it will cause the loss of leaves and, as a result, reduce the crop's forage yield. On the other hand, because there is little research in this field in the country, it was necessary to conduct research to identify the superior populations that are tolerant to the disease and have desirable agronomic traits, which was the goal of this study.

For investigating the reaction of different populations of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia) to powdery mildew, an experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design in three replications in Karaj, Iran, with ten treatments including two improved populations and eight ecotypes of cultivated sainfoin collected from its habitat and identified from different regions of the country. Evaluation of powdery mildew disease was done in natural conditions in the last cut of plants in the summer of 2021. Disease evaluation of treatments in the field was done by recording traits such as disease incidence and severity. Also, a greenhouse experiment was conducted on the same populations using a completely randomized design with four replications of the treatments, and at least five plants were considered for each ecotype in each replication. The inoculum was prepared by creating a spore suspension with a concentration of 106 spores per ml and sprayed on sainfoin seedlings of different ecotypes at the four to five-week stage that had eight to ten leaves in a greenhouse with a temperature of 23 to 29°C and relative humidity of about 75%. The reaction of ecotypes to the disease was evaluated two weeks after inoculation, and the infection percentage of each population was recorded. The evaluation in the greenhouse and the scoring scale similar to the field evaluation was conducted following a scoring scale of one to four based on the treatments' disease severity percentage. Also, the dry matter (DM) yield of populations for four cuts was calculated. 

Based on the variance analysis data of the field trial in Karaj over two years, it was concluded that there was a significant difference for both disease severity and disease incidence at α=1% level. Also, there was a significant difference in disease severity and incidence at α=1% level among all populations in greenhouse trials. The results related to the disease incidence of the populations in both years showed that in the field trials among all the populations in the first and second years of the research, population number 2 had the minor disease incidence in the field, with values of 33 and 30 percentages, respectively. In the greenhouse test, the same population with values of 47 and 60 percent, respectively, had the lowest DI rate among the populations. Also, the results related to the disease severity (DS) of the populations in two years showed that population number 2 was known to be the most tolerant to the disease, with values of 18 and 10 percent in the first and second years, respectively, and other populations were considered as susceptible to the disease. In greenhouse trials, population number 2 was recognized as the most tolerant population, with 23% and 22% disease severity in the first and second years, respectively, and other populations showed a semi-susceptible to susceptible reaction to the disease.

In total, by comparing the average data in field and greenhouse tests over two years, it was concluded that population number 2, with an average disease severity of 14% and an average dry matter yield of 14.68 tons per hectare, was known as a disease-tolerant population coupled with desirable dry matter yield. Although this population was not completely resistant to powdery mildew, it was introduced as a semi-resistant variety (MR) to the disease, as its disease severity was less than 25% in all experiments.

Climate change drastically reduces the amount of water available to plants and increases the severity and frequency of droughts. By the end of this century, it is anticipated that droughts will continue to increase significantly. Drought stress, as one of the major climate events, induces physiological and morphological alterations, which can restrict crop growth, yield, and quality. In recent years, separate research projects and studies in the country have evaluated the effects of drought stress on grain maize, forage maize, grain sorghum, forage sorghum, grain millet, alfalfa, and clover yields, as well as the effects of drought stress on their yield gap. However, if the results of these separate studies were evaluated together, it would have been possible to compare the drought sensitivity and tolerance of various crops. Consequently, the optimal crop to plant under drought-stress conditions in the nation's agroecosystems would be determined. The meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that can assess the aggregate effects of numerous studies conducted under varying conditions. In other words, meta-analysis is a statistical technique for integrating the findings of multiple studies in order to comprehend a problem. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the impact of different drought stress levels on the yields of grain maize, forage maize, grain sorghum, forage sorghum, grain millet, alfalfa, and clover.

In this study, the data obtained from 145 final reports of the Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO) and published articles over the past decade were analyzed using the meta-analysis method. This included grain sorghum (18 studies), forage sorghum (21 studies), grain maize (28 studies), forage maize (23 studies), grain millet (18 studies), alfalfa (17 studies), and clover (20 studies). In addition to the difference in quantitative results between studies, the effect size variance was utilized in this method. Consequently, the means, standard deviations, and sample sizes (replications in each study) for the control and evaluated treatments were determined. After classifying the data, the reaction ratio (R) and its natural logarithm were calculated. Subsequently, the method determined which treatments have additive or decreasing effects on yield under drought stress conditions, as well as which treatments had no positive or negative impact on yield. Utilizing the T-test, a group comparison was conducted between the mean yield under drought stress conditions and the mean yield under normal irrigation conditions in order to determine the significance level of yield changes caused by drought stress. The statistical analysis and preparation of the figures were performed by Excel.

According to the findings of the meta-analysis, the overall effect of drought stress on the yield of all seven crops was significant for grain sorghum (-16.30%) (P<0.05), forage sorghum (-18.27%) (P<0.05), grain maize (-31.75%) (P<0.01), forage maize (-33.24%) (P<0.01), grain millet (-25.66%) (P<0.01), alfalfa (-30.79%) (P<0.01), and clover (-32.14%) (P<0.01). The yield reductions in grain maize, forage maize, alfalfa, and clover were significant under all levels of drought stress, whereas grain sorghum, forage sorghum, and grain millet yield reductions were significant only under severe drought stress. The yields of grain sorghum, forage sorghum, grain maize, forage maize, grain millet, alfalfa, and clover decreased by 10.03, 11.84, 18.21, 20.27, 14.13, 19.74, and 20.37%, respectively, under moderate drought stress, and 21.98, 25.41, 39.09, 41.37, 32.55, 40.13, and 42.08%, respectively, under severe drought stress.

As a result, it is impossible to cultivate and develop grain maize, forage maize, alfalfa, and clover in areas with limited water resources without significantly reducing yield. According to the findings of this meta-analysis, grain sorghum, forage sorghum, and grain millet with a moderate drought stress tolerance threshold could be recommended for cultivation in regions where drought stress conditions are likely to occur.

In tobacco, chemical fertilizers are used to achieve the desired yield like other crops. In recent years, with the aim of maintaining soil fertility, improving physical and chemical properties, and creating a balance in environmental factors, the use of biofertilizers and compounds such as biochar has been considered in line with the goals of sustainable agriculture. Biochar improves soil's physical and chemical properties, increases microbial activity, and provides microorganisms with carbon, energy, and mineral elements. The positive effects of using biochar with some beneficial microorganisms can be intensified. In some studies, the effect of biochar on the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the positive effects of these in increasing yield have been reported. Mycorrhizal fungi can be considered a suitable solution to improve the plant's nutritional status by absorbing nutrients and more water, decomposing soil organic matter and improving the growth and development of host plants. Mycorrhizal fungi can increase water uptake by entering very small pores that even the plant roots cannot penetrate. Applying other useful soil organisms such as Azotobacter in tobacco fields due to its ability to dissolve phosphates and produce vitamins can improve plant growth and development. Considering that no research has been done in Iran on tobacco production without chemical fertilizers, in this study, the possibility of economic production of tobacco using biofertilizers and modifying compounds such as biochar is evaluated.

This experiment was carried out as a factorial based 3×2×2 on randomized complete block design including biochar (B) at three levels (0, 4, and 8 ton/ha), mycorrhiza (M), and Azotobacter (A) at two levels (without and with application) with four replications. The seedling roots of Azotobacter-containing treatments were inoculated ten days before transplanting. Also, mycorrhiza inoculum was mixed with the soil bed in a ratio of 1 to 10. The biochar was also distributed manually on the surface of the plots and mixed with field soil by a disc. The total weight of four picks of each experimental plot was calculated as fresh yield and after curing as dry plot yield. The leaf nitrogen content was measured by the Kjeldahl method, phosphorus was measured by spectrophotometer, and the amount of absorbable potassium was measured by reading potassium ions by flame photometer. Phillips and Hayman's (1970) method was used to calculate the mycorrhizal symbiosis of the root. The nicotine and sugar content was determined using the standard method Nos. 35 and 38 of the world organization of Corseta. 

Application of 4 ton/ha biochar increased fresh yield by 11%, cured yield by 12%, the leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content by 13, 20, and 15%, respectively, and leaf nicotine and sugar content by 18 and 24% compared to zero level. The leaf nitrogen enhanced by increasing biochar consumption level. The highest amount of leaf nitrogen was obtained at the B8. The same trend was observed in leaf phosphorus content. But in terms of potassium content, the lowest amount was obtained at B0 with 2.6% and the highest at B4 with 3%. Application of mycorrhiza inoculum increased the fresh and dry yield by 6%. The positive results of this study in the simultaneous use of biochar and mycorrhiza and Azotobacter on the mycorrhizal symbiosis can be due to the positive effect of biochar in increasing the activity of other microorganisms such as mycorrhiza or reducing the negative effects of harmful chemical compounds in soil. In this study, although using Azotobacter increased the leaf yield, this increase was not significant. Also, the Azotobacter application had a positive and significant effect on nicotine content and increased it by 32%. The application of Azotobacter can be a desirable solution to increase tobacco nicotine content. 

Due to the lack of significant differences between 4 and 8 tons per hectare of biochar on the evaluated traits in terms of economic aspects, the use of 4 tons per hectare of biochar along with the use of mycorrhiza and Azotobacter to achieve acceptable yield while maintaining chemical quality in tobacco farms is recommended.

this study was conducted in order to identify annual forage legumes suitable for autumn cultivation in terms of forage yield and quality can be an approach to provide forage.

The experiment was conducted conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in four locations in Karaj, Gorgan, Mazandaran and Lorestan for two years. Six types of forage legumes including faba bean, grass pea ( (local cultivar), common vetch (Lamei cultivar), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) (local cultivar), hungarian vetch (an external cultivar) and fodder green pea (Pisum sativum) (two cultivars) were evaluated in terms of quantitative traits of fresh, dry forage yield. These legumes also were evaluated in terms of forage quality in Alborz for one year.

The means of four locations and two years of experiments showed that hairy vetch produced the highest amount of fresh and dry forage yield among studied crops except faba beans. Among faba bean cultivars, Shadan cultivar and Barakat had the highest of fresh and dry forage yield and the lowest of fresh and dry forage belonged to grass pea. Also, study of forage quality characteristics showed that the highest digestible dry matter for Mehta faba bean cultivar, the highest crude protein content for Pioneer cultivar forage green pea and hairy vetch.

Considering the result, all investigating forage legumes have the potential to produce

To evaluate fall dormancy of twenty alfalfa local ecotypes and exotic cultivars, this study was conducted in two separate experiments (conventional or dense planting and spaced planting) using randomized complete block design with three replications in three growing seasons 2014, 2015 and 2016 in two locations (Karaj and Khoy), Iran. First growing season was considered as estabilishment season. Three ecotypes of Hamedani population, four ecotypes of Gharah-Yunjeh population, five ecotypes of warm region populations, two ecotypes from central part of the country and six exotic cultivars were included in this study. In conventional planting, each cultivar/ecotype was grown in two rows of 5 m length and 50 cm row spacing using 20 kg.ha-1 seeding rate, based on seed germination percentage. In spaced planting, each cultivar/ecotype was planted in two rows of 5 m length and 50 cm row spacing and 50 cm distance between plants on row. The recorded traits were plant height, stem number per plant/m-2, dry forage yield, and fall dormancy score. Combined analysis of variance of both experiments showed that mean squares of cultivar/ecotype was significant for dry forage yield, plant height and fall dormancy score. Genotype × location interaction efect was also significant for these traits. Mean comparison of dry forage yield of cultivars/ecotypes showed that Baghdadi with 15.02 t ha-1 and Kiseverdai with 12.3 t.ha-1 in conventional planting, and Bami-1 with 29.6 g.plant-1 and Sequel with 22.1 g.plant-1 had the highest and lowest dry forage yield over two locations and growing seasons, respectively. In both experiments, the local ecotypes related to warm region had the higher fall dormancy scores in comparison to ecotypes from cold region. In conventional planting, Nikshahri, Bami-1 and Baghdadi with 6.9, 6.8 and 6.7 scores, and in spaced planting, Baghdadi and Nikshahri with 6.1 and 6.0 scores showed the highest fall dormancy scores, respectively. Commandor had the lowest fall dormancy score with 3.5 and 3.3 in conventional and spaced planting experiments, respectively. In general, the fall dormancy scores were determined in ecotypes of Ghara-yunje and Hamedani populations (cold region) from 4 to 5, ecotypes from temperate region (KFA7 and Yazdi) from 6 to 7 and warm region (Bami, Baghdadi and Nikshahri) from 7 to 9 scores. Assessment of fall dormancy scores in conventaionl planting experiment led to better estimates, however, it did not affect the grouping of cultivars/ecotypes.

Monitoring tamoxifen as an anticancer drug with high side effects is so important in the chemotropic process. In this regard, a fast and simple electrochemical sensor was fabricated using a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (OMIC) and Fe3O4/graphene nanocomposite and utilized for tamoxifen monitoring. Fe3O4/graphene nanocomposite (Fe3O4-GR) was synthesized by a one-pot synthesis approach, following by then characterized by FESEM and EDS methods. The Fe3O4-GR/OMIC/CPE offered catalytic activity on the redox reaction of tamoxifen and enhanced its oxidation current about 4.59 times. Moreover, the high electrical conductivity of mediators aided the reducing the oxidation potential of tamoxifen (about 80 mV) compared with the unmodified electrode. In addition, Fe3O4-GR/OMIC/CPE showed a linear dynamic range of 0.01 µM – 150 µM with a detection limit of 7.0 nM for sensing of tamoxifen using the square wave voltammetric method. Furthermore, Fe3O4-GR/OMIC/CPE displayed a superior ability for sensing tamoxifen in real samples with an acceptable recovery range. In brief, Fe3O4-GR/OMIC/CPE provided good selectivity for sensing f tamoxifen in an aqueous solution in the presence of organic and inorganic interferences.

Tobacco is cultivated as a valuable crop in more than one hundred countries in different climatic conditions and plays an important role in the economies of some countries.This study was performed to evaluate the effect of mycorrhiza and azotobacter with application of biocahr on tobacco leaf yield, root characteristics and phytochemical components under rainfed conditions for two growing seasons at 2016 and 2017 at the Research Farm of Tirtash Tobacco Research and Education Center of Mazandaran province, Iran. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications and three treatments was performed. Treatments consisted of biochar (B) at three levels (0, 4 and 8 ton/ha), mycorrhiza (M), and azotobacter (A) both at two levels (without and with application). Application of 4 ton/ha biocahr increased fresh yield by 26%, cured yield 26%, root dry weight 44%, root fresh weigth 37%, root length 41%, nicotine 3%, while reduced sugar content 24% and sugar to nicotine ratio by 21% as compared to zero level of biochar application. The effect of mycorrhiza and azotobacter application on tobacco leaf yield but it was not significant, however, azotobacter had the most significant effect on nicotine content (17%). There was a positive and significant correlation between root characteristics and tobacco leaf yield. Due to the lack of significant differences between levels of 4 and 8 tons per hectare of biochar in most of the evaluated traits in terms of economic approach, the use of 4 tons per hectare of biochar along with mycorrhiza and Azotobacter to reduce the adverse of low water effects in rainfed farms and ameliorate the tobacco growth is recommended. Also azotobacter application is considered as desirable factor to increase of nicotine in tobacco.

This study was conducted to quantitatively evaluate selfed (S1, S2 and S3) and open pollinated (OP1, OP2 and OP3) generations of alfalfa in terms of inbreeding depression and general combining ability of S2 families of alfalfa ecotypes. Selfing of selected plants to produce three generations of S1, S2 and S3 generations were performed under the field conditions and the clones of each selfed- generations were used for producing of open pollinated- generations.  For comparison of dry forage yield and plant height of selfed (S1, S2, S3) and open pollinated (OP1, OP2, OP3) generations randomized complete block design with three replications was employed in 2015 and 2016 growing seasons at Plant and Seed Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran.. The results revealed significant differences among ecotypes, generations and growing seasons and their two- way and three-way interactions for dry forage yield. Alfalfa ecotypes reacted differently to selfing, and the highest rate of vigor depression was observed in the S1 generation tropical ecotypes. However, vigor recovery observed in all ecotypes with continuing selfing and vigor remarkably increased in S3 generation. Vigour recovery was observed more in OP2 than OP3. The highest general combining ability for dry forage yield observed for Yazdi and Nikshahri ecotypes which are tropical ecotypes. Therefore, crossing of these ecotypes with ecotypes originated from different climatic conditions could be more effective in improvement of forage yield of synthetic and hybrid (semi or free hybrid) varieties in alfalfa.

The goal of study was to evaluate promising alfalfa cultivars for drought stress and identify the most tolerant and superior cultivars for drought stress.  

The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during three cropping seasons (2016-19). In the main plots, the irrigation factor was applied at three levels - at the first irrigation level only to the end of the first harvest, at the second level irrigation until the end of the second harvest, and at the third level irrigation until the end of the third harvest (complete irrigation). The second factor was six cultivars and alfalfa ecotypes.  

The effect of irrigation levels was significant for all measured traits. The fresh and dry matter yields of the studied genotypes were affected by irrigation levels and decreased significantly. Water stress significantly reduced plant height at first and second levels of irrigation 23% and 17%, respectively. Water stress, also significantly reduced the number of stems at the first and second levels of irrigation 34% and 30%, respectively.  

The responses of genotypes for dry matter yield were similar as fresh forage yield. In conclusion, synthetic and Azar cultivars and Varzghan ecotype were the most suitable cultivars for deficit irrigation conditions and are suitable for cultivation in low irrigation conditions in Tabriz plain.

Study of potential of alfalfa ecotypes in biomass partitioning and harvestable and non-harvestable parts as well as induction of summer dormancy under water scarcity can lead to develop adapted cultivars for sustainable farming system andto meet targets of the breeding program. Therefore, this experiment was conducted with 10 alfalfa ecotypes under four irrigation managements at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran, during 2016-2018. The irrigation treatments included; full irrigation and irrigation withhold for 20, 40 and 60 days. Under stress and on stress conditions, Nikshahri and Yazdi ecotypes had the highest regrowth rate, therefore, these two ecotypes as well as KFA6 ecotype with high stem number demonstrated the highest survival rate under induction of summer dormancy. The highest biomass belonged to normal irrigation with 17.31 t.ha-1 while the maximum unharvestable part yield with 7.02 t.ha-1was measured in irrigation withhold treatment for 40 days. Yazdi and KFA6 ecotypes showed the maximum total biomass (15.71 and 15.76 t.ha-1 respectively) among warm and cold region ecotypes with different fall dormancy scores and can be used as aprentsin alfalfa breeding programs. Regarding to biomass partitioning ratio, KFA17, KFA6 and Yazdi, which are landraces, had greater harvestable part to unharvestable part ratio with 1.63, 1.43 and 1.40, respectively. Therefore, these landraces can be selected for forage production under different irrigation managements. As the leaf to stem ratio has the main role in forage quality, Baghdadi ecotype with leaf: stem ratio of 1.29 had the highest forage quality among studied ecotypes. Baghdadi also maintained its high quality in all irrigation management treatments. In alfalfa breeding programs focused on improvement of forage and unharvestable yield for sustainable production in both optimum and stress environment conditions, Yazdi and KFA6 ecotypes seems to be suitable.

Water scarcity is one of the major limiting factors to agricultural production across the globe and it is predicted that drought spells will occur more frequently in the future due to the long-term effects of global warming (Rivero et al., 2007). This has led to a decrease in canopy size, loss in photosynthesis and consequently reduced crop yields. Alfalfa, being perennial and multi cut, as well as having an efficient root system, can tolerate water limited conditions by dormancy and is able to restart its biological activities after irrigating (Mc Williams, 2002). The mechanisms of response to water stress are complex and include activation of growth regulators in molecular and physiological levels. In addition, the yield potential and stability of some Iranian alfalfa ecotypes in different locations have been investigated previously (Mofidian & Moghaddam, 2013).

The experiment was carried out with 10 warm and cold region alfalfa ecotypes in two distinct environments at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran, over the years 2016-2018. The environments included full irrigation and no watering for 20 days from 22th of June. To conduct a preliminary evaluation of the ecotypes response to water stress, stress susceptibility index (SSI) based on fresh forage yield was calculated. The most important physiological traits measured in this study were as follows: relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content index (CCI), canopy temperature depression (CTD), and stomatal resistance (SR), Chlorophyll a and b contents and carotenoids. Combined analysis of variance and mean comparisons were done by SPSS Ver.22 and Excel 2016.

The effect of no watering stress on all of the physiological traits was significant (P<0.01). The ecotypes showed a significant difference in dry matter yield and all physiological measurements except for electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll b content. The year effect indicated a significant difference for chlorophyll b (P<0.05); carotenoids and dry matter yield (P<0.01) but it was not found to be significant for the rest of traits. Among the interactions, environment × year interaction showed no significant effect for all the studied traits. Although, ecotype × environment interaction was significant just for carotenoids (P<0.01), ecotype × year interaction was significant for Dry matter yield, RWC, CTD and SR (P<0.01); and CCI, chlorophyll a (P<0.05), as well. Under full irrigation regime and cut-off irrigation treatment, RWC was respectively 66.26 and 44.06 percent, which indicated that water stress decrease RWC by 32 percent. Electrolyte leakage averaged 26.51 percent under the stress environment, exhibiting a 72 percent decrease in cell membrane stability relative to full irrigation scenario. The chlorophyll content index in non-stress condition was 38 percent greater than that of under stress condition. The canopy temperature depression decreased by 43 percent during water stress imposition. No water shortage treatment led to the least stomatal resistance of 22.22 s/cm; however, this value was 37.87 s/cm under water-limited conditions, which showed a difference of 70 percent.

The minimum stress susceptibility index at the first and second year, 0.35 and 0.51, were observed in BAGHDADI and BAMI ecotype respectively, which, among the investigated alfalfa ecotypes, were found to be the most resistance to no watering for 20 days. Overall, KFA6 ecotype showed the minimum electrolyte leakage (13.79 s/cm) and stomatal resistance (23.69 s/cm), respectively. Moreover, KFA6 ecotype had the maximum photosynthetic pigments of 1.623 mg in fresh leaf (gr) that led to the production of 17.48 t/ha dry matter yield and superiority of 14 percent as compared to the two-year mean of all ecotypes under full irrigation and no watering conditions. Keywords: Canopy temperature, stomatal resistance, cell membrane stability, photosynthetic pigments, and alfalfa. References: Mc Williams, D. 2002. Drought strategies for alfalfa. Extension handbook, Department of Extension Plant Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. P-1-5. Rivero, R.M., Kojima, M., Gepstein, A., Sakakibara, H., Mittler, R., Gepstein, S., and Blumwald, E.2007. Delayed leaf senescence induces extreme drought tolerance in a flowering plant. Proceeding of National Academic Science, USA 104:19631–19636. Mofidian, S.M.A., and Moghaddam, A. 2013. Analysis of ecotype location interaction in cold-region alfalfa ecotypes. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 15(2): 71-85.

In order to stablity analysis of foxtail millet, six foxtail millet genotypes (five new genotyps and Bastan as control) were cultivated in six locations (Karaj, Gonbad, Varamin, Yazd, Sari and Birjand) across two years in a randomized complete block design with four replications. the results of combined analysis for studied traits (number of tillers, number of leaves, days to flowering, height, fresh forage yield, dry forage yield and seed yield) showed that the cultivars and environments main effects and intraction between cultivars and environments were statistically significant. all of the studied genotypes except G4 had forage yield higher than Bastan (control). the total mean (fresh forage yield) was 24.76 t/ha and the average of all cultivars except G3 and G5 was lower than total mean. the results of the stability analysis by differnrt methods showed that G5 was high yield and stable genotype in the studied environments. spearman's rank correlation between forage yield and stabilty parameters showed strong negative correlation between forage yield and superiority index (Pi) and ranking (Si). these results indicated thet use of Pi and S1 for simultanious selection of stable and high yielding foxtail millet genotypes would be efficent. reggersion deviation, Wricke oekovalenz and Shukla stability variance are equivalent in ranking genotypes for stability and could be substituted with each other in breeding programs. in conclusion, the results showed that G5 had high yield and good stability to all environments and could be introduced as a new cultivar.

In order to evaluate the variations of soybean seed quality and also biochemical changes during seed deterioration at natural aging conditions, this research employed a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (in laboratory) and randomized complete block design (at field). The treatments included two cultivars of Williams and L17 and three storage durations of 6, 18 and 30 months. The studied characteristics included normal seedling percent, electrical conductivity, soluble sugars, total protein, malondialdehyde, first and final seedling emergence percent and cumulative seedling emergence rate. The result showed that seed quality significantly decreased by increasing the storage duration and this loss of seed quality storage resulted in the reduction of field seedling emergence. The reduction of seed quality in the third duration was significantly higher than the second storage duration. Also, the cultivar Williams had more storability as compared to L17. The number of normal seedlings decreased more significantly 5 and 17.8 percent for Williams and 12.9 and 25.8 percent for L17 subsequent to 18 and 30 months as compared to 6 months of storage. The results indicated a positive correlation between seed quality and seed’s soluble sugars and protein and also a negative correlation between leakage of cell substances and the rate of MDA in seeds. Total protein percent decreased from 36.5% (6 months of storage) to 33.5% and 31.5% (18 and 30 months of storage). Results revealed that seed deterioration rate after 30 months of storage was significantly higher as compared to its previous period. This finding shows that soybean seeds was storable for at least one crop season and the decrease in the seed quality and emergence problem will then be witnessed.

Deregulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression can lead to cancer initiation and progression. The aim of this study was to investigate miR-125a expression level in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm and its correlation with JAK2 allele burden and laboratory findings.
This is an experimental study. In total, 20 patients with Polycythemia Vera (PV) and 20 patients with essential thrombocythemia(ET) were examined. Ten healthy subjects were checked as controls. We performed JAK2 V617F allele burdens measurement by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Expression analysis of miR‑125a-3p and miR-125a-5p was performed by Real-time RT-PCR. Results were analyzed by SPSS 16 software and Mann–Whitney test and Spearman’s correlation was applied for analysis.
miR-125a-5p was up regulated in both PV (p = 0.003) and ET patients (p = 0.002). In PV group, a significant correlation was observed between miR-125a-5p and platelet counts (p = 0.01, r = 0.531). The median allele burden of the JAK2 V617F was 66% (62.37 ± 18.29) for patients with PV and 40% (43.4 ± 13.95) for patients with ET (p = 0.007).
In conclusion, our data indicate that there is the aberrant expression of miRNAs such as miR-125a in MPNs patients except JAK2 mutation.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment of Najapolice personnel.
To explain the concept of empowerment, a combination of theoretical models of Mishra and Spreitzer (1991), are used who consideredempowerment in five dimensions including:a sense of competence, a sense of autonomy, a sense of effectiveness, a sense of significance and confidence and to measure the organizational commitment concept, Allen and Meyer (1998) pattern was used which has identifiedorganizational commitment in aspects of affective commitment, continuous commitment and normative commitment.
The study was descriptive - correlationaland 317 questionnaires were distributed among the statistical population of police headquarter through classified relational and random sampling. Validity or the data collection tool was calculated through experts and its reliability through Cronbach's Alpha (0.84).
Results of testing hypothesessuggest that there is a significant positive relationshipbetween five dimensions of empowerment and organizational commitment. The findings also suggest that there is a relationship between a sense of competence, autonomy, significance, effectiveness and trust and organizational commitment, therefore, with regard to the empowerment of staff, it is considered a valuable strategy for improving organizational commitment of employees, that managers and commanders need totake steps in this direction by giving freedom of action, effective management, enhancing motivation, self-management power, in-servicetraining and so on.

In the present research work, origination and modification of the zona radiata (ZR) around the rainbow trout oocytes and in the zygotes were studied for every stage of ovarian growth and its relationship with the habitat and spawning location. In early to mid-December, premature ovaries were separated from the matured fishes. One week later, the mature oocytes and sperm were caught with the massaging and pressing of the fish abdominal area and some mature oocytes were fertilized. Study of the histologic sections demonstrated that the ZR is appeared as a non-striated, amorphous and acellular area outside the oolemma of the oocyte during cortical alveolar stage. The number of canals and structural complexity of ZR were culminated at the vitellogenic stage. In mature oocytes, ZR became bilayer (ZRi, ZRe) and its structural complexity was reduced. This reduction continued in afterfertilization oocytes (zygotes) that could show a change in its role from nutritional type to protectoral one. It was appeared that jelly layer (ZRe) of rainbow trout eggs was simpler and thinner when compared to other fish eggs. The results achieved was logical because of spawning behavior of trout which lays oocytes in dogged spawning pits, therefore there was not any need for adhesion of oocytes on spawning substratum in order of protection.

For many years gradualtapering was done. New theories with an emphasis on two-stage tapering Suggest that the load of training reduced gradually and then a few days before the race, the load of training rise again. Therefore the aim of this research is Study the effect of two-stage tapering in compare with gradualtapering on serum lactate, testosterone and cortisol in male swimmers. In this semi-experimental study 12 young male swimmers (with age ranging from 14 to 17 years) as available sampling were selected. Subjects based on their final record were divided in to two groups: two-stage tapering group (N = 6) gradualtapering group (N=6). Before and after the completion of 2 weeks tapering Program, performance test and blood samples were taken for assessment serum levels of lactate, testosterone and cortisol. To evaluate the result paired T-test and ANCOVA (analysis of Covariance) were used. after 2 weeks of tapering program, in two-stage tapering group compared with pre-test, serum levels of lactate and cortisol was increased significantly (P>%5). But in gradualtapering group compared with pre-test, serum levels of cortisol was increased significantly (P> %5). changes in serum lactate and testosterone levels in two-stage tapering group compared with gradualtapering group was not significant (P> %5). While increase in serum cortisol levels in two-stage tapering group compared with gradualtapering group was significant (P> %5). Generally it can be said, that likely two-stage tapering strategies compare then gradualtapering strategies have more catabolic effect.

This experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications at two locations: Agricultural and natural resource center of Ardebil province (Moghan) and seed and plant certification and registration institute of Karaj in 2013. The treatments included: planting date in three levels (10-May, 25-May and 9-Jun), seed moisture content at harvest time in four levels (30%, 25, 20 and 15) and seed size in three levels (flat, round and medium). The measured traits were a standard germination test, mean time of germination, seedling weight and length vigor index, germination percent in radical emergence test and germination percent in cold test. The results illustrated that delayed planting caused reduction of seed quality and this reduction was more obvious in delayed harvest (15%), also the reduction rate in round seeds was more than flattered and medium seeds. The minimum percentage of germination and vigor were seen in round seeds of third planting date and moisture harvest by 15%. So it is recommended for corn seed production to sow the seeds before the last week of May and when seed moisture content reached 30 percent, cob harvesting should be started and the harvest not be delayed.

In order to assess seed deterioration of soybean at Ardebil province this study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design in 2014. The treatments were consisted of germination ability, seed moisture content and seed storing conditions. Germination ability treatment was concluded of three germination levels: 80%, 85% and 90%. Also three rates of seed moisture content including 10%, 12% and 14%; and two seed storing conditions including seed storage of Moghan and controlled storage were considered as second and third treatments. The results indicated that seed quality significantly reduced by increasing the seed moisture content up to 14% and this moisture content was determined as inappropriate moisture for soybean seed storage. Seeds with high moisture content showed significantly lower normal seedlings percent, germination rate and seedling vigor indices. However, there was no significant difference between 12% and 10% seed moisture contents, so it can be concluded that 12% seed moisture content is proper moisture for soybean seed storage. According to the results, enhancement of seed moisture content more than 12% will result in more accelerated deterioration of soybean seed, in a way that seeds with higher moisture content, especially at inappropriate seed storage conditions will lose their quality and will cause yield reduction at field due to low plant density aroused from inadequate seedling emergence.

This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate accelerated agingtimeeffect and various size and shapes of hybrid corn, cv. single cross 704 seeds on some germination and seedling vigor traits in 2014 in Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute(SPCRI) at Karaj. Experiment was done as a factorial experiment based on  completely randomized design by four replications. In order to seeds size and shape grading, three round sieves by 5.5, 6.25 and7 mm holes diameter size were used for round and flat shapes and medium size separation respectively. Seeds under taken accelerated ageing conditions at 41 centigrade degree temperature and 100 relative humidity at 4 ageing times, 72, 96,120 and 144 hours. Then standard germination test was conducted and normal seedlings percent and mean germination time and seedling weight and length vigor indices were measured. Results indicated that aging time and seed size and shapes effects on determined germination and vigor indices were significant. Aging time for 144 hours caused significant decrease in normal seedlings percent compared to other ageing times and 120 and 144 hours aged seeds had highest mean germination time and then 96 and 72 hours aged seeds arranged respectively. Only 144 hours aging time caused significant seedling length vigor index decrease in comparison to other aging and highest and lowest seedling weight vigor index investigated at 72 and 144 hours aging times respectively. Also, highest normal seedlings percent and mean germination time related to flat shape and medium size seeds and highest and lowest seedling length and weight vigor indices amounts belonged to flat and round shape seeds respectively comparison indicated that normal seedling percentage, seedling length and weight vigor indices in three seed sizes had significant different and the highest and lowest rates were in flat and round respectively.

In the present research, modification of the zona radiata (ZR) around the molly (Poecilia sphenops, Valencinnes 1846) and bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Richardson 1845) oocytes and in the zygotes were studied for pre- and post-fertilization stages and its relationship with the reproductive strategy. Light and scanning electron microscopic studies on the histological sections of ovary in viviparous molly and oocytes of the oviparous bighead carp showed that in post-vitellogenic (mature) oocytes, the traces of pore-canal system (organization) of the ZR were seen and after fertilization, the zona radiata of both species gained further simplicity and reduced in thickness, that could show a change in its role from nutritional type to protectoral one particularly in bighead carp. Obvious difference in thickness, architecture and number of pore-canals was seen among the ZR of the pre- and post-fertilized eggs of two species. It appeared that in both pre- and post-fertilization stages, the ZR of the molly eggs was simpler and thinner when compared to other fish eggs. The result was logical, because of reproductive manner of these fishes. Bighead carp spawns in fast waters and ZR protects its eggs from large mechanical pressure, but molly is viviparous and its eggs do not undergo large mechanical pressure.

Amplification of STR (Short Tandem Repeat) loci has become a useful tool for human identification applications. The STR polymorphisms analyses are not only useful for paternity and forensic identity testing but also for the evaluation of chimerism and engraftment after allogeneic BMT. In this descriptive study, blood samples were obtained from 100 individuals among Iranian population. In order to develop STR-PCR multiplex systems, numerous STR locus combinations and amplification conditions were evaluated; as a result, three non-overlapping triplex STR systems were developed. The first triplex (DDT) includes the co-amplification of the D4S2366, D16S539 TH01 loci; the second triplex (VFF) contains the VWA, FES/FPS, F13A01 loci; and the third triplex (DTC) contains the D13S317, TPOX, CSF1PO loci. The common statistical information used in paternity and forensic sciences such as heterozygosity (H), matching probability (MP), power of discrimination (PD), paternity index (PI), and power of exclusion (PE) as well as the allele frequency distribution were determined for the Iranian population using all three multiplex systems and their representative loci. For all loci, no deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations (HWE) were detected. In conclusion, the STR multiplex systems developed have a high power of discrimination (PD = 0.9999999997), and the matching probability (PM) across all nine loci was estimated as 1 in 3.6 billion, which underlines the usefulness of these systems in the forensic medicine as well as for human identity.

Effective management in higher education institutions requires proper leadership model, so that the application of appropriate leadership style of managers of these institutions, can be effective in motivating faculty members. This study aims to measure the relationship between leadership style and creativity of faculty members of Amin Police University. In terms of its objective, this study is of an applied research type and in terms of methodology it is a survey research. The statistical population of the study includes 131 selected faculty members of Amin Police University as a sample. The data were collected using Torrance Creativity Questionnaire (0/91) and Hersey and Blanchard Leadership Style Questionnaire (0/93). In order to measure the research hypotheses the Chi-square test was employed. Findings and The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between leadership style and creativity among the faculty members of Amin Police University. Also, unlike the military organizations whose leadership style is mainly imperious, from the viewpoints of faculty members of Amin Police University the dominant leadership style is participatory and the level of creativity among the members is in average level.

promoting social capital and try to keep it as targets in all other countries and governments more power to make it happen are used. Because it is a prerequisite for any development in various fields of political، cultural، social and scientific and operate all countries in order to achieve this goal. Accordingly، in this study we have tried to develop the social capital of citizens of different provinces based on the provincial level to be measured. In this study، several approaches، including sociology، the theory of Bourdieu، Coleman، Putnam and Fukuyama to define social capital and its constituent dimensions are used. This study uses quantitative methods and by means of questionnaire survey on 911 residents of the four provinces of Qazvin، Semnan، Kermanshah and Hamadan and statistical tests such as Pearson، Spearman correlation and regression analysis were used is. The results show that social capital is low at 8. 72% of the respondents indicated that social capital is critical. Distribution of social capital based on the level of development of the province، stating the relationship is reversed. In other words، in the provinces of undeveloped، low levels of social capital. crime variable with beta 33. 0- have highest impact on social capital. The lowest impact on social trust and commitment to the values and the relationship of these variables with 22. 0 beta levels of social capital directly.

Since stimulated telomerase activity provides nearly all of human malignancies including acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with unlimited proliferative potential، targeting telomerase seems to be an effective approach in cancer treatment. In this regard، BIBR1532، a small-molecule inhibitor of telomerase، has been shown to increase the therapeutic window of current chemotherapeutic regimens. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of BIBR1532 on cell proliferation as well as transcriptional alteration of hTERT (the catalytic subunit of telomerase). NB4 leukemic cells were treated with various concentrations of BIBR1532 and succeeding trypan blue exclusion assay، BrdU cell proliferation assay، and quantitative real-time PCR were applied to investigate cell viability index، cell proliferation and time-dependent alteration of hTERT mRNA levels. BIBR1532 decreased cell viability index and exerted an antiproliferative effect against NB4 leukemic cells; we found that exposing cells with BIBR1532 at 30، 60 and 90 μM for 72 h inhibited DNA synthesis rate by 24، 45 and 70%، respectively. Furthermore، transcriptional suppression of hTERT was found upon NB4 treatment by BIBR1532 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Based on the short telomere length and high terlomerase activity in APL as well as antiproliferative effect of BIBR1532 against NB4 cells، anti-telomerase-based therapy might be regarded as a successful strategy in APL therapy.