aliakbar imani

Failure to observe proper hygiene principles of water and swimming pool environment is effective in causing health problems and transmission of infectious diseases to swimmers. This study aimed to analyze the level of Escherichia coli and Heterotrophic Plate Count in mineral pools in Sarein.

For this purpose, sampling was performed in each season, and the samples were tested according to the standard method. Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality or abnormality of the data. Then, through ANOVA, the differences between the seasons and the pools were compared in terms of the studied parameters.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the spas in terms of the measured parameters. A comparison of the average data showed that the amount of contamination of mineral spas during the seasons with E. coli was more than the allowable value announced by the National Standard Organization of Iran. The amount of residual chlorine in all samples was zero and the pH was equal to 6.8. The results of principal component analysis showed that mineral spas No. 6, 2, and 11 had the highest HPC (Heterotrophic Plate count) and pH and 9 Cheshmeh, Ershad, and Ghahveh Sui mineral spas based on the second component had the highest E. coli; No. 7 had the lowest E. coli.

Finally, it can be concluded that the cause of the contamination of mineral swimming pools in Sarein city is the high volume of passengers and the lack of proper sanitary management of swimming pools.

Purpose The present study aims to evaluate the changes in parameters affecting the quality of vermicompost produced by the earthworm 'Eisenia fetida' on different organic waste substrates using multivariate analysis, variance analysis, factor analysis and principal component analysis (PCA).Method A completely randomized design experiment was conducted with a 2 × 8 factorial arrangement of experimental and control treatments in triplicate per treatment. We investigated the growth and reproduction of earthworms and the characteristics of vermicompost produced on different organic wastes and residues represented by carrot pulp (C), potato peel (P), vegetables (V) and sawdust (S) blended with cattle manure (as the main substrate) at two levels of 100 and 150 grams of each treatment in two kilograms of manure. Chemical parameters include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) were measured in the vermicompost produced.Results The results of cluster analysis and PCA grouped nine substrate combinations into three categories with similar qualitative characteristics. The first two principal components in PCA revealed that the major parameters responsible for the qualitative changes in the produced vermicompost were iron, copper, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen.Conclusion Current results suggested that the treatment CPVS and the treatment S (sawdust) provided the optimal conditions for the growth and reproduction of earthworms and the production of high-quality vermicompost.

Toluene is one of the mos t dangerous and, simultaneously, the mos t consumed subs tances in various factories. Toluene s trongly affects the central nervous sys tem. The numerous side effects caused by exposure to toluene indicate the removal of toluene vapours from the air in the workplace. This s tudy aims to use the removal of toluene vapours from the air using a Fe-MOFs metal-organic subs trate for the firs t time in the world and to inves tigate efficient methods to increase the efficiency of removing toluene vapours from the air. This experimental s tudy was carried out on a laboratory scale. After the iron metal-organic framework (Fe-MOFs) was synthesized, the components affecting the adsorption rate, such as reaction time (5-20 min), initial concentration (100-400 mg L-1), adsorbent amount, and temperature (25-80oC) were analyzed and optimized. Then, the efficiency of removing toluene vapours from the air was determined using a gas chromatography device. The absorption capacity of toluene was obtained by the desired adsorbent, 337.2 mg g-1. Also, the effect of different parameters on toluene absorption was inves tigated and optimized. The maximum absorption for concentration (300 mg L-1), temperature (75oC), and contact time (160s) were obtained as 340 mg g-1, 331 mg g-1, and 325 mg g-1, respectively. The obtained results indicate the suitability of the Fe-MOFs for the absorption of toluene vapours from the air before being determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID).

 This study investigated the effect of waste separation from the source on the chemical characteristics of wet waste in Ardabil city.

A sample of wet waste material was collected from each district of the 3rd and 4th regions of Ardabil city in order to analyze of Cd, Pb, pH, EC, TDS, OC, K, Ntotale, and P values with standard methods.

The results showed that the average concentration of Pb was determined to be 102 mg/kg in area 3 and 125 mg/kg in area 4. Also, the average concentration of Cd in municipal waste compost samples was 3.139 mg/kg and 4.21 mg/kg in regions 3 and 4. The percentage of nitrogen (N) in both managed samples of regions 3 and 4 was 0.32% and 0.18%. The average percentage of phosphorus (P) in unseparated and separated urban waste compost of region 3 was 0.089% and 0.13%, respectively. In region 4, the average percentage of P in managed municipal waste compost was 0.24% and in unmanaged was 0.201%. The concentration of potassium (K) in separated urban waste compost in areas 3 and 4 was found to be 60.2 ppm and 39 ppm, respectively.

According to the results, it can be said that the effect of management on the number of heavy metals in the waste was significant at the possible level of P > 5%. Further, waste separation at the source systematically reduces the waste with heavy metals.

This study investigated the performance and adsorption properties of multi-magnetic carbon nanotubes in removing paclitaxel (PTX) and gemcitabine (GEM) from industrial sewage. For this purpose, the first magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes were prepared by the co-sedimentation method. Their characteristics were determined by scanning electron microscopy analysis of field emission (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a vibration sample magnetometer. The results showed that iron oxide nanoparticles were incorporated well without destroying the structure of the nanotubes. Also, the effect of the pH solution and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of drugs was examined. The pH of 7 and adsorbent dosage of 200 mg/L were found to be the optimal conditions for the process. Comparing the removal results of paclitaxel and gemcitabine contaminants from the sewage showed that the multi-magnetic carbon wall nanotubes were more efficient in removing PTX (58%) than GEM (26%). Studies on the reaction kinetics and adsorption isotherms were performed on the two contaminants. The results obtained from the fitting of the curve showed that the kinetics reaction of the drugs was of the second order and consistent with the Langmuir isotherm. Finally, the reusability and stability of the adsorbent were investigated, and the reductions detected for PTX and GEM were only 8% and 5%, respectively, after five cycles.

The objective of the present study was to identify volatile compounds and investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects of Tribulus longipetalus Viv.
In this research, the Tribulus longipetalus Viv, which is an annual herbaceous plant, has many branches, lies on the ground, and has stems with soft hairs. The geographical spread of this plant is in the long sand dunes of Aran and Bidgol deserts. Biological properties, including free radical scavenging activity, total amount of phenolic compounds, antimicrobial properties and cytotoxic properties were investigated. Since the whole plant extract showed a high level of inhibition in the saltwater shrimp cell toxicity test (nearly 70 μg/liter), in order to obtain the effective components, solvent extraction using a decanter funnel was on the agenda. The three obtained components of hexane, ethyl acetate and water were analyzed separately. Also, by using a polystyrene divinylbenzene chromatography column, the effective component with higher inhibition ability was isolated. Among the effective components, except ethyl acetate, it had a relatively high inhibitory power, which was identified with the help of Hplc device.
Comparing the antimicrobial power of Tribulus longipetalusViv with antibiotics, showed that this plant has good antimicrobial properties. Also, considering that LC50 was determined as 70 μg/ml. This value indicates the good cytotoxic power of Tribulus longipetalus Viv.

Pollution from industrial effluents is more diverse and complex than municipal wastewater due to the use of thousands of new chemical compounds in industry every year. Subsequent introduction of small quantities of these compounds into water streams through industrial effluents has complicated water pollution problems and posed many challenges in removing contaminants from water. The purpose of the present study was to remove phenol contaminants from the effluent of petrochemical wastewater treatment plants using advanced photochemical oxidation method (ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide/ozone) in a laboratory scale. The experiments were performed using UVC light, 30 % H2O2 as oxidizer and phenol (100 mg/L). The effective parameters studied in phenol removal included pH, H2O2concentration, solution temperature and UVC irradiation time. The experimental results showed an increase in phenol removal efficiency with increasing H2O2 concentration up to 400 mg/L while decreasing with increasing oxidizerconcentration to 500 mg/L, thus suggesting a concentration of 400 mg/L as the optimal value. Using a flow rate of 200 mg/L of ozone for 80 min, by optimizing other conditions, increased the phenol removal efficiency by 98 %. The phenol removal efficiency was much higher at acidic conditions than at alkaline and neutral ones. The phenol content decreased significantly with increasing contact time. In other words, prolonged contact time increased the phenol removal efficiency in the tested sample. The highest phenol removal efficiency (75.7 %) occurred at the pH value of 4 and the phenol removal efficiency in the sample decreased with increasing pH value. Prolonged contact time caused more phenol concentration to be removed from the test sample, so that 69.8 % of the phenol concentration in the sample was reduced. The results of this study showed that advanced oxidation reduced the phenol content in the analyzed sample. To conclude, the advanced oxidation methods can be useful in the process of treating petrochemical wastewater andeffluent of units containing toxic aromatic compounds such as phenol.

Today, the environmental crisis of pollution of water resources with municipal and industrial wastewater containing microplastic (MP) pollutants has become a global problem. Likewise, in Ardabil Province, Iran, municipal wastewater is discharged into the water of the River Qarasu and is the primary source of the MP pollution crisis.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the samples were taken from 5 stations in the Qarasu (Karkarq, Sarband, Anzab Sofla, Dolatabad, and Samian villages) under standard methods in 2020. The sample analysis and MP separation method were performed based on the density difference and digestion methodology. It was completed using stereo microscopy with a digital camera, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 

Studies show that WWTPs (Wastewater Treatment Plants) are the primary sources of releasing MPs into the environment. In addition to threats to water resources, MPs are consumed and digested by aquatic organisms. As a result, MPs can affect human health, the environment, and the river’s living organisms.

The study results showed that MPs had been introduced into the River Qarasu ecosystem. MPs can have dangerous effects on the environment and living organisms and lead to an environmental crisis of water resources. Therefore, continuous river pollution monitoring is vital in the environmental crisis.

The feasibility of converting organic wastes into vermicompost and the effect of adding such wastes onto the substrate on the growth and reproduction of the earthworm 'Eisenia fetida' were investigated in the present study through a factorial experiment with completely randomized design in triplicate, consisting of two factors.

The first factor with nine different treatment combinations included control, potato (P), carrot pulp (C), vegetables (V), sawdust (S), potato, vegetables, carrot pulp (PVC), sawdust, potato, carrot pulp (SPC), vegetables, sawdust, potato (VSP), and carrot pulp, vegetables, potato, sawdust (CVPS), and the second factor was related to two different substrate concentrations of 100 and 150 g. This research was carried out using a basket method in Tonekabon County in 2021. The base substrate of earthworms was animal manure positioned in boxes and washed with urban tap water to reach a pH value of 6.5-7. After ripening the vermicompost, the boxes were emptied and the number of worms was counted individually.

The results of analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the number of cocoon between the studied treatments (P<0.1), but no in the number of worms between the groups. The maximum number of cocoon (mean= 605) corresponded to the sawdust treatment combination (S) and the minimum number of cocoon (mean= 185) was found in the vegetable treatment combination (V).

Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the treatment of manure bed with sawdust wastes provided the optimal conditions for the growth and reproduction of earthworm 'Eisenia fetida.

The aim of this study was to provide a suitable system for disposal of hospital waste and design and construction of a safe device for infectious waste using a combination of chemical and mechanical methods.

 This research is a laboratory study and based on the existing problems, design and construction of a decontamination device for hospital infectious waste was performed by combination of chemical and mechanical methods in a closed reactor. To determine the appropriate mixture of different compounds of sodium hydroxide with lime and sodium carbonate with lime, three treatments were selected and used.
 

The results of this study showed that the decontamination waste device by chemical and mechanical methods was effective in eliminating 98% of bacterial, fungal, and viral contaminants. The results showed that the neutralization rate for total bacterial contamination of the coliform, pathogenic viruses, Escherichia, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella, and Shigella using a 30% ratio was related to the chemical composition of lime and sodium hydroxide, lime and sodium carbonate, respectively. In the designed device, the best temperature, humidity and pH conditions were determined to be 15°C, 45% and 12.8, respectively.

 The results of the decontaminated waste tests revealed that the simultaneous application of physical and chemical methods can be used as a safe and suitable alternative in infectious waste disposal systems.

Poor participation and investment of natural resource users in cooperatives requires investigation. Effecting factors therefor, should be found and prioritized. Reference searches showed three major categories of factors: educational (extensional), economic and social factors. The case was taken into nine natural resources development cooperatives as a statistical population throughout the counties of Ardabil province.  The research followed a descriptive-survey methodology, and required information was garnered through field works and filling up a researcher-made questionnaire. Validity and reliability coefficients of the questions were confirmed by experts and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha of 0.86, respectively. Data were analyzed through proper statistical techniques. Comparing mean scores of subject-pertinent sections revealed that extension and economic factors were known as the most influential in Ardabil, Namin, Nir and Parsabad. Social issues however, were more important in the eyes of Ardabil, Nir, Khalkhal and Bilehsavar land users. Generally, variance between statistical populations of cities and research-affecting factors exhibited significant differences with a confidence level of 99%. Duncan test resykts showed that the highest value is given to social and participatory matters. For Bilehsavar and Nir cases however no significant differences was seen. According to the research results, it is proposed to work on social problems such as reforming behavior with the clientele, utilizing indigenous culture, reforming the negative mentality towards the cooperatives, raising awareness of the benefits of participation and investment, building trust among the people, etc., in the cooperatives, rather than education and extensional programs; this can attract the majority of beneficiaries to cooperatives and make them invest. The next steps in line with the priority of the provincial cities should address extensional and economic subdivisions, respectively, such as applied training, amending cooperatives’ charter, transferring executive projects to cooperatives, monetizing existing rural jobs.

 The purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial bioaerosols in indoor air of Ardabil universities and to investigate the factors affecting their concentration in Ardabil city.

 Air sampling was performed using Andersen single-stage sampler at a flow rate of 28.3 liters per minute and a respiratory range of 10 min. In this study, trypticase soy agar containing cycloheximide antibiotic was used for bacterial culture. Biochemical tests such as DNase, catalase, oxidase, coagulase, bile esculin hydrolysis test, urease, citrate test, antibiotic resistance to novobiocin, bacitracin and optochin were used for identification and differentiation of isolates.

 The mean bacterial concentration in Ardabil university of medical sciences in the open air, outside the college, the halls, the classrooms and the staff rooms  was 18, 88.4, 76.6, 77.4 CFU/m3 , respectively. The concentration of bacteria in Islamic Azad university of Ardabil in the open air, outside the college, the halls, the classrooms and the staff rooms was 103, 97, 124, 132 CFU/m3, respectively. The dominant species of bacteria in indoor air were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Actinomycetes and Bacillus, respectively.

 According to the results of this study, it is found that the concentration of bacterial bioaerosols in indoor air is not more than standard, but the abundance of bacterial species can cause lung, intestinal and other diseases in academic personnel, staff and students in the long-term.

Climate change is one of the natural features of atmospheric circulation anomalies and fluctuations in the meteorological parameters such as rainfall and temperature can be achieved. These anomalies in most of the world led to impair in natural ecosystems. Studies show that emissions of greenhouse gases in recent decades have increased considerably. These gases increase in the atmosphere, causing changes in Earth's climate parameters. With widely varying meteorological simulation models of generators weather in recent decades, it is essential that these changes in a series of simulated apply. In this study, using statistical downscaling techniques, GCM models under the greenhouse gas emission scenarios (A1B, A2, B1) for the period 2039-2011 using statistical models LARSE-WG daily data of temperature, precipitation and radiation small scale, and the results were evaluated on synoptic stations. The results show that changes in climate parameters will be created during the study period. So that the average temperature between the stations under study between 31.0 to 69.3 ° C will increase and rainfall will increase to 2.8 to 21.5 percent

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (commonly known as rosemary) as a member of the Lamiaceae family is a valuable aromatic and medicinal plant which is cultivated in large scale in Iran. In this study, we have tried to identify the effective parameters on the antioxidant and extraction efficiency of Rosmarinus officinalis L. under microwave irradiation. The aerial parts of R. officinalis was collected from Ghamsar, province of Kashan. The antioxidative properties of the extracts were determined by bleaching of β-carotene (β-carotene-linoleic acid assay) and 2,20diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The best solvent for the extraction of this plant was water under microwave radiation. Irradiation time, power of radiation and the ratio of water to the plant were considered as the most influential variables. The results show that the best conditions for the antioxidant and extraction efficiency of R. officinalis were obtained under 550 watt Irradiation for 55 minutes with the ratio of 3 mL/g (water to the plant).

In order to study of nitrogen application time and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield، fertilizer use efficiency and grain filling rate of sunflower، a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of Islamic Azad University، Ardabil branch in 2011. The first factor was time of nitrogen application in three levels، (1/3 at 4-6 leaf stage، 1/3 at budding stage، 1/3 at flowering stage)، (1/2 at 4-6 leaf stage، 1/2 at budding stage)، (1/4 at 4-6 leaf stage، 1/2 at budding stage، 1/4 at flowering stage) as N1، N2 and N3 respectively and the second factor was seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels containing (without inoculation as control، seed inoculation with Azotobacter chrocococum strain 5، Psedomunas putida strain 9، Psedomunas putida strain 41). The results showed that maximum of grain weight، grain filling period، grain and biological yield، 1000 grain weight، number of grain per head، plant height، head and stem diameter were obtained in nitrogen application as N2×seed inoculation with Azotobacter. Maximum of nitrogen use efficiency was recorded at nitrogen application as N2×seed inoculation with Azotobacter and minimum of it was obtained in nitrogen application as N × no seed inoculation. It seems that in order to increasing of grain yield، fertilizer use efficiency and grain filling rate، can be suggested that should be applied nitrogen application time as N2×seed inoculation with Azotobacter.

The current study aims to ordinate ecological groups in the wetlands of northern and eastern slopes of the Sabalan mountain and investigate their relationship with environmental variables. The location of wetlands was found using field surveys and satellite images. In total، 32 wetland sites were identified for the sampling purpose. 320 sample plots (relevé) were selected using the systematic-rondom method and their plants were classified using the TWINSPAN method. The study of vegetation cover was undertaken using the Braun-Blanquet method. The results showed that five main groups of vegetation could be distinguished، which include (i) halophyte ecological groups، (ii) mire ecological groups، (iii) wet meadows ecological groups، (iv) grass- legume ecological groups and (v) aquatic and heliophyte ecological groups. The statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between plant groups and altitude، canopy cover percentage، pH، OC% and geophytes plant percentage at 1 and 5 percent significance level. The results of ordination (DCA) also showed that main environmental factors affecting plant groups were soil characteristics (EC، pH، dependent cations)، land form، humidity and altitude.

In order to study the influence of nitrogen and different harvesting dates on sorghum yield, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications in 2010 at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch. Factors were: different harvesting dates in three levels containing, beginning of flowering, two and four weeks after beginning of flowering and nitrogen fertilizer in four levels (zero, 60, 120 and 180 kg N.ha-1). The results showed that maximum of forage yield was obtained by the plots which were applied 180 kg N.ha-1 in four weeks after beginning flowering and the least of it was in no application of nitrogen fertilizer in beginning of flowering. Means comparison showed that the highest nitrogen use efficiency was obtained by the plots which was applied 60 kg N.ha-1 in four weeks after beginning flowering and the least of it was in application of 180 kg N.ha-1 × beginninig of flowering. Maximum of stem and leaf protein was obtained in the highest of nitrogen fertilizer rates. It seems that in order to increasing of forage yield, should be applied 180 kg N.ha-1 × four weeks after beginning flowering in climate conditions of Ardabil. If the aim is to improve nitrogen use efficiency, then applying 60 kg N.ha-1 in four weeks after beginning flowering can be suggested.

In order to study the effects of different planting dates on growth stages and oil and seed yields of soybean varieties, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch in 2009. The first factor was planting date at four levels (27 May, 5, 15 and 26 June) and the second factor was Williams variety and L17 line of soybean. The results showed that there were significant differences between planting dates for traits like plant height, days from sowing to first flowering, days from sowing to first pod initiation, oil percentage, seed yield, oil yield, growth period and days from sowing to seed formation. Interaction effects of planting date and varieties were not significant for all evaluated characteristics. Planting dates of 27 May and 5 June were not statistically different and were the same for plant height, days from sowing to first flowering, days from sowing to first poding and oil percantage. Planting date of 27 May had the highest values for seed yield, oil yield, growth period and days from sowing to seed formation. Results of this research showed that becaues of short growth period in Ardabil region, soybean could not reach to its potential yield and it seems that the planting date of 27 May is more suitable than other planting dates in Ardabil cold climate.

Attempts have been made in the present research to study subjective and objective migration – which is among the characteristics of a human being trained in the light of the Islamic teachings – in the viewpoint of Imam Khomeini. Moreover, the positive and negative migrations in the life of the Muslims have been briefly reviewed, while the criteria of Islamic migration have been also mentioned. The political-divine migrations of Imam Khomeini, particularly his great migration to the West, including his migration to France, are also studied.