فهرست مطالب ali moridi

One of the problems in the field of water is its wastage in water supply networks due to water leakage due to high pressure. Therefore, keeping the pressure at a suitable range is necessary. The most effective equipment for this purpose is pressure relief valves and PAT2. In this article, by linking the DE algorithm with the EPANET hydraulic solver, in the first step, by using the double-objective DE algorithm, the appropriate location of the pressure relief valves and its regulating pressure, as well as the optimal location of the reverse pump and the type of reverse pump, are determined at the same time. In the second step, by using the DE single objective algorithm, keeping the location of the pressure relief valves constant (resulting from the first step) and also keeping the location and type of PAT, the rotational speed of the pump and the regulating pressure of the pressure relief valve constant are optimized in 24 hours, to increase the production energy. The obtained results showed that it is possible to provide 160 kilowatt hours per day of salable energy to the city power grid from the network.

In today's world, where more than half of its population reside in cities and economic activities are largely concentrated in urban areas, having access to a desirable level of urban water supply and sewage infrastructures is essential for the socioeconomic growth and preventing the occurrence of many diseases and health problems. The condition of urban water supply and sewage infrastructure in Iran has not been comprehensively evaluated so far, and this gap has led to a lack of accurate knowledge of the status of these infrastructures and their different aspects in various regions of Iran. In this study, a non-parametric modification of data envelopment analysis was used to construct a composite index for evaluating the status of urban water and sewage infrastructure for all provinces of Iran between 2011 to 2021, and by using random effects models, the factors affecting it were evaluated. Based on the results of this study, central provinces of Iran like Isfahan, Yazd, and Semnan mostly have a favourable situation regarding the mentioned infrastructure, while some relatively deprived provinces such as Golestan and Sistan-Baluchestan along with some economic and population centers namely Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Fars are among the provinces that have a lower status regarding the mentioned infrastructure. According to the result of the random effects model, the two factors of urbanization and the actual public expenditures are the most important drivers of improving urban water supply and sewage infrastructures, while urban population density is the main factor in deterioration of this infrastructure status.

Surface water pollution has been recognized as a severe threat to human health and the environment in recent decades, underscoring the importance of investigating water quality conditions.

This study aims to assess the water quality of the Tajan River employing the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) and the Iranian Surface Water Quality Index (IRWQI-SC). Twelve water quality parameters, including pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity (NTU), Nitrate, Phosphate, Ammonia, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Water Temperature, and Total Coliforms, were measured at three stations across four distinct seasons.

According to the IRWQI-SC index, the poorest water quality was observed at the downstream station during the winter season, registering a value of 38, while the highest index value occurred at the upstream station during the spring season, reaching 84.6. Additionally, based on the NSFWQI index, the upstream station during the spring season displayed the most favorable water quality with an index value of 80.7, whereas the lowest water quality condition was noted at the downstream station in the winter season, with a value of 46.9. Both water quality indices categorized the upstream station as exhibiting good water quality suitable for various purposes. Nevertheless, water quality degradation was evident along the river course owing to the influx of agricultural and sewage effluents, with more pronounced alterations observed during winter.

The water quality of the Tajan River has undergone significant changes due to the influx of agricultural effluents and sewage, posing a threat to human health and environmental well-being. Addressing this issue necessitates effective wastewater management and the preservation of the Tajan River as a vital freshwater resource. 

The purpose of this study was to investigate the water quality condition of Sarabrud River using Iran surface water quality index and biological value index. To achieve this purpose, five sampling stations were selected along the Sardabrud River based on limnological principles and establishment of contaminant sources and sampling of water and benthos was done by three replications in both cold and warm seasons. 11 water quality parameters including: BOD5, COD, Ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, pH, faecal coliform and electrical conductivity were measured and analyzed using standard methods. Based on the results, in cold season, biological value index was lower than warm season. This index, at upstream station was 1 and 2/43 in cold and warm seasons, respectively. On the basis of saproby table, in cold season, all the stations were in oligosaprobe condition and middle was in betamesosaprobe condition. Also in warm season, downstream was in oligosaprobe and the others were in betamesosaprobe condition. IRWQIsc index was decreased in both seasons and its amount in cold season was higher than warm season. This value, in cold season ranged from 58/5 to 90/7. Downstream station was in relatively good quality condition in both seasons and two upstream stations had a very good condition in cold season. Also, in warm season, IRWQIsc index ranged from 55/26 to 90/38. The upstream stations of Sardabrud and Kelardasht were in very good and good condition, respectively, middle station and Najjarkola were in relatively good condition. Municipal, agricultural and domestic sewages, could lead to increase contamination and reduce the quality of water from upstream to downstream. In order to manage the quality condition of the river, compilation of a complete protection plan for Sardabrud River with the approach of maintaining the existing conditions is recommended.

The quality of river water is of great importance due to the limited availability of freshwater resources and the increased demand for water in the drinking water, agriculture, and other sectors. Rivers are one of the sources of this water supply, which are exposed to indiscriminate discharge of industrial, agricultural and human wastewater without proper environmental considerations.The study area in this research is the Sardabrud River located in Mazandaran province. The required data for conducting the research were collected from three stations along the river throughout a hydrological year and analyzed. In this study, the Iranian River Water Quality Index for surface waters (IRWQIsc) and the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) were used to evaluate the river water quality. Based on the results, the values of the IRWQIsc index varied between 92.12-30.42 and the NSFWQI index between 92.35-48.075, indicating very good quality in spring and bad quality in winter for IRWQIsc, and excellent quality in spring and bad quality in summer for the NSFWQI, respectively.. Among the most important factors polluting the water of this river along its course are the discharge of agricultural and human sewage into the middle and downstream reaches, land use changes, and climate changes - which have caused a decrease in water quality along the river's path.Using the obtained results and current understanding, measures can be taken to prevent these polluting sources from entering the river to improve its water quality.

In this study, different spatial models for panel data have been estimated in order to evaluate the effects of anthropogenic factors on the depth of groundwater resources, which includes all the provinces of Iran between the years 2008 and 2019. The investigated anthropogenic factors are the population, the area under irrigated orchard farming, the area under irrigated crop farming, per capita industrial value-added, per capita services value-added and the level of non-dependency on ground water resources. The results of the spatial modeling illustrate that the first three factors, i.e., the population and the area under irrigated orchard and crop farming, are the main factors influencing the depth of groundwater resources, so that one percent increase in each of them bring about an increase in the depth of aquifers by 0.196, 0.089, and 0.062 percent, respectively. Furthermore, the current distribution of the population and irrigated agriculture activities throughout the country are not compatible with the groundwaters’ conditions and the level of dependency on these resources, and the continuity of this situation will only lead to the persistence of the depletion of groundwater resources. In addition, the modeling results reveal that industrial development has a negligible contribution to the depth of aquifers, and the development of the service sector, unlike other economic activities can even help restoring groundwater resources. The level of non-dependency on groundwater resources can also help to restore these resources by reducing the pressure on groundwater resources.

With the increase in world population, food and energy supply will be one of the most important challenges of human society. According to FAO estimates, the agricultural sector must increase its production by 60% to meet the needs of population growth by 2050. Also, according to the prediction of the International Energy Agency, energy consumption will increase by 50% by 2035. It is also predicted by FAO that irrigation water consumption will increase by 10% by 2050. To achieve security in the field of water, energy, food and environment, researchers have created several interdisciplinary and specialized frameworks and approaches to achieve a dynamic and optimal balance of production and use of resources, one of which is the water, energy, food and environment nexus. With the increasing pressure of consumption on resources and the complex relationships and interactions that resources have with each other, the need for a new approach to identify and analyze these relationships for the sustainability of valuable water, soil, energy, etc. resources is undeniable. The water, energy and food nexus (WEFN) is an approach that makes this possible. WEFN can serve as an approach to evaluate, develop and define the implementation of policies that simultaneously emphasize water, energy, food security and the environment.In the past years, many researches related to the correlation of water, energy, food and the environment have been carried out in different dimensions and the challenges in this field have been examined, including the most complete water security index compiled by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Central Asian and East Asian countries have been evaluated using this index in 2013, 2016 and 2020. This index is a combination of five key dimensions of environmental water security, economic water security, rural water security, urban water security and resilience against water crises. The results of this research have been used to analyze the weak and strong points of the countries of this region in the management of water resources, and due to its continuous monitoring, the process of changing the status of these countries is monitored.

In this research, by examining past research on 7 indicators, including people who use minimum basic drinking water services, per capita renewable domestic fresh water resources, renewable energy consumption, renewable electricity output, prevalence of malnutrition, children under 5 years old who are short. The people who use health services with safe management were selected to evaluate the conditions of Iran, and the critical indicators in Iran and the world were compared, and finally, according to the investigations carried out, we examined the related factors. We made a survey so that we could measure the effect of each parameter on the other, for this reason, the DPSIR model was used in order to evaluate the issues and problems in relation to each other and provide an appropriate answer.

According to selected selected indicators, Iran is in a critical situation in terms of per capita renewable domestic fresh water resources and share of renewable energy consumption. Now we compare the critical indicators in Iran and the world, which shows that Iran has 25-30% of the world's renewable fresh water resources, which indicates our critical situation. According to this index and its comparison with the Falcon Mark index, our country has entered into water stress. In addition, in 2018, renewable energy resources had a share of 1.04% and nuclear energy had a share of 0.46% in Iran's energy portfolio, which made our country has faced a fundamental challenge in this field, as a result, according to the investigations carried out, we need a model that connects these factors and can measure the effect of each one on the other, for this model, DPSIR is presented To be able to evaluate issues and problems in relation to each other and provide appropriate answers. Among the answers of the DPSIR model in the field of water, we can mention the macro-policies for the country's water management, because in the last two decades, suitable upstream documents in this field have been compiled and approved by the authorities. In addition, in the direction of capacity building, education and public awareness, among the measures that should be taken, it is possible to mention the regular holding of meetings of the Supreme Water Council, the implementation of the protection plan for the country's wetlands by the Environmental Protection Organization and its extension to the country's wetlands. Among the other answers of this model in the field of water was to provide a solution in line with the country's water strategic goals, which are: proper governance and comprehensive management of water resources, improvement of water supply and supply, improvement of productivity and water management, and reform of the water economy structure and investment system. Among other answers provided by the DPSIR model, it is possible to determine an optimal portfolio in the field of energy in order to reduce the water footprint in the field of reducing greenhouse gases and help the country in the path of sustainable development and achieving its goals, including clean energy Contract.In addition, in the direction of capacity building, education and public awareness, among the measures that should be taken, it is possible to mention the regular holding of meetings of the Supreme Water Council, the implementation of the protection plan for the country's wetlands by the Environmental Protection Organization and its extension to the country's wetlands. Among the other answers of this model in the field of water was to provide a solution in line with the country's water strategic goals, which are: proper governance and comprehensive management of water resources, improvement of water supply and supply, improvement of productivity and water management, and reform of the water economy structure and investment system. Among other answers provided by the DPSIR model, it is possible to determine an optimal portfolio in the field of energy in order to reduce the water footprint in the field of reducing greenhouse gases and help the country in the path of sustainable development and achieving its goals, including clean energy Contract.

Situated in northern Iran, the Haraz River stands out as a significant ecosystem, hosting diverse aquatic life and serving as a vital water source for dynamic commercial and industrial activities in its vicinity. This study employed both the Iran Surface Water Quality Indicators (IR-WQIsc) and the National Health Foundation Quality Index (NSF-WQI) to evaluate the water quality of the Haraz River.

Monthly water samples were collected from the central segment of the Haraz River, at a depth of 30 cm, throughout the year (1399-1400). An array of parameters including water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrolyte conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, ammonium nitrogen (N-NH+ 4), nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3), phosphate (PO4), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and total suspended solids (TSS) were meticulously measured and subjected to analysis.

According to the IR-WQIsc index, the Haraz River's water quality shifts from relatively good in the upstream direction to relatively poor as it progresses downstream during the spring, autumn, and winter seasons. Notably, spring marks the peak of upstream water quality, while winter exhibits the highest downstream quality. However, during summer, the river's water quality is comparably lower than in other seasons. On average, as per the IR-WQIsc index, water quality is categorized as "relatively good" during spring, autumn, and winter, while it declines to a "moderate" level in summer. Conversely, analysis using the NSF-WQI index reveals that river water quality is at its best during spring and least favorable in summer. In autumn and winter, water quality demonstrates consistent patterns and maintains an average level. An in-depth interseasonal assessment consistently identifies the summer season as having the lowest water quality across all three monitoring stations.

The assessment of water quality across seasons through distinct indicators yields insightful findings. The summer season experiences reduced water quality due to tourist activity in northern regions and environmental factors such as heightened temperatures. Furthermore, a discernible trend emerges wherein water quality demonstrates improvement from downstream to upstream, likely influenced by population density fluctuations along the river's trajectory. Conclusively, a comparative analysis of the two methods indicates a degree of concurrence in water quality assessment outcomes. However, the IR-WQIsc index emerges as a more precise classifier, underscoring its efficacy in such evaluations.

In recent years, the improper increase of agricultural activities along riverbanks and discharge of household, agricultural, and industrial wastewater into them has led to a significant reduction in the quality of surface water. Polluted or contaminated water sources can have a negative impact on the entire life cycle. In this study, the trend of changes in the water quality of Neka River, from its source to its connection to the Caspian Sea, has been investigated. Samples were collected at three different points along the river during different seasons in 2021 and were analyzed using IRWQIsc and NSFWQI standards. Results showed that, based on the IRWQIsc index, the river is relatively good quality, and according to the NSFWQI index, it is of moderate quality, but at station 3, the river's quality is relatively poor using both indexes. The overall water quality follows a downward trend from the source to the outlet, with greater declines in quality during warmer seasons due to increased agricultural activities in the river basin, with the largest decrease in quality observed in spring and the smallest decrease in quality in the colder seasons, especially in winter.

Affecting the hydrologic cycle, climate change may increase the chances of natural hazards occurrence, including drought, which is considered as one of the most destructive types of such hazards. On the other hand, considering the increasing trend of global temperature and its impact on local climates, climate change is predicted to alter the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as drought. Meanwhile, General Circulation Models (GCMs) have been used in recent decades to predict future climate changes under different emission scenarios, and various drought monitoring indicators have been developed to assess drought. Zarrineh River basin is regarded as one of the main sub-basins supplying the inflow of water to Lake Urmia, which is threatened by numerous long-term droughts. Therefore, as the drying of the lake may bring about a wide range of economic, social, and environmental consequences for the region, monitoring drought and implementing water resources management programs play pivotal roles in preventing the lake to get dried.

Located northwest of Iran, Zarrineh River basin covers an area of 12512 km2, being bounded by Iranian West and East Azerbaijan provinces and the Kurdistan province. This study used the meteorological data, including precipitation rate, and minimum and maximum daily temperature collected from four synoptic stations during the 1990-2018 period to simulate runoff. Also, the monthly runoff rate was collected from five hydrometric stations during the 1996-2017 period to calibrate and validate the SWAT model. Moreover, the data obtained from the general circulation model (HADGEM2-ES) and statistical downscaling methods (CCT) were used to simulate precipitation and temperature under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios for the future period (2025-2049). Finally, the SPI was applied to evaluate the meteorological drought in the base and the future periods, and the SRI obtained from the outputs of the SWAT model was used to evaluate the hydrological drought.

The data collected from five hydrometric stations were parameterized and calibrated on discontinuous stream networks. Accordingly, it was found that the R2 values varied from 0.52 and 0.70 for calibration and from 0.44 to 0.73 for validation. However, the NSE values varied from 0.52 to 0.64 for calibration and from 0.42 to 0.64 for the validation stage. Moreover, the model’s outputs were found to be satisfactory for most hydrometric stations, indicating the applicability of the SWAT model to the ZRB. On the other hand, based on the CCT model under the RCP8.5, the results of temperature and precipitation variations throughout the 2025-2049 period indicated that compared to the observation period, annual precipitation would decrease by 2.9% in the future period, and the annual minimum and maximum temperature rates would increase by 2.4°C and 3.6°C, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of the annual temperature and precipitation changes under the RCP2.6 revealed that compared to the observation period, the precipitation rate would increase by 3.6%, and the annual minimum and maximum temperature would increase by 1.8°C and 3°C, respectively. Moreover, the results of the SPI analysis for the future period under the RCP8.5 indicated the occurrence of the extreme drought event. However, while the frequency of severe drought did not change significantly for the future period under both scenarios, the frequency of moderate drought decreased for the future period compared to the base period. On the other hand, the most extreme hydrological drought in terms of the SRI was observed in basin 9 during the base period (equal to -3.02). It was also found that the most hydrological drought occurred in basins 10 and 2 throughout the base period. Furthermore, the most extreme hydrological drought for the future period was found as -4.13 in sub-basin 8 under the RCP8.5, which is greater than that of the base period. Discussion and

The results suggested the satisfactory applicability of the SWAT model for simulating runoff in Zarrineh River basin, as the model considers almost all the physical conditions of the basin for the simulation process, possessing a wide variety of inputs to do so. The results of the analysis of temperature changes for the future period showed that the average minimum and maximum annual temperature would increase in the basin. Moreover, the results of the analysis of annual temperature and precipitation changes under the RCP2.6 revealed that compared to the observation period, the precipitation rate would increase by 3.6%, and the annual minimum and maximum temperature rate would increase by 1.8°C and 3°C in future, respectively. On the other hand, according to the results of SPI and SRI analysis for the future period, it was found that the intensity of meteorological and hydrological drought would increase on average in the basin under both scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5). Also, the results of the RCP8.5 suggested the possibility of a more severe drought compared to the RCP8.5. Considering an increase in minimum and maximum temperature found for the future period, we can expect an increase in the evaporation rate, probably leading to an increase in the severity of drought and a decrease in water resources of the Zarrineh River basin, which, in turn, will reduce the discharge of the basin’s water flow to the Urmia Lake.

Water, one of the most important elements in the world, is known to be essential for the survival of living organisms and the health of water resources, especially surface water, is a key factor in determining the health and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. Rivers are among the most important sources of surface water that have been severely affected by pollution in recent years due to population growth, industrial and agricultural activities, and wastewater discharge. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a widely used tool for assessing the quality of river water and other water resources. In this study, water samples were taken from three stations along Babolroud River during one hydrological year (from September 2019 to August 2020) to evaluate its water quality, and the quality parameters were analyzed using three indices: Iran Surface Water Quality Index (IRWQIsc), National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI), and Canadian Water Quality Index (CCMEWQI). The use of these three indices provides a comprehensive approach to water quality assessment and management, enabling us to better understand the health and sustainability of water resources. According to the results, the IRWQISC index ranges from 50 to 78.9, the NSFWQI index ranges from 57 to 73, and the CCME WQI index ranges from 31 to 38, indicating moderate to poor water quality in the river, especially downstream. The main factors contributing to the low quality of water are the entry of pollutants from residential and agricultural areas, uncontrolled human activities, and land use changes along the river.

One of the problems of specialists and designers is the incomplete time series in hydrology studies, which causes errors in the results and complicates the implementation of projects. This issue is more acute in areas where the number of rain gauge stations is limited. Currently, it is common to use statistical methods in order to solve statistical data gaps. The current research aims to evaluate the performance of the method of reconstructing missing values ​​of daily rainfall using the waterData package in R software and the time disaggregation method of reconstructing annual values ​​to daily values ​​in the period from 1990 to 2020 using 43 stations with complete statistics among 87 selected synoptic stations. It was done in Iran. Based on the average values ​​of the evaluation indices for two times disaggregation and reconstruction using the waterData package in R software methods, for the CC index 1 and 0.95 respectively, for the MBE index 0 and -0.01 respectively, for the RMSE index 0.3 and 1.1 respectively, for The NSE index is 0.99 and 0.89, respectively, and the CSI and POD index are 0.94 and 0.63, respectively, which shows the better performance of the time disaggregation method. The average values ​​of Bias and FAR index for two methods are equal to -0.01 and 0, respectively, and indicate the similar performance of the two methods.

The climate change effect on future precipitation (2040-2021) of Iran is investigated in this study. For this purpose, the results of three general circulation models (GCM) named GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES and IPSL-CM5A-LR were analyzed for two scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. CCT model and daily precipitation data of the base period (1986-2019) were used to downscale and bias correction of future daily precipitation data. According to the annual results, the weighted average of annual precipitation of rain gauges due to all scenarios except RCP8.5 in the IPSL-CM5A-LR model was increasing. The weighted average of seasonal precipitation in winter increased in all of the studied climate change conditions, but in other seasons the amount of precipitation decreased or increased. The highest increase in the weighted average of seasonal precipitation was in winter due to the RCP2.6 scenario and GFDL-ESM2M model (23 mm). The highest decrease in the weighted average of seasonal precipitation was in autumn due to the RSP8.5 scenario and IPSL-CM5A-LR (10.5 mm). Slight changes in mean precipitation, on the other hand, a sharp decrease in minimum precipitation (446 mm due to G3S4) and a sharp increase in maximum precipitation (233 mm due to G2S1), indicate the occurrence of severe extreme events (drought and flood) in the future.

Pollution of rivers is one of the important issues related to the environment, which can directly and indirectly affect the health of people, animals and plants that feed on it . Also, rivers are always exposed to various pollutions as one of the fresh water supply sources. The decline in the quality of river water and other surface water sources, due to the entry of industrial and agricultural wastewater, wastewater from treatment plants, the discharge of waste and waste materials in aquifers, has caused an increase in concern about the quality of river water and surface water sources . According to the reasons given, checking the quality of river water is of great importance .

The river studied in this article, the Chalus River, is located in the west of Mazandaran province and originates from the northern slopes of the Kandavan and Taleghan highlands, and flows into the Caspian Sea after traveling about 85 kilometers along the Chalus near Deh Farajabad . This river is called as one of the most important rivers of Iran and it is widely used for agricultural, industrial and urban purposes. This river is also used as a recreational center. For water quality assessment, three stations along this river have been considered for sampling different water quality parameters, the station (ST1) is located upstream of the river due to low human activity. The station (ST2) with more agricultural land and less residential areas is in the middle part of the river and the city of Marzan Abad . Finally, the station (ST3) is located at the end of the river and in the city of Chalus, which has more residential areas than Marzanabad. The investigated parameters include water quality parameters (temperature, PH , electrical conductivity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, turbidity and salinity), oxygen supply (dissolved oxygen, BOD and COD), nutrients (N-NH3, N-NO3 and P -PO4) and faecal coliform. The water quality indicators in this study are the NSFWQI and IRWQIsc water quality indicators, which determine the water quality status by using each of the above parameters and weighting them. By examining the measured qualitative parameters , it is possible to comment on the current state of the river .

According to the results, the optimal range of pH according to Iran's quality standard is 9-5.6, this range in the samples taken from Chalus River was around 7-8 and the pH level does not harm the water quality. The amount of DO varies depending on the concentration of dissolved salts in the water and the biological actions in the water and the temperature of the water. The values of DO varied between 3-11 mg/l , which according to the standard should be more than 5 mg/l . Also, this range of wide changes means that the organic matter in the water in the downstream has increased greatly , which caused a large decrease in dissolved oxygen.The amount of faecal coliform, due to the significant increase of this parameter in the third station, which is located after passing through the city , shows that the urban sewage discharged into the river was not at an acceptable level and caused a significant decrease in water quality . According to the standard regulations, the level of turbidity is equal to 5, and the high level of turbidity in this river can be the result of human activities, such as the extraction of river sand . The obtained results indicate that the quality of river water in ST1 station is suitable and the quality parameters collected in this station are within the range of drinking water standards.But after the first station, when we move to the downstream side of the river, due to the increase in human activities such as road construction on the banks of the river, the entry of agricultural effluents (including dangerous mineral and organic substances, as well as agricultural toxins containing heavy elements dangerous for nature and living beings), Industrial and urban wastewaters greatly reduce the quality of river water.Also, at the time of the study, operations such as sand extraction and removal of the riverbed were carried out, which affected parameters such as turbidity and suspended particles in the water. Finally, by examining the available results, it was concluded that factors such as urban sewage, septic tank, natural and artificial fertilizers in agriculture, soil structure, runoff and stone pebbles in the basin are among the factors of spreading pollution in this river . Also, by examining the quality indicators, the results showed that the NSFWQI index was more strict than the IRWQIsc in checking river water quality . One of the reasons is the difference in the weighting of different parameters in each criterion, for example, in the IRWQIsc index, the highest weighting value was for BOD5, while the weight of this parameter is less in NSFWQI, and in this index, more attention is paid to PH compared to It has become the previous index and has a higher weighting. Among other influencing factors in the difference of this index, we can note that the number of parameters in these two indices are different .The NSFWQI index recognizes the temperature parameter as an influential factor in determining the quality status of the river , while this parameter is not evaluated in the IRWQISC . But in the IRWQISC index, parameters such as electrical conductivity, concentration of total organic substances soluble in water (COD) and ammonium increased the accuracy of water quality assessment. Among the other points that have been examined is the difference in the quality of the river water in different seasons of the year , which according to the data in tables 5 and 6, we understand that the most polluted time of the river was in spring and summer, where this place is also considered as a recreational center. Also, agriculture is at the peak of activity , so that even in station ST1 there is more pollution than the same station in other seasons.

Artificial intelligence can learn, infer, and make intelligent decisions. One of the main advantages of artificial intelligence is that by extracting patterns and learning from data, it can correctly diagnose and predict problems. Artificial intelligence has been noticed as a tool to better solve problems due to its many applications in various fields. In recent years, this algorithm has been used in the area of water and wastewater treatment processes to model, optimize, and provide solutions for strategic management to prevent and reduce water pollution, reduce operating costs, and optimize the use of chemical substances. Various artificial intelligence algorithms in water and wastewater treatment processes focus on pollutant absorption and, in most cases, on the performance of adsorbents to remove organic and metal pollutants. This study presents various artificial intelligence models, their advantages, limitations, challenges, and research problems of models in water purification processes. Considering the many advantages of artificial intelligence, this algorithm with limitations can prevent its expansion in water purification processes. Regardless of these limitations, current research progress shows that artificial intelligence tools have great potential to revolutionize wastewater treatment processes and programs. According to the models reviewed in this research, the use of DNN, ANN models, and combined artificial intelligence techniques are good options to achieve more accurate predictions.

Most of methods to determine environmental flow in Iran have been dealt with the required depth for movement of target species whilst that interaction of flow and turbulence in river morphology should be paid more attention. Flow turbulence could be of significance in rivers, however, it has rarely been considered in river restoration and habitat evaluation, due to its complexity. In this paper, attempts have been made to review the interaction between hydrodynamics and organisms and their measurements in rivers to signify the turbulence investigation in river management. In this concern turbulence properties related to the flow environment (i. e. inclusive, intensity, frequency and flow structures) have been studied. In addition, role of vegetation cover and organisms have been investigated in-depth in the flow structures. In this connection, potential threats and opportunities have been put forward for river wildlife conservation. With regards to limited knowledge of this topic in Iran, this research could enable scientists and practitioners to understand the challenges for interaction of turbulence and restoration, particularly ecologically, in rivers.

Economic valuation of water has an important and decisive role in the efficient allocation of water resources, appropriate policies and effective decision-making. The literature of the country contains a large number of articles and significant efforts in the field of economic valuation of water. The extent and diversity of Published studies requires that a general overview of the economic valuation of water in the country be provided by reviewing these studies. In this article, by extracting, categorizing and analyzing the existing studies on water valuation in different sectors of the economy, we try to reach a general conclusion about the policies proposed and common methods in these studies. In addition, this paper attempts to identify study gaps by critique of the methods used and, finally, offers suggestions for future research in the field of water economic valuation. According to the summary, increasing the price of water in all uses, including industrial, urban and agricultural uses, is recommended. The conditions for water value-based pricing are available for industrial and urban use, and in the agricultural sector requires government support and technology development. The economic value of water-related ecosystem services is among the highest levels of economic value in water uses. Therefore, it is recommended that conservation of natural flow in aquatic ecosystems be a priority for resource allocation.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of climate change on temperature, precipitation, and future droughts in Al-Shatar and Khorramabad stations, for this purpose, the output of the general circulation model MRI-ESM2 according to the latest IPCC report (sixth report) and the emission scenarios SSP 1.2.6, SSP 2.4 5, SSP 3.7.0 and SSP 5.8.5 were used in these study areas. Using the decision tree model (M5 Tree), the most dominant predictor variables of the MRI-ESM2 model were selected. Next, the predictor variables were included as input in the advanced artificial neural network (FFNN) statistical microscale model and with the firefly optimization algorithm (FFA), the process The exponential micro-scale of precipitation parameters, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature for the base period (1970-2014) was carried out with favorable results in the studied stations. After proving the capability of the neural network model, forecasting the average temperature and monthly precipitation changes during the near future periods (2062 2023-2023) and the distant future (2063-2100) were carried out under the scenarios of the joint socio-economic trajectories (SSP) related to the coupled model of the sixth phase (CMIP6). In general, the results showed that these variables in both future periods On a monthly scale will have several fluctuations, so that in the two stations of Aleshtar and Khorramabad, during the periods of the near future and the distant future, the maximum temperature, and the minimum temperature will have an increasing trend compared to the observation period in all SSP scenarios, and the minimum temperature changes compared to The maximum temperature will be higher in the near future The annual rainfall of Elshtar station will decrease between 0.3 Percent and 16 Percent and Khorramabad station between Seven percent and 12 Percent under SSP scenarios. In the distant future, the average annual precipitation of Aleshatar station will decrease between 10-20 Percent and Khorramabad station between 12-24% under SSP scenarios.

Determination of the environmental flow of rivers using hydrological and hydraulic methods has received more attention due to the available information and less cost and time. The important point in using these methods is to consider the natural conditions of the river by eliminating the effect of upstream withdrawals. To investigate the necessity of naturalization of the flow and its effect on determination of the ecological water supply of Zayandehroud river at the location of the Sad-e-tanzimi station (before major drinking, industrial and agricultural harvests) and Varzaneh station (near Gavkhuni wetland and after harvest and water infiltration) has been selected as a case study. Based on the Tennant method, using the observed and naturalized flows at Varzaneh station, the ecological watercourse showed that if the observed flows are used, it will obtain about 0.6 cubic meters per second. It turned out that there would be practically no water flowing in the river. If naturalized flow is used, 16 percent of the basin runoff potential will be allocated to the environment. The environmental flow obtained from the wetted perimeter method with the curved slope algorithm at the Sad-e-tanzimi and Varzaneh station has estimated 13 and 16 percent of the annual average natural flow, respectively, which is within the acceptable results of the modified Tennant method. Has been located. As a result, the use of the modified Tennant method is recommended due to the ease of calculating and providing the monthly distribution of environmental water, provided that the naturalized flow time series is used at the study stations.

Groundwater is the most valuable water resources in any region and in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran, is the main source for drinking and agricultural needs. In recent years, with the increase in population and as a result of increasing withdrawals from aquifers and climate change, many of aquifers are in poor condition, and these conditions continue or are deteriorating. In this study, in order to determine the effect of climate change on groundwater drought on the aquifer of Shahrekord plain, the output of CMIP6 models and SPI and GRI drought indices have been used. Simulations of GFDL-ESM4 model show that the average rainfall by 2050 in Shahrekord plain, under scenario SSP1-2.6 will increase by 4.85 mm and under scenario SSP5-8.5 will decrease by 21.34 mm. In order to determine the effect of climate change on the aquifer of Shahrekord plain, a regression relationship between the two indices of SPI and GRI in six selected piezometers has been used. The results show that droughts with higher intensity and duration will occur in the region and more than 60 percent of the future period of Shahrekord plain aquifer will be in drought conditions and the most severe drought under SSP1-2.6 scenario will last 52 months and its severity will be 59.32 and under the SSP5-8.5 scenario the most severe drought will last 70 months and its severity will be 86.59.

Protecting the quantity and quality of water resources has always been of great importance in all human societies, and in order to maintain the quality of these resources, numerous monitoring and remedial measures have been taken in most countries of the world. In this regard, water quality monitoring is considered as one of the essential tools and as an integrated activity to evaluate the physical, chemical and biological factors of water that are related to human health and living organisms. In the present study, a model of combining geostatistical methods (Kriging), clustering and entropy theory has been proposed to review and present the groundwater quality monitoring network. This model is presented under the first and second approaches in Tehran-Karaj study area. The first approach, without using the clustering method, reviews the existing monitoring network without using only entropy theory and Kriging geostatistical method as an estimator. The second approach uses the k-means clustering method, entropy theory and Kriging geostatistical method as an estimator to investigate the effect of combining these three methods on the review of the existing monitoring network and then the results of the first and second approaches are compared. The proposed final monitoring network with 44 wells has an average forecast error rate of 19 and a cost reduction of 34 percent compared to the cost of the current monitoring network. Also, using clustering, the average percentage of estimation error has been reduced by 20 percent compared to the case without clustering.

Groundwater is the most valuable water resources in any region and in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran, is the main source for drinking and agricultural needs. In recent years, with the increase in population and as a result of increasing withdrawals from aquifers and climate change, many of aquifers are in poor condition, and these conditions continue or are deteriorating. In this regard, regular monitoring of aquifers is always very important and by making appropriate management decisions, it is possible to prevent more damage to aquifers and reduce the damage. The purpose of this study is to determine the droughts of the future and to determine its impact on the aquifer of Shahrekord plain. In this study, using the output of CMIP6 models, climatic variables such as rainfall and temperature for the next period are simulated and the rainfall situation in the region until 2100 has been determined. Then, using the ANFIS model, groundwater depth in five selected piezometers in the plain is predicted by 2050. According to the results of this study, the aquifer condiotion of Shahrekord plain has been determined by 2050 and it has been determined that in some parts of Shahrekord plain, the groundwater depth will increase to 26 meters. Due to possible changes in the future in order to prevent the situation from deteriorating and increasing the damage, appropriate management decisions must be made in this regard.

In Iran’s sustainability puzzle, the role of human time activities, specifically in agriculture, has long been overlooked. For this reason, we applied the MuSIASEM analytical tool on Aras river basin, as a case study, in order to analyze its socio-ecological development during 2006-2016. Our results show that the biophysical pressure both on water and energy pillars. Energy metabolic rate (EMR) and Water metabolic rate (WMR) both were shifted 34%, and 21% during the decade of analysis. The household and paid work sectors both have experienced an increase of 83% and 108% in their EMR and WMR, respectively. For assessing the underlying socio-economic factor, we continued the analysis into the lower level compartments of the societal hierarchy. In agriculture, industry and service sectors, while there was a reduction of 28%, 36% and 29% in human time investments, EMR and WMR were increased by 64%, 84 and 123 for energy, and 74% and 105% for water. We conclude the result with generating composite indicators in agriculture based on the concept of metabolic processor. This shows that a crop like irrigated legume consumed 7 times more water, 9 times more land, 6 times more energy compared to fruits in one ton of their output. Also, legumes brought 37% more net added value with 5 times human time investment compared to fruits.

Knowing the extent of erosion in each area and the amount of sediment load they produce, especially near dams, is very important and this leads to identifying the factors affecting each area and creating solutions to control or reduce sediment load to dam reservoirs. This effort has become a necessity. Therefore, by simulating runoff and sediment in Karun basin by SWAT model and performing the calibration process and reviewing the results of the stations and their sediment load, areas with higher susceptibility to erosion were identified. After identifying the critical erosion areas and in order to reduce erosion and sediment load of the whole basin, a plant filter was used to apply the management and protection strategies of the SWAT model. Evaluation of the results in this section showed that the implementation of plant filtration in some sub-basins can reduce sediment load by up to 28%.

To build and prepare the SWAT model, inputs such as topographic information, meteorology, soil, vegetation, reservoirs and management data were used. Daily temperature, precipitation information, location of meteorological and rainfall stations with dbf or txt extensions, topographic information in the form of digital elevation model with UTM coordinate system, Grid format and location of hydrometric stations and springs in tables with dbf extension were introduced to the model as well. Maps of waterways and rivers in vector form and land use and soil maps as raster from in Arc GIS 10.4 software are included in the model.One of the parameters required to simulate the basin by the model is meteorological information. In this study, rainfall statistics of 57 rain gauge stations and 8 hydrometric observation stations with a statistical period of more than 26 years have been used in the catchment area of ​​Karun River. In this research, the characteristics of the basin have been investigated using the digital model of DEM height with a cell size accuracy of 90 × 90 m and using the GIS geographic information system. For this purpose, with the help of Arc GIS10.4 software, the physiographic characteristics of the basin such as the area and average slope of the basin and river were extracted. Based on hydrological characteristics, Karun Basin erosion studies have been divided into 49 sub-basins and 424 hydrological reaction units.In this study, the region is classified into 5 categories. Accordingly, about 25% of the area has flat land and a slope of less than 5%; 12% have a slope between 5 to 10%; 9% have a slope between 10 to 15% and 8% have a slope between 15 to 20, and most of the area has sections with a slope of more than 20%, which covers more than 45% of the area.

Implementing a plant filter that is densely vegetated to reduce runoff flow and trap sediments can be in the form of combinations of meadows, grass, trees and shrubs. In order to innovate in the application of filters, the width of filter strips in all sub-basins is not defined uniformly, but according to the area of each sub-basin, the amount of filter is considered different and the filters are applied equal to 40% of the area of each sub-basin. After applying the plant filter, the results obtained from the sediment of each sub-basin were compared against the amount of sediment in each basin before the application of the plant filter. The results showed that the implementation of the filter can reduce the amount of sediment up to 28% in some sub-basins in some areas. By comparing the figures that show the effect of plant filter application in reducing sediment in each sub-basin and the slope map of the area, it can be seen that the areas that had more slope had a relatively significant performance due to plant filter application. In addition, the application of plant filters has often reduced the sediment load and the average sediment load of the entire basin by an average of 10.4%.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the amount of runoff and sediment load produced in Karun watershed and to investigate the implementation of plant filtration as one of the most effective management and conservation strategies to reduce the amount of sediment load in the entire basin. According to the topography of the region and the slope characteristics of the region, most of the area has areas with a slope of more than 20%, which covers more than 45% of the region, and land use of the region, which uses more than 46% of forests and vineyards. It has been covered with pastures with an area of ​​about 31% of the total use basin of the region and also the existence of livestock equivalent to the area which is equal to 11.29. Erosion control in this area requires strategies to reduce this sediment load, including the construction of dams. After simulation of runoff and sediment in hydrometric and sediment measurement stations and evaluation of SWAT model by good fitting coefficients (NS, R2) and uncertainty coefficients using SWAT-CUP model, the facilities and areas with higher erodibility were identified. Then, by examining the sediment load trapped behind the dams, the sediment measurement curve was modified and adjustment coefficients were applied to correct the sediment results of the area. Then, by presenting the use of plant filter as a management solution, the sediment load of the area and special erosion were reduced. The results show that the SWAT model has a high ability to simulate all the details of the area. This feature allows the model to be simulated accurately to identify any level of details in the area that the user needs. This model makes good use of the effects of rainfall, snowmelt, irrigation and withdrawal from dams or groundwater, which led to the results of good runoff fitting coefficients of acceptable values. Also, different thresholds of information layer overlaps were estimated to determine the number of hydrological units. Baes on this estimation, 696 HRU achieved better results and the use of 7-station data in determining the parameters selected for calibration increased the possibility of better spatial variation of parameters in the final calibration of results. The results of this study are given in the daily time frame; in fact, the results are estimated in 3 days, and the results are given in the daily basis.According to the proposed maps for spatial distribution of erosion, the upstream sub-basins have less sediment and the accumulation of sediment near the reservoirs of dams is higher, which made the areas more effective. Also, as other ways, the effects of using slopes or cultivation on level lines can be examined in these areas. In addition to the slope of the region, due to the high density of livestock in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, another factor of high erodibility in this area can be considered as overgrazing.Also, the results of the MPSIAC methods were closer to the results of the SWAT model than the current method of estimating the exchange rate. However, the reports of the Water and Power Company expressed the results of the EPM model closer to the results of the flood conditions.In this area, the SWAT model was not accurate enough in estimating sediment load due to the neglect of sediment volume in flood conditions in the sediment measurement curve. In order to solve this problem, in this study, the correction of sediment measurement curve by fitting two equations for flood and non-flood conditions was used.In the field of management solutions, among the solutions, the implementation of plant filters has had the greatest impact on reducing sediment load and in some sub-basins alone has been able to reduce the sediment load up to 28% of the sub-basin. Of course, in this study, a fixed value for the width of the filter strips is not considered, but for better filter performance, we considered the width of the filter strip in proportion to the area of ​​each hydrological unit, which is defined as a percentage of its area. Also, with the implementation of the plant filter, the amount of change in each HRU was investigated. The results in the percentage change scale of sediment rate showed well that the application of the filter in most hydrological units had very positive effects and had reduced sediment load with an average of 10.4%.

One of the important issues in the management of municipal wastewater collection systems is how they deal with rainy conditions where the network discharge suddenly increases at certain intervals. The occurrence of such condition can cause damage to the network, reduce its performance and discharge sewage to the subsurface. In many urban wastewater collection networks sewage would be discharged to the main urban stormwater canals to overcome the situation which significantly reduce the quality of flow in those canals. In this study, the quality in stormwater collection network is modeled in the west watershed of Tehran in dry and rainy conditions. The SWMM software is used to simulate the quality of waterways. Qualitative modeling is performed for BOD, TDS, and TC variables for two scenarios of rainy and dry conditions. Due to the critical condition of DO in dry conditions, the maximum allowable load discharged to the urban stormwater collection network is determined so that the DO level remains at the standard level. This is important to prevent anaerobic condition which causes unpleasant odors. The results showed that in rainy conditions, TDS and BOD increased significantly and over the irrigation water standards. This is critical since the output of storm water network is being used for irrigation in the south western plains. It was also concluded that by reducing BOD to 50 mg/L, the DO status can be improved to avoid anaerobic conditions.