فهرست مطالب aliakbar soleimanian

This study develops an integrative parenting program for adoptive families. 

Qualitative and quantitative elements were combined using a mixed-method design. The parenting program for adoptive families was developed through a common elements approach. It took three main steps: Identifying interventions with high efficacy, assessing supporting materials, and surveying experts to reach an agreement. Next, a single-subject, multiple baseline design was used to determine the effectiveness of the developed program on parenting self-efficacy and stress. The research instruments included parenting stress index-short form (PSI-SF) and parental self-agency measure. The participants were two adoptive mothers and one adoptive father chosen through convenience sampling. The parents participated in nine sessions and completed the questionnaires three times before the sessions, five times during the sessions, and three times after the sessions. Visual analysis was performed at two levels, including within-condition and between-condition levels. 

In the qualitative phase, 44 concepts and nine categories were obtained by examining 15 parenting programs. The leading nine categories were as follows: Rebuilding attachments, enhancing the spouse subsystem, rebuilding the family structure, improving parenting self-efficacy, emotional-cognitive regulation, managing children’s behavior, laying the groundwork for integrated child development, promoting the child’s social health, and improving the child’s self-esteem. The results showed that this program was highly effective in reducing the parenting stress of the first and second participants and increasing the self-efficacy of all participants.

Families with adopted children experience unique parenting circumstances due to their different structures. This study identified the common elements of the interventions proposed in previous studies and integrated them into a comprehensive protocol to improve adoptive parents’ parenting. Based on this integrated view, all cognitive processes, behavioral, emotional, and systemic in parenting are considered. This program could help adoptive parents maintain or increase their parenting competency and stress management.

The existence of differences in couple interactions is due to the intrapersonal and interpersonal characteristics of couples. The aim of this study is identify patterns of marital interaction in the context of undifferentiated. This research was conducted using qualitative method and phenomenological design. Participants included 11 females and 7 males whose differentiation scores were one standard deviation below average and whose anxiety was one standard deviation above average. Participants were selected by using purposive sampling and Criterion-based method. Data collection was made through semi - structured interview. Also, scales of Skowron and Friedlander differentiation and General Health Questionnaire were used to cover the inclusion criteria. The interviews were coded and analyzed according to Dickelmann's seven-step approach. The analysis of the interviews led to the identification of 118 initial codes, Based on semantic similarity, it was classified into 14 subcategory. Then related concepts were categorized into 5 main categories, which are: Passivity constructor interactive patterns, 2- Hostile interactive patterns, 3- Controlling interactive patterns, 4- Responsibility-oriented interactive patterns, 5- Patterns based on Lack of understanding another point of view. This study emphasizes the role of differentiation of self in marital interaction patterns. In addition, the results indicate the existence of destructive patterns of marital interaction in undifferentiated individuals.

Ignoring domestic violence as serious social harm can cause irreparable damage to society. The purpose of this study is to investigates the relationship between relationship standards and domestic violence with the mediating role of individual well-being in the hospital staff of Bojnord city.

The research was designed for correlation through structural equation modeling. The sample consisting of 250 married employees from teaching hospitals in Bojnord city was selected by using the census method. Participants completed the Inventory of Specific Relationship Standards (ISRS), General Well-being Questionnaire (GWB), and Conflict Resolution Tactics Questionnaire (CTS2). The structural modeling analysis, with the application of Anderson & Gerbing's two-step approach through Amos -24 and SPSS-24 software packages was used to test the proposed model. Also, the bootstrapping method was used to evaluate indirect effects.

The results showed that the relationship standards and individual well-being have a significant relation with the prevention of domestic violence. Also, the mediating effect of individual well-being in the relationship between relationship standards with domestic violence was confirmed (P < 0.0001).

The present study showed the mediator role of personal well-being in the relationship between relationship standards with domestic violence. Therefore, couples therapy interventions can reduce domestic violence by relying on relationship standards as well as educating couples to enhance individual well-being.

Social anxiety disorder is one of the most common psychological diseases among anxiety disorders that can adversely affect academic life. The purpose of the present study was to explain the structural relationships between brain-behavioral systems and social anxiety based on the intermediary alexithymia and cognitive emotion regulation strategies among students.

The present study was correlational with structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study consisted of all students of Islamic Azad University of Quchan in the academic year of 2018-2019, among whom 282 students were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Participants responded to Carver &amp; White Behavioral Inhibition/Activation Scale, Social Phobia Questionnaire, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Alexithymia Scale. The analyses were performed using SPSS software version 25 and AMOS software version 25. The significance level of the tests in this study was considered to be 0.05.

Increased behavioral inhibition system score with a mean (SD) of 14.9 (3.1) was associated with increased scores of social anxiety with a mean (SD) of 23.9 (9.2), cognitive emotion regulation 37.1 (8.9), and alexithymia 50.1 (9.8), P<0.001. Increased behavioral activation system score with a mean (SD) of 22.8 (4.5) was associated with decreased social anxiety, P<0.001. Increased social anxiety score was associated with increased uncompromising regulation strategies score, P<0.001. Increased alexithymia score was associated with increased social anxiety score, P<0.001. The effect of the behavioral activation system on cognitive regulation strategies of uncompromising emotion was not confirmed. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and alexithymia played a mediating role in the relationship between behavioral inhibition system and social anxiety, as the social anxiety increased with a direct effect of behavioral inhibition system (β=0.28), uncompromising cognitive emotion regulation (β=0.41), and alexithymia (β=0.24).

With increasing behavioral inhibition system, social anxiety, cognitive regulation of uncompromising emotion and alexithymia mood increase. With increasing behavioral activation system, social anxiety and alexithymia decrease. Social anxiety increases with increasing uncompromising regulation strategies and alexithymia mood. In addition, cognitive regulation strategies of uncompromising emotion and alexithymia mood had a mediating role in the relationship between behavioral inhibition system and social anxiety.

Self-differentiation is one of the characteristics of a healthy person so that people with high levels of differentiation have better psychological adjustment. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Bowen's system therapy and the combination therapy of Bowen's system and neurofeedback on increasing self-differentiation level.

Theis semi-experimental study was of pretest-posttest design with a follow-up and a control group. Participants included students of higher education centers and institutions studying in Bojnourd city in 2019-2020. Among all centers, five were randomly selected. Then, among the students of these centers, 39 students who scored a standard deviation lower than the average in their initial screening test were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. First, a pretest was performed among all three groups by performing the Drake Differentiation Questionnaire (DSI-SH). Then, the first experimental group received nine 60-minute sessions of Bowen's system therapy and the second experimental group received nine 60-minute sessions of Bowen's system therapy along with fifteen 20-minute neurofeedback treatment sessions. The control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, a posttest was performed again for all three groups in the two-months follow-up. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and analysis of variance with repeated measures.

In the Bowen's system therapy group, the mean (SD) self-differentiation score increased from 62.7 (9.2) in the pretest to 77.8 (12.0) in the posttest and 79.7 (9.7) in the follow-up, p<0.01. In the combination therapy of Bowen's system and neurofeedback group, the mean (SD) self-differentiation score increased from 64.6 (9.0) in the pretest to 97.9 (6.3) in the posttest and 100.2 (5.37) in the follow-up (P<0.001). In the control group, the mean (SD) self-differentiation score varied from 57.90 (6.9) in the pretest to 58.5 (7.1) in the posttest and 58.5 (8.0) in the follow-up, which was not statistically significant.

Using Bowen's system therapy and combination therapy of Bowen's system and neurofeedback, the level of differentiation can be improved. Nevertheless, combination therapy of Bowen's system and neurofeedback is more effective than Bowen's system alone.

Adolescents are among the groups that are most vulnerable due to puberty symmetry and corona prevalence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy matrix training on reducing Internet addiction and the perception of family social support of adolescent girls during the outbreak of corona.

Quasi-experimental research method and pre-test-post-test design and one-month follow-up were performed with the control group. The statistical population of this study includes all high school girls in Bojnourd who were studying in the academic year 1399-1499. Out of 220 volunteers entering the research, 30 were purposeful and based on the criteria for entering the research, ie a score higher than the cut line (46) in the Internet addiction test and a score less than one standard deviation from the average of the normal sample (13.40) They were selected as a statistical sample on the family social support scale. Then they were replaced randomly by a simple lottery in two groups of 15 experimental and control. The experimental group received 90 minutes of educational interventions for 8 sessions and the control group did not receive any training. The research instruments were the Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire and the Procidano and Heller Family Social Support Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures.

The findings showed that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Matrix training had a significant effect on reducing Internet addiction and increasing the perception of family social support of adolescent girls (P < 0.001).

According to the findings of the present study, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Matrix training is effective on reducing Internet addiction and increasing the perception of family social support of adolescent girls.

Internet addiction and reduced perceptions of family social support among adolescents cause widespread social harm in the community. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of " Reality Therapy" training on internet addiction and perceptions of social support -family in teenage girls.

The research method was quasi-experimental and pre-test, post-test and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population of this study included 220 high school girls in North Khorasan province in Bojnourd in 2020. 30 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly (lottery) were placed in an intervention and control group (15 people in each group). Research instruments included a demographic questionnaire, the “Internet Addiction Test”, and the “Perceived Social Support - Family Scale”. Face validity was confirmed by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Before the intervention, research instruments were completed by the groups. The intervention group received 90 minutes of educational interventions for 8 sessions and the control group was placed on the waiting list for training. After the intervention and post-test one month later, the instruments were completed by both groups. Then, at the end of the research, the control group received training. Data analysis was performed in SPSS. 22.

After the intervention, there was a significant difference between the intervention group and the control group in both variables of internet addiction (F= 23/02 and P =0/001) and perceiving the family social support (F=15/01 and P =0/001). According to the effect size values, 45% of the changes in Internet addiction and 0.34% of the changes in the perception of social support -family are due to "Reality Therapy" training (P =0/001). 

The use of "Reality Therapy" training is effective in reducing the internet addiction of teenage girls and increasing the perception of social support-family. It is recommended that counselors use the above training to improve individual abilities and reduce internet addiction and better understand family support in adolescents.

Having cognitive flexibility enables people to not only cope better with stressful situations, but also have less stress and have more ability to cope with problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of treatment of acceptance and commitment and existentialism therapy on increasing psychological flexibility in the elderly.

The current research method is semi-experimental and its design is preexperimental-
post-experimental with control group. The statistical population of the present study included all members of the Bojnourd Retirement Association in 2020, who were at least 60 years old. The sample size in this study included 45 people, first by targeted sampling and random substitution in three experimental groups 1
[15]. Individual], experimental group 2 [15 people] and control group [15 people] were included. The research instrument was the Dennis and Vanderwall Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire [2010]. Acceptance and commitment therapy packages were administered in 8 sessions of 90-minute and existential therapy in 10 sessions of 90-minute for intervention groups. Data using descriptive statistics [mean and standard deviation] and inferential statistics [analysis of covariance And follow-up
test] were analyzed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical analysis software version 22.

Acceptance and commitment-based and existential therapeutic package were effective in increasing participantschr('39') cognitive flexibility. Also, in terms of comparison between the two treatments, there was a slight difference in the cognitive flexibility variable, but this amount of difference between the two treatment approaches was not statistically significant.

Acceptance and commitment-based therapy package and existential therapy in 8 and 10 sessions of 90 minutes, respectively, were able to increase cognitive flexibility in the elderly. Therefore, it seems that performing such interventions in turn can provide the basis for improving performance in the elderly in most issues and areas of social and psychological life.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating role of reasons for living in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and suicidal tendency.

In this descriptive–correlation study, the population included all students of public universities in Bojnord city. For this purpose, 399 students were selected using stratified sampling method who answered to maladaptive schemes, suicide probability and reasons for living questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis by SPSS-22 software.

Findings indicate that the correlation between early maladaptive schemas and reasons for living with suicidal tendency were significant (P <0.001). Also, the interaction of schemas of the first area and reasons for living created 0.2% of the increased variance which is statistically insignificant (ΔR2=0.002, p> 0.05), and the interaction of schemas of the second area and reasons for living, created 1.5% of the increased variance which is statistically significant (ΔR2=0.015, p < 0.001).

The results showed the importance of reasons for living as the moderator of the relationship between early schemas and the suicidal tendency. Therefore, it is recommended to provide workshops for students to reduce the impact of early maladaptive schemas on the suicidal tendency.

 

Infertility is among the issues with multiple effects on couples' lives. By the development of medical science and the use of new methods of infertility treatment, including embryo donation, sperm donation, egg, and surrogate uterus donation, these problems have been largely solved; however, any advancement in technology and medicine also brings challenges. Sometimes these challenges are also problematic and take precedence over the essence of the problem. Applying advanced assisted reproductive techniques, such as using third–party gametes and surrogates, increased the expectation of pregnancy in couples without children despite numerous surgical and pharmacological interventions. Alternative methods of treating infertility or third–party infertility refer to the use of an egg, sperm, or embryo donated by a third party and obtaining another uterus to develop the fetus. The present study aimed to explain the psychological challenges of infertile women who intend to have children through alternative methods of infertility treatment.

This was a qualitative study with an interpretive phenomenological design. The study participants included a group of women with infertility. Accordingly, 10 infertile subjects were referred to one of the infertility treatment clinics in Mashhad City, Iran, and applied for one of the new methods of assisted reproduction, including egg donation embryo or surrogate donation. Now the beginning of the end of the treatment was selected using the purposive and criterion sampling methods. The required data were collected using in–depth and semi–structured individual interviews. The interviews lasted an average of 45 minutes, beginning with the key question, "Which alternative method did you and your spouse most agree to use, and what challenges did this agreement pose to you?" Follow–up questions were probed according to the previous answers and more specialized. The obtained data were coded and analyzed by DiKelman et al.'s (1989) method. The coding process was analyzed in the form of primary codes, concepts, and categories. In this study, MAXQDA was used to analyze the collected data.

The study results led to the extraction of 248 initial codes of 7 concepts and 3 categories; they reflected the psychological challenges perceived by this group in the path of new assisted reproductive therapies. The study findings were extracted from the description of psychological challenges by infertile women; they were divided into 3 general categories based on the scope of these challenges, i.e., as follows: 1– focal challenges (i.e., challenges related to the treatment process, mental and emotional challenges of couples, challenges related to marital relationships and challenges concerning the child and the role of being a parent). Infertility as a defect and the treatment that couples choose and seek to compensate for that defect in themselves or their spouse poses a series of challenges for them, both individually and in the relationship with their spouse. The scope of these challenges included the individual and their spouse separately and concerning each other. The scope included all thoughts, feelings, thoughts, and ideas and biopsychosocial, religious, and economic issues of the person and his wife separately; also concerning their life together. 2. Local challenges (i.e., challenges related to family acceptance and challenges related to the reaction of families & others) include psychological challenges that go beyond the focal challenges, that is, beyond the boundaries of the individual and the couple. It consists of family, friends, and society. They became a family and a community which surrounded them. It includes the individual and the couple's concerns concerning family, friends, neighbors, and the community. 3. Extensive challenges (i.e., sociocultural & religious issues). These challenges included psychological issues and challenges that were broader than the local and local challenges and factors and were influenced by society's beliefs, culture, and general policies.

Alternative therapies for infertile couples have numerous challenges that stress the individual and his family. Therefore, to improve the quality of life of infertile couples and the intensive care of the treatment process, a program should be developed and implemented to diagnose, find the cause, and solve these psychological problems and psychological pressures.

Nowadays, with the development of medical science, the coupleschr('39') infertility problem has been resolved; however, this issue has presented some challenges. This study was conducted to explain the psychological challenges of infertile men seeking alternative infertility treatments.

This qualitative research with phenomenological design (n=9) was carried out on infertile males seeking alternative infertility treatments. The subjects were selected using purposive and criterion sampling methods with maximum variation until reaching saturation. The necessary data were collected through a semi-structured interview method and coded and analyzed using the Dickelman method. The coding process was analyzed in the form of primary codes, concepts, and categories.

Based on the findings, the psychological challenges of infertile men seeking alternative reproductive therapies included 4 main themes (precedent challenges, process challenges, contextual challenges, and approaching challenges) and 13 sub-themes (problems in decision-making and acceptance of treatment, challenges related to childless life, intellectual and emotional challenges of couples through the treatment, challenges affecting marital life, concerns related to the course of treatment, challenges related to the actions and reactions of family and relatives, concerns about cultural and social rejection and religious issues, concerns due to the possibility of physical, mental, and behavioral defects of the child, and challenges related to the parental role).

In general, reviewing the categories and concepts obtained from this study and summarizing them could well reveal the concerns and difficulties experienced by infertile males and provide a clear picture of their problems to experts and authorities.

Gratitude, as a positive factor, can help enrich and strengthen relationships between couples. The aim of this study was testing a model of the relationships gratitude, marital relationship quality, and marital satisfaction.

The statistical population included all married female teachers of Sabzevar city in 1396. The statistical sample was 241 participants who were selected using the random sampling method. The data collection was performed using the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS), Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6), perceived Relationship Quality. Amos -24 and SPSS -24 software packages were applied for data analysis. Bootstrap in Preacher and Hayes’ Macro program was used for testing mediation.

Results indicated that the model with some modification had a good fit with the data. The gratitude had a positive direct effect on marital satisfaction and marital relationship quality (p<0.05). Marital relationship quality had a positive direct effect on marital satisfaction (p<0.05). The gratitude had the positive indirect effect on marital satisfaction via marital relationship quality (p<0.05).

Gratitude, directly and indirectly, through increased marital relationship quality, is associated with higher marital satisfaction. This study shows a stage into a better understanding of positive processes that can protect couples against marital dissatisfaction, and that can assist counselors to help couples in attaining and keeping the marital satisfaction.

Having psychological capital enables people to not only cope better with stressful situations, but also have less stress and have more ability to cope with problems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and existentialism therapy on increasing psychological capital in the elderly. The current research was a quasi-experimental with pre-experimental-post-experimental with control group design. The statistical population of the present study included all members of the Bojnourd retirement association in 2020, who were at least 60 years old. The sample of the study included 45 age individuals who selected through targeted sampling as well as inclusion criteria and assigned randomely into two experimental groups (15 people in each group) and one control group (15 people). The research tool was the Luthans’s psychological capital questionnaire. 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S, Habib) Hachette Uk Publications. [Persian]

Domestic violence is the cause of most physical and psychological damages in women. The purpose of this study is to predict domestic violence against women based on Alexithymia and family performance by mediating differentiation in women visiting to comprehensive urban health services centers in Bojnourd.

The present study is a structural type and the statistical population of all women visiting in 1335 number of people. The sample size was estimated to be 250 by Cochran formula. The sampling method was a single stage cluster method. In order to measure the research variables, domestic violence, Alexithymia, family performance, and family data were analyzed using Amos software, Self-assessment mediation test method, structural equation method, path analysis.

The findings showed that family performance with Alexithymia of women's differentiation is significant at a confidence level of 0.99.

The results of this study showed that differentiation can play the mediation role in the prediction of domestic violence.

Social well-being affected by personal and occupational contexts' changes. The purpose of this study was to compare social well-being in male and female teachers at the threshold of retirement according to some demographic characteristics. In causal-comparative research, a total of 138 (59 female and 79 male) teachers from North Khorasan province who had a work experience of 26 years old were selected by multistage random sampling method and completed demographic checklist and social well-being scale (Keyes, 1998). Data analysis was performed by multivariate covariance analysis with SPSS.16 Software. The results showed that by eliminating the effect of demographic characteristics, gender differences in integration, contribution, and social coherence are significant (P≤ 0.05) and male teachers have a higher mean. The findings of this study showed that social well-being varies among male and female teachers and demographic characteristics have a moderating role in this regard.

The major focus of present literature on marital satisfaction is about the processes that weaken it in couples. In contrast, positive factors that may contribute to the prosperity of couples’ relationships are less widely considered. Gratitude is one of the factors that its role and in particular, the pathways that associate it to marital satisfaction are not studied. The current study aimed at investigating the direct and indirect effects of gratitude and optimism on marital satisfaction.

The current cross-sectional study using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted on 241 married female teachers. The data collection was performed using the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS), Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6), and Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). Amos V. 24 and SPSS V. 24 software packages were applied for data analysis. Bootstrap in Preacher and Hayes’ Macro program was used for testing mediation.

Results indicated that the model with some modification had a good fit with the data (DF=1.86, GFI=0.95, IFI=0.97, CFI=0.97, NFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.06). The gratitude had a positive direct effect on marital satisfaction (β=0.32, P<0.05) and optimism (β=0.57, P<0.05). Optimism had a positive direct effect on marital satisfaction (β=0.50, p<0.05). The gratitude had a positive indirect effect on marital satisfaction via optimism (P<0.05).

Gratitude, directly and indirectly, through increased optimism, is associated with higher marital satisfaction. The current study results showed a stage into a better understanding of positive processes that can protect couples against marital dissatisfaction; counselors can help couples in attaining and keeping marital satisfaction via the training and enhancement of gratitude.

Objective Mothers of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) are susceptible to emotional problems like stress, anxiety, and depression which can lead to emotional schemas like rumination, not expressing emotions, lack of values, and feeling guilty. These negative beliefs about emotions cause ineffective thoughts and inappropriate behavior patterns that affect the mental health of the mothers. In this case, interventions such as mindfulness education can be effective in reducing their maladaptive emotional schemas by adjusting attention, developing metacognitive awareness, decentralizing, and accepting their mental contents. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of mindfulness training in decreasing emotional schemas (rumination, not expressing emotions, lack of values and feeling guilty) in mothers with children with CP. Materials & Methods The present study is quasi-experiment with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population consists of all the mothers with CP children referring to the rehabilitation center of Mashhad City. The study sample consisted of 20 volunteers who were selected based on the results of their pretest and study criteria. They were selected and randomly put into control and experimental groups. The inclusion criteria included having at least a guidance education level to do better teaching assignments and having a child with CP whose severity of disorder was moderate or severe on the basis of a doctor's diagnosis. The study instrument was Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS) which was answered by mothers in the control and experimental groups before the intervention. The participants in the experimental group received “Mindfulness Awareness” group intervention in eight 90-minute sessions for two months and the control group didn’t receive any treatment. Results The data were analyzed through Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and t-test. The findings indicate that mindfulness training for mothers in the experimental group leads to a decrease in schemas like rumination (t=2.57; P<0.05), not expressing emotions (t=8.87; P<0.05) and feeling guilty (t=2.4; P<0.05), but it doesn’t have a significant effect on the lack of values (F=2.73; P>0.05). Conclusion Mindfulness can improve emotional schemas in mothers who have children with CP through raising awareness and concentration as effective training. Mindfulness education provides a model for reducing rumination and educates mothers to be aware of their mood fluctuations and to use mind-alert techniques to understand the information processing that makes emotions keep obsessing. Increasing calmness and consciousness along with a kind-hearted behavior creates curiosity and satisfaction at the present, which results in decreased rumination. The higher values in mothers are unchangeable beliefs, which are the function of culture and are unique to each individual. Therefore, the resistance derived from beliefs as a result of the education of mindfulness has a negative effect on the concept of higher-value inferiority. In sitting meditation, one can allow herself to express excitement with mercilessness and curiosity. Then he or she will be conscious of the gesture and state of the face and adapting it to its current state, and express her or his emotions and physical feelings without suppression and change. Feeling self-compassion in the mind of consciousness accepts the suffering of sin as part of life and leads to motivating the individual to reduce pain and suffering and feelings of guilt.

Tendency toward substance use is influenced by a range of individual, familial, and social factors. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family emotional atmosphere, sense of coherence, and affects with tendency toward substance use among university students. In this descriptive-correlative study, a total of 400 students (311 males and 89 females) were selected using multistage cluster sampling method from Shahid Beheshti Teacher Training University, Mashhad, Iran. Then they completed measures of parental-child interaction rating scale, sense of coherence scale, positive and negative affect scale, and tendency toward addiction scale. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation and backward multiple regression. There were significant and negative relationships between subscales of family emotional atmosphere, sense of coherence, and positive affects with tendency toward substance use among students (P˂0.01). Moreover, negative affects were positively correlated with tendency toward substance use (r=0.48; P<0.01). Regression analysis also indicated that a positive family emotional atmosphere and sense of coherence were significant negative predictors of tendency toward substance use whereas negative affects were significant positive predictors. However, the role of positive affects in the prediction of tendency toward substance use was not significant. Addressing family problems, developing the sense of individual coherence, and instructing strategies to regulate negative emotions in prevention and intervention programs may help reduce tendency toward substance use among university students.

The present study aimed to discuss the effectiveness of mindfulness training method on male students’ self-efficacy and intelligence beliefs. The present study was a descriptive correlation. The studied population consists of all male students in secondary schools of Qouchan city in academic year 96- 97. The studied sample includes 30 members too, who were selected from the intended population in a targeted sampling way and were randomly substituted in a test group (15 members) and a control group (15 members).
Findings: The results indicated that mindfulness training influenced male students’ self-efficacy and intelligence beliefs. Descriptive results indicated that the average scores of pretest and posttest for variables of self-efficacy and intelligence beliefs and levels of that difference between two test and control group, were in favor of test group, resulting from effectiveness of mindfulness training method. Also the results of effect tests among subjects which were conducted by covariance method, indicated that scores of intelligence beliefs and selfefficacy in test group was higher than control group. It deserves that teachers and educators provide more and better opportunities for learning, by preparing appropriate conditions for self-efficacy growth and extrinsic intelligence beliefs increase, by mindfulness training method.

Objectives The rapid growth of the population, especially in developing countries, has led to adulthood phenomenon, which poses as one of the challenges of the public health. Therefore, it is necessary to pay close attention to this age group. This age group mostly suffers from psychological and physical problems. Psychologists have devised a variety of measures for tackling with these problems including disappointment, depression, and loneliness. However, after the emergence of positive psychology, scholars, instead of focusing on negative experience, deal with positive constructs such as self-control, spirituality, happiness, and hope. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the effect of hope-based group training on the quality of life of the elderly.
Methods & Materials The present study adopted a semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and group control. The study population comprised of all the elderly people in “Omid-e-Golestan Daily Center” in Minoodasht. Thirty participants were randomly selected out of 60 individuals, and divided into two groups namely control group and experimental group, each containing 15 participants. The 26-question Short Form Quality of Life Inventory developed by WHO, was used to collect the required data. After implementing the pretest, the experimental group received hope-based group training- for 1.5 hours in 8 sessions, once a week. The pretest was then repeated for the two groups, and the data was analyzed using the covariance analysis.
Results The findings of the study showed that hope-based group training not only enhanced the quality of life but also improved the physical dimension of the elderly in the experimental group .Furthermore, a significant improvement was noted in the psychological, environmental, and social life quality of the elderly (P≥0.05).
Conclusion Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that hope-based group training could significantly enhance the quality of life of the elderly. With the rapid increase in the number of elderly, hope-based group training is highly recommended.

The present study has been conducted to determine the effectiveness of cognitivebehavioral group-therapy on the development of visually impaired adolescents’ self-concept.
This study is a semi-experimental pre-test and post-test model. The study population consisted of visually impaired male students of the primary and secondary high school at the Omid-e-Mashhad Educational Center for the Blind in the 2014-2015 academic year. Beck’s Self-Concept Scale was used as a research tool, and 20 students with scores one deviation standard below the mean were randomly selected and divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received nine weekly sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapies, each of 90 minutes. The post-test data analysis was performed by conducting SPSS using descriptive statistics methods (mean and standard deviation for the study variables and tables) and inferential statistics methods (including Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t-test for independent groups, Lewin test, and co-variance test).
The results of covariance analysis revealed that the intervention of cognitive behavioral group counseling can significantly increase the self-concept among the participants of the experimental group.
Cognitive-behavioral group counseling sessions can improve the self-concept of visually impaired adolescents. Moreover, positive self-concept will increase their social interaction and mental health.

The present study aims at investigating the effectiveness of prevention and relationship enhancement program (PREP) on increasing marital intimacy. To do so, 24 couples who referred to state and private counseling centers to enhance their marital intimacy were selected. They were then randomly divided into two groups including prevention and relationship enhancement program (12 couples), and control group (12 couples). The type of the research was semiexperimental (pretest-posttest with control design). Educational intervention (prevention and relationship enhancement program) including 11 sessions (1.5 hours) was applied on the experiment group. Results indicated that the intervention (prevention and relationship enhancement program) had a significant effect on marital intimacy. Furthermore, the prevention and relationship enhancement program had positive and significant effect on nine component of marital intimacy including emotional, intellectual, physical, social, communicational, spiritual, psychological, sexual, and total intimacy.

Aim and The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of Multiple Sclerosis Self-Efficacy Scale (MSSS) in a sample population of Iranian patients.Methods and Materials: This research is a descriptive-correlational study with a population of patients afflicted with MS from North Khorasan and Hamedan provinces. A number of 120 patients, who had referred to the North Khorasan and Hamadan MS Associations at an interval of two months, were chosen as the sample population and completed the Multiple Sclerosis Self-Efficacy Scale (MSSS) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress scale (DASS-21). The data collected was analyzed through factor analysis, Cronbach’s Alpha, Guttmann Split half Quotient and Pearson Correlation, in SPSS17. The analysis of the main factors with a Promax rotation and a variance of 71/11 supported 3 factors of the main four ones. The negative correlation pattern in the Multiple Sclerosis Self-efficacy dimensions with the sub-scales of Depression and Anxiety at DASS Scale was indicative of divergence validity. Finally, the Cronbach’s Alpha with a range of 0.78-0.90 for the Multiple Sclerosis Self-efficacy dimensions and the 0.86 quotient for the entire scale indicated the positive reliability of the scale. TheMultiple Sclerosis Self-efficacy Scale (MSSS) enjoyed an appropriate reliability and validity in Iranian patients.