ali moshatati

Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that can seriously reduce crop yield depending on the season, intensity, and time of occurrence. Corn (Zea mays L.)  cultivation and production in Khuzestan province face limitations such as lack of water resources in summer, low percentage of soil organic matter, heavy soil texture, and soil salinity that one of the reasons for which is the excessive use of chemical fertilizers, which can reduce some of these problems by using crop management and breed methods. Using compost fertilizer has beneficial effects on the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the soil and has positive effects on grain yield and yield components of crop plants. Also, one of the factors affecting the growth and development of crops is the method and pattern of cultivation, which affects the distribution of plants in the field, distances between plants, the use of growth sources such as light, water, and soil nutrients, competition between plants, etc. that finally, these factors affect the growth and yield of crops. This study was designed with the aim of investigating the response of silage corn to the effect of the place of cultivation and different replacement ratios of nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer (sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) residue compost) under drought stress conditions in the Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan.

This experiment was conducted as a split split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the summer of 2021 in the experimental farm of the agricultural college of Ramhormoz in Khuzestan province. Experimental factors including irrigation regimes at three levels; Irrigation after draining 30% of available moisture in root development depth (I1: control irrigation), irrigation after draining 50% of available moisture in root development depth (I2: mild stress) and irrigation after draining 70% of available moisture in root development depth (I3: severe stress) in the main plots, five fertilizer treatments including the complete supply of nitrogen required by the plant through chemical nitrogen fertilizer (N1) (180 kg.ha-1 nitrogen), 75% nitrogen+ 25% compost (N2) (135 kg.ha-1 nitrogen+ 12.5 ton.ha-1 compost), 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost (N3) (90 kg.ha-1 nitrogen+ 25 ton/ha compost), 25% nitrogen+ 75% compost (N4) (45 kg.ha-1 nitrogen+ 37.5 ton/ha compost) and the complete supply of nitrogen required by the plant through the sugarcane residues compost (N5) (50 ton.ha-1 compost) in the sub plots and the planting site was by two methods of planting on ridges (P1) and planting in furrows (P2) in the sub-sub plots.

Variance analysis showed that the effect of different levels of drought stress caused by different irrigation regimes, ratios of chemical and organic fertilizer replacement and cultivation methods was significant on all the measured traits. A mean comparison of the interaction effect of the cultivation method and combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and sugarcane residue compost under drought stress conditions showed that the treatment of 50% chemical fertilizer+ 50% organic fertilizer (consumption of 180 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer and 25 tons.ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost) compared to other treatments, caused a significant increase in total fresh yield and total dry yield of corn. Under favorable irrigation conditions, the chemical nutrition treatment resulted in the highest total dry yield, with the combined nutrition treatments ranking next. However, under conditions of mild and severe drought stress, the combined nutrition treatments produced a higher yield compared to both the chemical and organic treatments.

In general, based on the results of this experiment, it seems that the integrated application of chemical fertilizer along with organic fertilizer with the providing of nutrients, their gradual release, and maintaining moisture in the soil and planting in furrows by maintaining more moisture and creating a suitable microclimate for the plant has developed growth, moderated drought stress, and increased corn yield.

The effect of the combined use of nitrogen fertilizer with sugarcane residue compost and growth-promoting bacteria on wheat quality traits and yield in the heat stress conditions of the end of the season in Ahvaz was investigated.

An experiment was carried out in the form of two split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors include three sowing dates: 22 November, 11 December and 31 December in main plots; six combined of nitrogen with compost include control, 100% nitrogen, 75% nitrogen+ 25% compost, 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost, 25% nitrogen+ 75% compost and 100% compost in sub-plots and two levels of use and non-use of bacteria in sub plots.

Results showed the effect of Sowing date and the combined use of nitrogen with compost and growth-promoting bacteria were significant on all measured traits. Average comparison showed that combined use of 50% nitrogen + 50% compost with bacterial application increased the characteristics of Grain filling duration and Grain filling rate, Grain protein percentage and wet gluten. Also, the highest seed yield (5864 kg/ha) was obtained on the first planting date and combined consumption of 50% nitrogen + 50% compost and the lowest amount (1115 kg/ha) was obtained on the third planting date and the control treatment.

The combined use of nitrogen fertilizer and compost with growth-promoting bacteria could reduce the negative effect of heat stress at the end of the season on the measured plant traits.

In order to study the effect of salicylic acid priming on seed germination indices and seedling growth of triticale under salt stress, a research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in seed science and technology laboratory of plant production and genetics department of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan in 2018. Experimental factors were salicylic acid priming (control (no priming), 0.5 mM salicylic acid in 3 hours, 1 mM salicylic acid in 3 hours, 1.5 mM salicylic acid in 3 hours, 2 mM salicylic acid in 3 hours, 0.5 mM salicylic acid in 6 hours, 1 mM salicylic acid in 6 hours, 1.5 mM salicylic acid in 6 hours, 2 mM salicylic acid in 6 hours) and different salinity levels (include 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 dS/m). The analysis of variance showed that the effect of priming, salinity stress and the interactive effects were significant on all measured traits (except germination percetage) at 1 percent probability level. The comparison of means showed that salinity stress decreased germination traits but salicylic acid priming reduced the negative impact of salinity stress and improved different germination indices. The best concentration for salicylic acid priming was at 0.5 mM for 6 hours. Generally, the results showed that under salinity stress conditions, seed priming with salicylic acid can be used to reduce the negative impact of salinity stress on seed germination and triticale seedling growth.

In order to improve soil fertility, increase the capacity to hold water and nutrients in the soil, as well as improve the growth and yield of plants, the use of different organic fertilizers in the soil has great importance due to the problem of lack of organic matter in most soils of Iran. However, organic fertilizers alone are not able to meet the needs of plants and are not sufficiently available to farmers. On the other hand, the high consumption of chemical fertilizers causes environmental pollution and increases production costs. Therefore, in order to efficiently and effectively use organic and chemical fertilizers and achieve sustainable agriculture, combined use of organic and chemical fertilizers is recommended. Considering the effect of heat stress at the end of the season on the reduction of wheat production in Khuzestan, as well as the effect of reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and increasing the use of organic and biological fertilizers on the health of agricultural ecosystems, this experiment aims to investigate the effect of combined use of nitrogen chemical fertilizer with sugarcane residue compost and the application of growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) in late season heat conditions on the growth and yield of wheat were designed and implemented. This research was carried out in order to investigate the response of Chamran 2 wheat yield and yield components to combined use of nitrogen chemical fertilizer with sugarcane residue compost and growth promoting bacteria under the effect of late season heat stress. The experiment was carried out in the form of split-split plots in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications in the crop year of 2021-2022 in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. The experimental factors include three planting dates on December 1, December 20 and December 10 in the main plots; Six levels of combined use of nitrogen chemical fertilizer (urea) with organic fertilizer, sugarcane residue compost, including control (without chemical and organic fertilizer), 100% chemical fertilizer, 75% chemical fertilizer+ 25% organic fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer+ 50% organic fertilizer, 25% chemical fertilizer+ 75% organic fertilizer and 100% organic fertilizer in sub-plots and two levels of application and non-application of growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) in sub-plots. Each sub-plot was 3 meters long and 2 meters wide (with an area of 6 square meters) and included 10 crop lines at a distance of 20 cm from each other. The distance between the main and sub plots was half a meter and the distance between the blocks was considered to be two meters. After harvest maturity, the plants were harvested and the desired traits were measured. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of sowing date and the combined use of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer of sugarcane residue compost were significant on all measured traits. Also, the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria was significant on all the measured traits except harvest index. Mean comparison showed that the highest grain yield (5663 kg/ha) was in the sowing date of 1 December and the use of 50% chemical fertilizer+ 50% organic fertilizer and the lowest grain yield (1155 kg/ha) was in the planting date of 10 December and no use of chemical and organic fertilizers. In general, the delay in planting and the occurrence of heat stress at the end of the season caused a decrease in grain yield, but in different planting dates, the combined use of 50% chemical fertilizer+ 50% organic fertilizer increased wheat grain yield.

As one of the most important crops in Khuzestan, Iran, forage maize production faces limitations such as deficincy of water resources in summer, low soil organic matter content, heavy soil texture and soil salinity, which can be resolved by appropriated nutrition management and planting method to reduce some of these problems. To improve soil fertility, integrated application of chemical and organic fertilizers is eco-friendly and economically sustainable. The integarated application of organic and biological fertilizers in combiation with chemical fertilizers is an important integrated plant nutrition management strategy for sustainable productivity and production in cropping systems.

To evaluate the physiological traits and yield of silage maize with with integrated application of nitrogen fertilizer and sugarcane residue compost and seed sowing method under drought stress conditions, a field experiment was carried out in split split plot layout in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2021 summer in Ramhormoz, Khuzestan province, Iran. Treatments included irrigation after 30% (non-stress), 50% (moderate stress) and 70% (severe stress) deplation of available soil water (main plots), fertilizer treatments included 100% of nitrogen fertilizer requirement; 75% nitrogen + 25% compost, 50% nitrogen + 50% compost, 25% nitrogen + 75% compost and 100% compost (sub plots) and sowing methods, top of beds and in furrows (sub-sub plots). Samples of fresh forage were used to determine the relative water content (RWC), dry matter content and the dry forage yield. The leaf greenness index (SPAD) was measured using a portable chlorophyll meter at the 50% flowering stage on the fully developed leaf. Forage quality traits were measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR).

The results showed that the highest values of SPAD, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, RWC and cell membrane stability were obtained in 100% chemical fertilizer treatment under well irrigated condition. However, under modeate and severe drought stress conditions, combination of chemical and organic treatments with the 50% nitrogen and 50% compost of sugarcane residues had higher values. The maximum dry forage yield was obtained under well irrigated treatment, 100% chemical fertilizer and in furrow seed sowing. However, under moderate and severe stress conditions, the highest dry matter yield were obtained in integrated fertilizer application treatments and in furrow sowing. The lowest dry forage yiled was obtained in 100% organic fertilizer treatment and sowing on top of the bed. Under mild and even severe stress conditions, in furrow sowing method in comparison with the top of the bed, the effect of drought stress was mitigated, mainly due to better and longer condition for uptake of moisture and nutrients available for maize plants.

According to the results, it can be concluded that in furrow sowing method, better moisture could be preserved for longer time and optimal application of sugarcane compost as an organic input can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, thus providing nutrients, especially nitrogen, and their slow release during the plant growth period which in turn may reduce the negative effect of drought stress and improve growth and yield of forage maize under the conditions of Khuzestan province.

One of the factors affecting the growth and development of crops is the cultivation pattern, which affects the distribution of plants in the field, distances between plants, the use of growth sources such as light, water and soil nutrients, and competition between plants. These factors affect the growth and yield of crops. Also, using compost fertilizer has beneficial effects on physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil and has positive effects on grain yield and yield components of crop plants. This study designed and carried out with aim to study the effect of planting method and sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn and some soil properties in Ahwaz weather conditions at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan.

In order to investigate the effect of planting method and sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn (hybrid of single cross 703) and some soil properties, a field experiment using a split-plot arrangement accomplished based on the randomized complete block design with four replications in Mian-Ab region of Shooshtar on 2018. Experimental factors were include four planting method (single row on ridges, on watermark, in furrows and on flat ground) as a main factor in main plots and four amounts of sugarcane residues compost (0, 10, 20 and 30 t ha-1) as a sub factor in sub-plots. Each sub-plot had 6 planting rows with a length of 3 meters and a width of 4.5 meters (with an area of 13.5 square meters). The seeds were planted manually at a depth of 3 cm at 2nd August 2017 with a density of 66000 per ha (the distance between ridges and furrows was 75 cm and the distance between the plants was 18 cm). In this experiment row number per ear, grains per row, thousand grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, soil nitrogen percent and soil organic matter percent were measured.

The analysis of variance showed that the effect of plant method, sugarcane residue compost and their interaction were significant on the traits of row number per ear, grain number per row, thousand grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, soil nitrogen percent and soil organic matter percent. The comparison of mean showed that the maximum amount of corn traits were obtained in furrow planting and using 30 t ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest amounts were observed in ridge planting and non-use of sugarcane residue compost. So that, mean comparison of grain yield under the interaction of planting method and sugarcane residue compost showed that the highest grain yield (6497 kg ha-1) was in furrow planting and 30 t ha- of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest grain yield (3870 kg ha-1) was in ridge planting and non-use of sugarcane residue compost. Examination of correlation coefficients between the measured traits showed that grain yield had a more positive and significant correlation with biological yield, harvest index and 1000-grain weight. Also, biological yield had a more positive and significant correlation with grain yield, 1000-seed weight and number of rows per ear.

In general, the findings of this experiment demonstrated that the furrow cultivation method resulted in the highest values for the measured traits (excluding soil nitrogen and soil organic matter percentage). Moreover, across all cultivation methods, an increase in the application of sugarcane residues compost fertilizer, as well as the availability of water and nutrients for the plants, led to an increase in the magnitude of these traits. The maximum values were achieved at a compost fertilizer rate of 30 t ha-1. Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that cultivating corn using the furrow method and applying 20 to 30 t ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost can significantly enhance corn grain yield in the Shooshtar region.

In order to study the effect of auxin hormone priming on seed germination indices and seedling growth of triticale under salt stress, an experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in seed science and technology laboratory of plant production and genetics engineering department of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan in 2018. Experimental factors were auxin hormone priming (control (no priming), 5 μM auxin in 3 hours, 10 μM auxin in 3 hours, 20 μM auxin in 3 hours, 40 μM auxin in 3 hours, 5 μM auxin in 6 hours, 10 μM auxin in 6 hours, 20 μM auxin in 6 hours and 40 μM auxin in 6 hours) and different salinity levels (include 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 dS/m). The analysis of variance showed that the effect of priming, salinity stress and the interaction effect of them were significant on all measured traits (except germination percetage) in 1 percent probability level. The comparison of means showed that salinity stress decreased germination traits but hormone priming reduced the negative effect of salinity stress and improved different germination indices. Also, the best concentration of Auxin hormone priming was at 20 μM for 3 hours.

Drought stress, reduces physiologic and qualitative traits of triticale. Also, using compost fertilizer has beneficial effects on physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil and reducing the negative effect of environmental stresses like drought stress on physiologic and qualitative traits of crop plants. This study designed and carried out with aim to study the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on physiologic and qualitative traits of triticale under drought stress conditions in Ahwaz weather conditions in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan.

In order to investigate the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on physiologic and qualitative traits of triticale under drought stress conditions, a field experiment using a split-plot arrangement accomplished in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2018-2019 growing season. Experimental factors include four levels of drought stress (complete irrigation, drought stress from spike emergence stage, drought stress from pollination stage and drought stress from milky-dough stage) in main plots and five amounts of sugarcane residues compost fertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1) in sub-plots.

Analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress, sugarcane residue compost fertilizer and their interaction on the most of measured traits (SPAD, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, relative water content, cell membrane stability, canopy temperature, redistribution, grain protein, grain Fe and grain Zn) were significant. Mean comparison of above measured traits in interaction effects of drought stress and sugarcane residue compost fertilizer showed that drought stress decreased these traits and the maximum amount of these traits was obtained in full irrigation and the lowest amount was observed in drought stress from spike emergence to complete maturity. Also, in different drought stress levels, with increasing the amount of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer, the amount of traits increased and reached a maximum at the level of 40 t ha-1. Therefore, the maximum amount of these traits was under full irrigation and 40 t.ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest amount of them was obtained in drought stress from spike emergence and non-use of sugarcane residue compost.

Generally, drought stress from irrigation cut off decreased physiologic and qualitative traits of triticale. Also, in different drought stress levels with increasing the amount of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer, the amount of above traits increased. Therfore using sugarcane residues compost fertilizer decreased the negative impact of drought stress from spike emergence conditions on physiologic and qualitative traits of triticale between 6 to 46 percent.

In order to investigate the combined effects of temperature and salinity stress on seed germination properties of ziziphus (Ramlik), a factorial experiment conducted at seed technology laboratory of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan in 2019. The experiment was arranged as complete block design with three raplications. First factor was salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM) and second factor was temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 oC). Results of the experiment revealed that there was no seed germination in 5 oC, 10 oC at all salinity treatments. Seed germination and seedling growth were declined at all temperature treatments bythe increase in salinity concentrations. Salinity tolerance threshold of Ramlik at 25 OC was 173 mM but as temperature increased to 35 oC, it declined to 150 mM. The highest seed germination properties of Ramlik were observed at 25 oC. An increase in salinity led to a lower seed germination rate. As Ramlik seeds were capable to complete their germination at

This study was conducted to evaluate the morphological characteristics and yield reaction of peppermint and guar to different intercropping ratios under simultaneous and delayed growing conditions at research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2017-2018 growing season. The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications. Planting time at two levels including simultaneous and relay (Guar cultivation 45 days after peppermint emergence) and intercropping ratios at five levels including sole peppermint, sole Guar, 50% Peppermint + 50% Guar, 25% Guar + 75% Peppermint and 25% Peppermint + 75% Guar were experimental factors. The results showed that the highest height, stem and leaf number of Guar were obtained from simultaneous intercropping of sole and 75% guar + 25% peppermint intercropping. Guar forage yield in simultaneous monoculture and 75% guar + 25% peppermint was higher. The highest number of peppermint leaves (311) was observed in monoculture. The best treatment in terms of biological yield was sole cultivation of peppermint (637 Kg.ha-1). Finally, the results of this experiment showed that in terms of Guar characteristics, monoculture treatment and 75% guar + 25% peppermint in simultaneous intercropping and in terms of peppermint traits, sole peppermint and 75% Peppermint + 25% in relay planting conditions were the best treatments. Due to the favorable effects of adding a new species to the crop ecosystem, intercropping of these plants can be substituted for sole cultivation.

Triticale is a commercial cereal with a vast potential to feed human and animal. This plant can be cultivated in poor soils that are not suitable for wheat production. In irrigation cutoff stress conditions, reduces growth and yield and yield components of triticale. One of the most important ways to reduce the negative effect of drought stress on plant is using compost fertilizer in the soil. Using compost fertilizer in agricultural soils lead to increase nutrient elements and conserving the soil water. Generally, compost fertilizer of sugarcane residues, improves moisture storage and physical and chemical conditions of the soil. So that sugarcane residue compost fertilizer contributes to preserving the moisture storage of the soil and to supply the nutrients required by the plant. In this study, the most important aim is to study the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on triticale yield and yield components under irrigation cutoff stress condition in Mollasani region, Ahwaz, Kuzestan province.

In order to investigate the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on growth, yield and yield components of triticale under drought stress conditions, a field experiment using a split-plot arrangement accomplished in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan (in 31º N, 48º E, 35 Km north-east of Ahwaz, and 20 m above the sea level) during 2018-2019 growing season. Experimental factors include four levels of drought stress (complete irrigation, irrigation cutoff from spike emergence to physiological maturity, irrigation cutoff from pollination stage to physiological maturity and irrigation cutoff from milky-dough stage to physiological maturity) as a main factor in main plots and five amounts of sugarcane residues compost (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1) as a sub factor in sub-plots.

Analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress, sugarcane residue compost and their interaction on the measured traits were significant. Mean comparison showed that the maximum amount of triticale traits was obtained in full irrigation and the lowest amount was observed in drought stress from spike emergence to physiological maturity. Also, with increasing the amount of sugarcane residue compost, the amount of traits increased and reached a maximum at the level of 40 t ha-1. Mean comparison of grain yield under the interaction of drought stress and sugarcane residue compost showed that the highest grain yield (4288 kg ha-1) was under full irrigation and 40 t.ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest grain yield (1134 kg ha-1) was obtained in drought stress from spike emergence to physiological maturity and non-use of sugarcane residue compost. In the conditions of drought stress caused by the interruption of irrigation, the vegetative and reproductive growth of the plant is reduced, which causes a decrease in yield components and ultimately leads to a decrease in seed yield. On the other hand, the use of compost fertilizer reduces the effect of stress by preserving water and providing nutrients needed for plant growth and leads to an increase in seed yield.

Generally, the results showed that drought stress conditions decreased growth, grain yield and yield components of triticale but using sugarcane residues compost fertilizer decreased the negative impact of drought stress conditions on measured traits. Also, in areas with irrigation shortage or lack of rainfall at the beginning of flowering stage, 40 tons per hectare of sugarcane residues compost fertilizer is recommended for maintaining grain yield.

Terminal heat stress in Khuzestan province, decrease growth, yield and yield components of wheat. The vermicompost fertilizer improve water reserve and physical and chemical properties of soil. One of the important ways to reduce the negative effect of terminal heat stress on plant is using vermicompost fertilizer in the soil. Using vermicompost fertilizer in agricultural soils lead to increase nutrient elements and conserving the soil water and decrease the negative impacts of drought stress on plant. Generally, vermicompost fertilizer contribute to preserving the moisture storage of the soil and to supply the nutrients required by the plant. In this study, the most important aim is to study the effect of vermicompost fertilizer on bread wheat yield and yield components under terminal heat stress in Ahwaz climatic condition.

In order to evaluate the effect of vermicompost fertilizer on growth and yield of wheat in terminal heat stress of Ahwaz, a field experiment using split-plot design based on randomized complete block design with four replicates was conducted in research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during (in 31º N, 48º E, 35 Km north-east of Ahwaz, and 20 m above the sea level) 2017-2018 growing season. Experimental factors were three sowing dates (22 Nov., 11 Dec. and 31 Dec.) in main plots and five vermicompost rates (0 (control), 5, 10, 15 and 20 t.ha-1) in sub plots.

Analysis of variance showed that the effect of sowing date and vermicompost were significant on measured traits. Mean comparison revealed that the highest grain yield (2356 kg.h-1) was at the first sowing date and the lowest grain yield (1732 kg.h-1) was at the last sowing date. Also, in vermicompost levels, the maximum grain yield (2593 kg.ha-1) was in 20 t.ha-1 of vermicompost application and the minimum grain yield (1566 kg.ha-1) was in control of vermicompost.

Generally, the results showed that with delay in sowing date and occurrence of terminal heat stress, decreased growth and grain yield of wheat. But, using vermicompost fertilizer decreased the negative impact of drought stress. So that, with increase vermicompost application, increased measured traits. Also, in areas with terminal heat stress after flowering stage, using 20 tons per hectare of vermicompost fertilizer is recommended for maintaining grain yield.

To evaluate the effect of simultaneous and overlapped intercropping ratios on yieldand quality essential oilof peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and forage of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.),an experiment was conducted as factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with four replications in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Iran during 2017-2018. Experimental factors included: planting time at two levels (simultaneous and overlapped planting of peppermint and guar) and intercropping ratios at five levels (sole planting of peppermint, sole planting of guar, 50% peppermint + 50% guar, 25% guar + 75% peppermint and 25% peppermint 75% guar. The results showed that at simultaneous intercropping the highest forage yield obtained from sole guar (6348 kg.ha-1), which was not significantly different from the planting ratio of 75% guar + 25% peppermint. In overlapped intercropping, the highest forage yield obtained from sole guar and 75% guar + 25% peppermint planting ratio, respectively. The highest guar ADF (36.4%) obtained from the planting ratio of 50% peppermint + 50% guar under overlapped intercropping. The highest peppermint essential oil content (2.1%) obtained from 50% peppermint + 50% guar planting ratio in the simultaneous intercropping. The highest essential oil yield (9.49 kg.ha-1) belonged to the treatment of sole peppermint. The highest LER (1.42) belonged to 75% guar + 25% peppermint plating ratio in overlapped intercropping. The results showed that for increasing the quality of guar forage, simultaneous intercropping and 75% guar + 25% peppermint planting ratio and -for improving  peppermint essential oil yield, overlapped intercropping and 50% peppermint + 50% guar planting ratio was suitable.

Nowadays, triticale is considered as a high potential commercial crop in order to feed human and livestock. Regarding the fact that triticale is tolerant to inappropriate environmental conditions, it is an acceptable alternative for common wheat cultivation in inappropriate and low-fertile environments. Application of chemical fertilizers in cereal cultivation can lead to destruction of agro-ecosystems and cause environmental pollution.One of approach to solve this problem is use of sustainable agriculture principles in agroecosystems. One of these strategies is application of organic fertilizers such as humicacid. One of the important factors in the effectiveness of fertilizer is the application of concentration and time of consumption.Therefore, determination of the most suitable concentration and time of application of Humic Acid leaves in triticale is important. This experiment was conducted with the aim of determining the best concentration and time of foliar application of humic acids in order to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of triticale in Khuzestan.

The experiment was conducted at Research field of Agricultural sciences and Natural Resources University of khuzestan during 2017-2018. Experimental design was a split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications.Treatments included time of spraying at four levels as main plot (tillering, Stemelongation, flag leaf, pollination) and concentration at four levels as sub plots (0, 200, 400 and 600 mg.lit-1). Traits included morphological characteristics, grain yield, yield components and qualitative characteristics were assessed in this experiment.

Results showed that the effect of spraying timewere significant on plant height, number of grain per spike and biological yield.The highest plant height (124.3 cm) was obtained from application of humic acid in stem elongation development stage and the highest biological yield (17438.33 kg.ha-1) wasgained from spraying of humic acid at flag leaf stage. Also, the interaction of time and concentrationwere significant on peduncle length, spike length, grain yield and harvest index. Highest grain yield (6796 kg.ha-1) was obtained from200 mg.lit-1 of Humic Acid application in flag leaf stage.

According to the results of this experiment, foliar application of 200 mg.lit-1 humic acid in the flag leaf stage is recommended to gain maximum grain yield in triticale cultivation.

the experiment was conducted at Research field of Agricultural sciences and Natural Resources University of khuzestan during 2017-2018. Experimental design was a split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments included time of spraying at four levels as main plot (tillering, Stem elongation, flag leaf, pollination) and concentration at four levels as sub plots (0, 200, 400 and 600 mg.lit-1). Traits included morphological characteristics, grain yield, yield components and qualitative characteristics were assessed in this experiment.

Results showed that the effect of spraying time were significant on plant height, number of grain per spike and biological yield. The highest plant height (124/3 cm) was obtained from application of humic acid in stem elongation development stage and the highest biological yield (17438.33 kg.ha-1) was gained from spraying of humic acid at flag leaf stage. Also, the interaction of time and concentration were significant on peduncle length, spike length, grain yield and harvest index. Highest grain yield (6796 kg.ha-1) was obtained from 200 mg.lit-1 of Humic Acid application in flag leaf stage.

Eventually, the findings of this study showed that application of organic fertilizer such as humic acid in triticale cultivation not only improve grain yield and crop quality but also reduces consumption of chemical fertilizers in agroecosystems. According to the results of this experiment, the use of 200 mg.lit-1 of humic acid in the flag leaf stage in triticale crops is recommended.

In order to evaluate the effect of zeolite and Piriformospora indica fungi inoculation on wheat growth and yield under irrigation cut off condition, a field experiment was conducted in a split-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, during 2016-2017 growing season. Experimental factors were three levels of irrigation cutoff (without irrigation cut off, irrigation cutoff from milky-dough stage and irrigation cutoff from flowering stage) as the main plot and four rates of zeolite (0, 4, 8 and 12 ton.ha-1) and two levels of Piriformospora indica fungi inoculation (inoculation and non-inoculation) as sub plots. The results showed that the highest grain yield was obtained under full irrigation condition and application of 12 tons of zeolite per hectare (3849 kg. ha-1), and the lowest was obtained from irrigation cut off at flowering stage and no application of zeolite (1947 kg.ha-1). No significant difference was observed between different levels of zeolite under full irrigation conditions, while in the mild and severe drought conditions application of 8 and 12 tons of zeolite per hectare was advantageous. In irrigation cutoff at milky-dough stage condition, by fungi inoculation, seed yield increased from 3129 to 3647 kg.ha-1. Application of the fungus was effective in irrigation cutoff at flowering stage, such that the grain yield was raised from 2161 to 2917 kg.ha-1. The results of this study indicate that the use of zeolite in combination with soil and inoculation with Piriformospora indica fungi can somewhat compensate wheat grain yield damage in water deficit stress conditions.

To study the effect of sowing time and nitrogen levels on growth, yield and nitrogen efficiency of quinoa cv. Titicaca, a field experiment was conducted at in 2017-2018 growing season research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Sciences University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran. The experiment was conducted in split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental factors were four sowing dates (23 Sep., 12 Oct., 1 Nov. and 21 Nov.) assigned to main plots and five nitrogen rates (0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 kg.ha-1) randomized in sub plots. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of sowing date and nitrogen rate and their interaction effect were highly significant on all traits. Mean comparison showed that the highest number of seed.plant-1 (16915), biological yield (20064 kg.ha-1) and seed nitrogen content (3.67%) was observed in the sowing date of 23 Sep. and 320 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer. Also, the highest seed yield (8657 kg.ha-1), 1000 grain weight (4.26 g), harvest index (56.7%) and plant nitrogen content (2.80%) were observed at sowing date of 12 Oct. and 320 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. The lowest seed yield (381 kg.ha-1) was observed in sowing date of 21 Nov. and and no-application of nitrogen. With increasing nitrogen application from 80 to 320 kg.ha-1, nitrogen efficiency indices decreased. The highest seed yield of quinoa in Ahvaz can be achieved by sowing on 23 Sep. and 320 kg.ha-1 nitrogen.

Introduction According to statistical yearbook of agriculture in cropping season of 2015-2016, Khuzestan province with wheat area harvested about 535 thousand hectares, production of 1.86 million ton and average yield of 4.4 ton per hectare had the first place between other provinces in the country. In recent years there was a shortage in water for irrigated wheat farms, therefore irrigated and rain-fed farms have drought stress. In water stress conditions, reduced yield and yield components of wheat. One of the important ways to reduce the negative effect of drought stress on plant is using animal manures and zeolite in the soil. Using animal manure in agricultural soils lead to increase nutrient elements and conserving the soil water. Also using zeolite in soils cause increase soil water and decrease the negative impacts of drought stress on plant. Generally, manure and zeolite contribute to preserving the moisture storage of the soil and to supply the nutrients required by the plant. In this study, the most important aim is to study the effect of cattle manure and zeolite on bread wheat yield and yield components under water stress condition in Ahwaz condition. Materials and methods In order to evaluate wheat response to using cattle manure and zeolite under drought stress condition, a field experiment using split-factorial design based on randomized complete block with three replicates was conducted in research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan (in 31º N, 48º E, 35 Km north-east of Ahwaz, and 20 m above the sea level) during 2016-2017 cropping season. Experimental factors were three levels of irrigation cutoff (without irrigation cutoff (control), irrigation cutoff from milky-dough stage to physiological maturity and irrigation cutoff from flowering stage to physiological maturity) in main plots and three rates of cattle manure (0, 15 and 30 ton/ha) and three rates of zeolite (0, 6 and 12 ton/ha) in sub plots. Results and discussion Results showed that the effect of irrigation cutoff, cattle manure and zeolite and interaction effect of cattle manure and zeolite were significant of more measured traits. The mean comparison of interaction effect indicated that using 30 ton/ha cattle manure and 12 ton/ha zeolite than control increased grain yield by 70 percent in complete irrigation and 72 percent in irrigation cutoff from milk-dough stage to physiological maturity. Also, in irrigation cutoff from flowering stage to physiological maturity, using 15 ton/ha cattle manure and 12 ton/ha zeolite increased grain yield by 82 percent. Therefore, in regions with irrigation shortage or lack of rainfall in the milky-dough stage, 30 tons per hectare manure and 12 tons per hectare of zeolite are recommended for increasing grain yield. Conclusions Generally, the results showed that drought stress decreased grain yield of wheat but using cattle manure and zeolite decreased the negative impact of drought stress. Means comparison of interaction effect showed that in full irrigation condition could use 30 ton/ ha of cattle manure and 12 ton/ha zeolite to producing the highest grain yield. In irrigation cut-off from milky-dough stage to physiological maturity, using 30 ton/ ha of cattle manure and 12 ton/ha zeolite decreased the effect of drought stress on wheat yield. Also, in areas with irrigation shortage or lack of rainfall at the beginning of flowering stage, 15 tons per hectare of manure and 12 tons per hectare of zeolite are recommended for maintaining grain yield.

To study the effect of zinc sulfate rates on response of bread wheat cv. Cahmran to terminal heat stress conditions in Ahvaz, Iran, this experiment was conducted at the research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Sciences University of Khuzestan, Iran in two cropping cycles (2015-2016 and 2016-2017). The experimental design was split plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental factors were three sowing dates (29 Nov., 14 Dec. and 30 Dec.) assigned main plots and five zinc sulfate rates (0: Control, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg.ha-1) randomized in sub plots. Combined analysis variance showed that year had a significant effect on measured traits. Mean comparison of traits in different sowing dates showed that grain yield decreased with delay in sowing date, due to occurrence of terminal heat stress. The highest (6726 kg.ha-1) and lowest (2884 kg.ha-1) grain yield were obtained in the first and last sowing dates, respectively. The results showed that grain yield increased with increasing zinc sulfate rates and the highest grain yield (6724 kg.ha-1) was obtained from application of 30 kg.ha-1 zinc sulfate. Mean comparison of interaction effect of sowing dates × zinc sulfate rate on studied traits showed that the highest grain yield (6508 kg.ha-1) was in the first sowing date and 30 kg.ha-1 of zinc sulfate application, and the lowest grain yield (2958 kg.ha-1) was in the last sowing date and no-zinc sulfate application (Control). In conclusion, the result of the experiment showed that delay in planting of bread wheat cv. Chamran imposed late heat stress and application of 30 kg.ha-1 zinc sulfate reduced heat stress effect and improved grain yield.

To plant breeding in relation to high temperature tolerance, and for determining the differences between resistant genotypes, several indices in the basis of crop yield in normal and stressed conditions were be introduced. With regard to importance of genetic breeding for higher yield and stability in exposure to terminal heat stress in warm region of Iran, and little studies about tolerance of safflower cultivars, this study was carried out by measuring tolerance and sensitivity indices. Safflower is one the most important oil crops in regions that have dry and warm winters like to Khuzestan province of Iran. This crop are relatively tolerant to environmental stresses. But it is reported there are significant differences between different cultivars. The study was conducted to evaluate the difference between safflower cultivars in Ahvaz region. To comparison of safflower cultivars by indices of tolerance and sensitivity to terminal heat stress, present study was carried out in Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, at 2016-2017. A split plot design in the basis of Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with four replications was used for the study. Experimental factors was included four sowing date (11 November, 2 December, 5 January and 3 February) were placed in main plots, and safflower cultivars (sina, goldasht, soffeh, Esfahan local (kooseh) and faraman) were placed in subplots. In this study, several indices with regard to researcher’s reports were calculated and used for determining the difference between safflower cultivars. Statistical analysis was done using by SAS v. 9.1 software. The results of statistical analysis showed that investigated cultivars had significant differences in terms of Stress Sensitivity index (SSI), Tolerance Index (TI), Productivity Mean (PM), Harmonic Mean (HM), Yield Stability Index (YSI), (GPM), Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Stress Damage Index (SDI), and Modified Stress Tolerance for appropriate conditions (MSTI1), Modified Stress Tolerance for no appropriate conditions (MSTI2), and Yield Reduction Index (YRI). However, differences between cultivars in terms of Ranking Index (RI) and Yield Index (YI) were not significant. Therefore, STI was the best index for evaluating tolerance and sensitivity of safflower cultivars to terminal heat. On the basis of STI, most tolerate and sensitive cultivars were goldasht and Esfahan local (kooseh), respectively. The results showed that safflower cultivars had significant differences in terms of tolerance indices calculated in the study. In the basis of Stress Tolerance Index (STI), goldasht cultivar had highest tolerance (lowest sensitivity) and local Esfahan cultivar (kooseh) had lowest tolerance (highest sensitivity) to terminal heat stress.
Generally, in regions exposed to environmental stress, best cultivars are the cultivars that in normal conditions have high yield and in stressed conditions have no significant reduction f yield (group-A in Fernandez classification). In this study, stress tolerance index (STI) had good ability for determining of these cultivars.

Temperature is the most important determining factor in growth and development duration length of crops. Temperature increase result in faster growth and development and shorter life duration of plant. This is one of the main factors of yield loses in hot environments (Aggravel, 1991). Studies showed that one centigrade increase in mean temperature of growth duration causes eight days (6 percent) decrease in vegetative growth phase, two days (five percent) decrease in filling period duration and 21 days (eight percent) decrease in life cycle duration of wheat (Koocheki and Hosseini, 2006). Modhej et al. (2007), planted six wheat cultivars (three bread wheat cultivars and three durum wheat cultivars) in two sowing dates (November 21 as optimum sowing date and January 20 as late sowing date) and reported that grain filling period of late sowing date confronted to terminal heat stress and resulted in significantly decrease in grain weight and grain yield.
In this study, the most important aim is to study the effect of terminal heat stress on growth periods length, grain yield and its components and grain yield formation rate and its components in 20 spring bread wheat cultivars in Ahwaz condition.
In order to study the effect of terminal heat stress on growth periods length, grain yield and its components and grain yield formation rate and its components in 20 spring bread wheat cultivars, a field experiment was conducted in a stripe block arrangement using a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications in research field of Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khouzestan (in 31º N, 48º E, 35 Km north-east of Ahwaz, and 20 m above the sea level) during two cropping seasons (2007-2008 and 2008-2009). Experimental factors were four sowing dates (06 Nov. (early), 06 Dec. (timely), 05 Jan. (late) and 04 Feb. (very late)) in vertical plots and 20 spring bread wheat cultivars (Atrak, Arvand1, S-80-18, Star, Inia66, Bolani, Bayat, Pishtaz, Chamran, Chenab70, Darab, Dez, Roshan, Shoeleh, Kavir, Maroon, Hamoon, Hirman and Vee/Nac) in horizontal plots.
Results showed that year, sowing date, genotypes and sowing date× genotype had significant effect on measured traits. Mean comparisons revealed that with delay in sowing date and increase in mean temperatures of growing season, decreased the day from sowing to anthesis, day from anthesis to maturity, day from sowing to maturity, grain number in m2, thousand grain weight and grain yield that resulted to decrease in grain formation rate, grain filling rate and grain yield formation rate. Generally, Maroon and Shoeleh cultivars (early- lately maturity cultivars) with short period of sowing to anthesis and with long period of anthesis to maturity, had longer grain filling period.
Generally and according to these results could say that delay in sowing and increase in temperature of growth cycle duration resulted in confrontation of terminal phases of growth and development to high temperatures and occurrence the terminal heat stress. These stress decreased the day from sowing to anthesis, day from anthesis to maturity and day from sowing to maturity. These effects resulted in lower grain number in m2, thousand grain weight and grain yield. Finally, above decreases lead to lower grain formation rate, grain filling rate and grain yield formation rate.