aliasghar hashemi

During the past years, based on predetermined goals, relatively appropriate financial resources have been spent in the field of agricultural research and natural resources. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of research activities in Iran has always been accompanied by many debates by its supporters and opponents. With this approach, this study, with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of watershed research, evaluates and measures the effectiveness of applied research projects including flood spreading, rain catchment surface system, underground dam and various soil protection treatments in Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, Kermanshah, Fars, Tehran, Qazvin, Zanjan and Semnan provinces. In order to investigate this issue, the key research projects that are based on solving the problems of watersheds in the aforementioned provinces, their identification and effectiveness in achieving the goals of watershed management from an economic and social point of view were examined. In the current research, the effectiveness of the research was evaluated using the cost-benefit method and the level of satisfaction of watershed criteria before and after the implementation of measures. The research results showed that in all the selected provinces, the implemented research projects were economically and socially effective, and among them, flood spreading projects had the highest economic index with an average benefit-cost ratio of 24. 5.

Assessment of the quantity of underground water is of particular importance in water resources management. Using new methods, including meta-evolutionary algorithms, in estimating underground water tables changes, due to their speed, convergence and very high efficiency, leads to save money and cost reduction on water resources management. Climate change produced by air warming and increasing evaporation and transpiration from surface water resources, as well as increasing demand for water consumption on the one hand, and decreasing the rainfall and recharging the underground water sources on the other hand, has augmented the stress on groundwater resources, which conducted to the drop in the ground water table.The reports of the International Commission on Climate Change indicates that the phenomenon of climate change has occurred in Iran in recent decades, also its severity and its consequences in the future are increasd. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the changes in the underground water level of Dasht-e Riz in Bushehr province in the south of Iran in the future under the influence of climate change. The study area is located in Jam city, 265 km from Bushehr (the capital of the province) and 25 km from the Persian Gulf. Dasht-e Rez watershed is located between 52˚00’ to 52˚18’ east longitudes and 27˚49’ to 27˚07’ north latitudes.

Groundwater table and meteorological data of Dasht-e Riz from 1992 to 2020 were analyzed to determine the effect of temperature, rainfall on ground water table. The meteorological information collected from Jam synoptic station between 1992 and 2020. Reconstruction of the missing data of this station has been done by using the data of Bandardir and Asalouye synoptic stations, which are located in the vicinity of Jam station. The information for determining the hydrograph of underground water obtained from 16 observation wells. In order to determine the parameters affecting the changes in the groundwater table level of the Dasht-e Riz, the hybrid of meta-evolutionary Slime Mold Algorithm (SMA) and the Support Vector Regression (SVR) algorithm was used. It should be noted that by analyzing the determination coefficients, the results of the hybrid solution had the better results in comparison with support vector regression algorithm. Coupled three-dimensional models of the general circulation of the ocean are used for introducing the climate change. Due to the dependence of the effects of climate change on the results of climate release models and scenarios, to achieve more favorable visualization in the future period the climate models presented in the sixth report are used due to their greater accuracy. For evaluating the climate change, the output of the MRI-ESM2-0 model from the set of available CMIP6 models under the SSP5-8.5 release scenario was used for the base period (1992-2020) and the future period (2050-2021). After simulation, downscaling was performed; using Lars WG-v6 model.

According to the results, the total monthly rainfall will decrease in the months of January, February, April, September, October, November and December and increase in the months of March, June, July and August, while the changes in monthly rainfall in May will not change significantly. Based on the obtained results, the monthly rainfall in winter, spring and autumn (wetter months of the year) will decrease and in the summer (dry months of the year) will be on increasing trend, which will lead to a 17.1% decrease in annual rainfall.The error on estimating the changes in groundwater table level; using the support vector regression algorithm, the combined slime mold-support vector regression algorithm was 15% and 11%, respectively, which shows the better performance of the slime mold-support vector regression combined algorithm compared to the support vector regression alone.The evaluation of the hydrograph of Dasht-e Riz underground water unit in the future period shows that the severity of the drop in water table level in the future period is due to the upward trend in the demand for water consumption due to the increase in evaporation and transpiration, as well as the decrease in water resources due to the decrease in precipitation. It will cause the intensity of the water level drop in the future period to occur faster than the base period. The water table drop in the future period will be 0.78 meters per year, which compared to the water table drop in the base period which is 0.75 meters per year, the water level drop is more severe in the future.

In this study, water exchange in normal and severe drought conditions was also investigated. Based on the historical time series of zayanderood stream flow in Sadtanzimi, the water years 1373-1374 and 1379-1380 were selected as normal year and severe drought condition, respectively. By derived equations, outflows of three reaches were obtained under normal and drought condition. Based on the results, in normal condition net exchange of surface water was negative in three reaches, and only a small amount of 5 million cubic meters per year has been added to surface water in the second period. The results in normal year showed that surface water was fed by groundwater in the first reach and in the other two reaches fed groundwater. Compared to the normal water year, significant changes were observed in the exchange of surface water with groundwater and atmosphere in severe drought conditions. In the first reach, surface water gain by groundwater was observed, which this increase is 17% of outflow of this reach during drought conditions. During the drought, only the first period has not faced with shortage. The flows and water exchange in this situation have been such that the observed outflow of the three studied reaches is reduced by half the inflows. Surface water of the first reach has net gain in drought conditions. While under normal conditions, this interval was purely water withdrawal. Duo to the lack of accurate data on withdrawals and return flow, these components of the surface water balance were considered as annual average. However, the obtained results and their comparison with the data and information in the previous studies showed that the proposed method is a suitable toll for assessing the exchange of surface water with groundwater. Therefore, in future studies it is suggested studying this method with more accurate data on exploitation and return flow. Keywords: Surface water and Groundwater Interaction, Streamflow, Mass balance, River reac

The objective of current study was to invstigate the accuracy of Tyler and Wheatcraft, Bird et al. and Kravchenko and Zhang fractal models in describing particle size distribution (PSD) of sediment in 14 successive check dams for two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm. Sediment PSD were determined in 28 samples using hydrometer method . The referred fractal models were fitted on sediments PSD data. Results indicated that there was no regular relationamong fractal dimensions insuccessive check dams. In addition, sediments transport from surroundingsoils was more observable in check dams. Two-parameter models of Bird et al. and Kravchenko and Zhang presented a better fit compared to one-parameter model of Tyler and Wheatcraft. The results of statistical analysis proved that the sigmoid function was able to describe the relation between fractal dimensions and clay, sand and silt percentage with a greater accuracy compared to the linear sigmoid function. Stepwise regressionanalysisdetermined astrong and significant correlation (R2= 0.97**) between fractal dimensionobtained from Tyler and Wheatcraft modelwithclay and sandcontents. According the result of this study, the determination of sediment PSD is possible bymeasurement of clayandsand amount.

Influenza vaccination is one of the most important ways to prevent influenza acquisition in healthcare staff. This study was conducted to determine the cumulative incidence rate of side effects associated with influenza vaccination among healthcare staff in some of the hospitals in Shiraz.
This descriptive study was conducted on the staff of a number of hospitals in Shiraz who received influenza vaccine in 1392. Instrument in this study was a researcher-developed questionnaire about common side effects that was collected up to 10 days after the vaccination. Incidence of side effects was reported with 95% confidence interval. The data were analyzed by chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and univariate logistic regression.
From the 450 vaccinated staff, 424 (94.23%) completed the questionnaire. 53.8% of vaccine recipients were female and 46.2% male. The mean age of the participants was 34.94 years. Up to 10 days after vaccination, cumulative incidence rate of side effects following vaccination was obtained 21.7% for common cold-like symptoms, 71.2% for muscle pain, 16.5% for pain where the shot was given, 15.3% for fever, 14.4% for runny nose, 12.3% for severe headache, 9% for severe coughing, 0.9% for diarrhea, and 1.7% for abdominal pain (1.7%). No severe side effects such as acute allergic reactions and Guillain-Barré syndrome were reported.
The reported incidence rate of side effects in this study, high risk of acquiring disease among health care staff, and their role in controlling influenza epidemics represent the necessity of influenza vaccination in this occupational population.

Due to successes of fingerprinting method in producing rapid and low-cost information of sediment sources, in this research this method was used in three sub-cathments of Chasht-Khoran Basin in Semnan Province: Amrovan, Atari and Ali-Abad. Samples below 63 μm were separated and 15 fingerprinting propertis was measured. In the first stage comparison of means and differentiation analysis were used for determination of the characteristics that can differentiate sediment source as well as possible. In second stage, by minimizing composite multivariate model by optimization methods, the share of each source was determined. The results shown that, in Amrovan Catchment, For properties consisting of Co, Ph, Kaolinite and K were recognized as optimum composition of sediment tracers which could differentiate sediment source completely. In Atary Catchment, the optimum composition of tracers are Na, Co, XLF and kaolinite which differentiate source by %91.7. In Ali-Abad Catchment five parameters were recognized as optimum composite which are: Na, XLF, Ca, Co and smectit which completely differentiated sediment sources. The results of calculated composite multivariate model have shown that Upper Red formation in Amrovan, Atari and Ali-Abad Sub-Catchment has the highest share in sediment production. The sediment production in these three sub catchment are as follows:35.9, 23.53 and 86.64% respectively. Therefore sediment management and control strategies should be performed on these sources.