فهرست مطالب alireza entezari

Heat waves are one of the natural climate phenomena in different regions of the world, which have increased as a result of global climate fluctuations in recent years; which has negative effects on agriculture, fires of forests and pastures, water resources, energy consumption and human health.There is no comprehensive and clear definition of heat wave globally, so that even the World Meteorological Organization has not been able to provide a comprehensive definition of heat waves. Heat wave is variable in different situations and no specific criterion has been defined for it. On the other hand, the characteristics and intensity of heat waves are also variable in each place. But in general, heat waves can be considered as positive fluctuations above the average maximum daily temperatures, which have continuity over days and sometimes weeks.It seems that in each geographical region, based on its environmental and climatic characteristics, certain temperature thresholds can be considered to define the heat wave.Generally, a heat wave refers to intense periods of heat that last more than 5 days and the temperature is 5 degrees higher than normal and also creates a crisis for the environment and human health. In other words, intense heating of the air or the rule and invasion of very hot air in a wide area is called a heat wave.

In this research, the daily maximum temperature data of Isfahan synoptic station were used to identify heat waves in Isfahan. Identification of heat waves based on the 90th percentile was done in such a way that by considering the thresholds for each season and month, the periods in which the maximum temperature was higher than the desired threshold for at least three consecutive days (90th percentile) were considered as heat waves. . In the next step, the frequency of heat waves for different seasons and months was checked, and taking into account the difference between the 90th percentile threshold and the average temperature of the heat wave, the intensity of each heat wave was also calculated, and the trend of its changes in the scale of months and seasons was checked. In the next step, the continuity of each of the identified waves was checked for different months and seasons; in this way, the average continuity and the highest continuity of heat waves and the trend of their changes during the statistical period were evaluated. In this research, the daily heat wave magnitude index (HWMI) has been used. Extraction of heat waves in each season has been done based on a separate percentage threshold of that season. Annual values are also obtained from seasonal values. In this way, the sum of the number of waves of the seasons determines the number of annual waves and the average magnitude of all the waves of the seasons determines the average magnitude of the annual waves of each station. The magnitude of each heat wave is the sum of the magnitude figures of all the days of that wave. Also, the biggest wave of each year is considered as the indicator wave of that year and the biggest wave of each season is considered as the indicator wave of that season.

In the spring and summer seasons, in the first decades of the statistical period, durations of less than 5 days prevailed, but since the mid-90s, heat wave events have occurred in higher durations, with the highest duration in the spring season with 18 days for 2017 and the highest heat wave event. The summer season in 2003 was recorded with duration of 17 days. Spring, summer and autumn have not had much difference in the average duration of heat waves; in such a way that for these three seasons, heat waves continued for an average of 6 days; But for the autumn season, the lowest average duration was recorded with 4.35 days. In line with the trend of changes in continuities, a significant increase has occurred for a large index in the late 90s compared to the beginning of the statistical period. Its clear examples are in the spring season, the magnitude of 29.54 in 2017, in the summer season, the magnitude of 28.05 in 1977, and the highest average magnitude value, which is recorded in these seasons. Examining the changes in the heat wave intensity index, all seasons during the statistical period, from 1970 to 2021, shows that the most intense heat wave is related to the spring with an intensity of 3.88 in 2020, the summer season in 2012 with an intensity of 1.65, and the autumn season It occurred with a magnitude of 2.93 in 2017. The most severe heat waves related to the winter season occurred in three consecutive years between 2016 and 2018, and the intensity of these three waves was 3.31, 3.35 and 3.36, respectively.

There has been a significant increasing trend with a rate of more than 0.5 degree increase for each decade. By examining the frequency of occurrence of waves, we found that the occurrence of heat waves in all seasons of the year in the entire statistical period under study had an increasing trend. The highest frequency related to the spring season with 61 cases and the autumn season with 43 waves during the statistical period, have the lowest frequency of heat waves among other seasons. Examining the frequency of occurrence of heat waves on a monthly scale showed that the months of May and June had the highest frequency of heat waves with 21 and 20 occurrences, respectively, and July had the lowest frequency of heat waves with 13 occurrences in the statistical period studied. Examining the intensity of the waves showed that this index had an increasing trend in all seasons, and based on the results of the Mann-Kendall test, this increasing trend was significant for all seasons except summer. The changes in the highest duration of heat waves show that, in the first decades of the statistical period, durations of less than 5 days prevailed, but since the mid-90s, heat wave events have occurred in higher durations. The longest recorded duration of heat waves for spring and summer was 18 and 17 days, respectively. Since 1990, at the same time as the trend of global warming, the penetration of heat waves in Isfahan city has increased significantly, and the most heat waves were recorded in 2003 and 1999. On a monthly scale, the highest average persistence was in March and August. The highest duration recorded for heat waves in the months studied in the statistical period (1970-2021) was for April and July with 13 days and the smallest for January with 6 days. Along with the trend of changes in continuities, a significant increase has occurred for a large index in the late 90s compared to the beginning of the statistical period.

The activities of humanity on Earth have significantly changed over the past hundred years. The increase in greenhouse gas concentrations has led to global warming and, as a result, has caused changes in climate indices. Assessing extreme temperature and precipitation values is of great importance in agricultural planning and water resource management policies. In this study, using daily temperature and precipitation data from 18 synoptic stations located on the periphery of the central desert of Iran, 12 extreme indices, including 6 temperature indices and 6 precipitation indices defined by ETCCDMI, were evaluated for the time period from 1991 to 2020. For trend and magnitude determination of the indices, the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator were used. The research results indicate an increasing trend in warm extreme indices and a decreasing trend in cold extreme indices in the study area. The Alborz Mountains factor has some influence on these indices, with the decreasing trend in cold extreme indices being less pronounced in the northern part of the region, which is closer to the Alborz Mountains, compared to the southern part. For instance, the Shahroud station and warm extreme indices in the southern part of the region show a significant increasing trend compared to the north. Furthermore, the diurnal temperature range index in the northern part of the region, which is close to the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains, exhibits the highest increasing trend, while in the southern part, this index shows a decreasing trend. Regarding the 6 precipitation indices, no significant trend was observed in most of the stations.

The aim of the present study is to dynamically model the spatial-temporal characteristics of dust in the south and southeast of Iran with REG-CM4 model using monthly dust data and RegCM4 data. For this purpose, the dust distribution of the IDW method along with the dust diagrams were plotted. The RegCM4 model was implemented with the paired Lambert image imaging system for 40 km horizontal separation with the paired chemistry model. The location of monthly and annual dust distribution shows the highest amounts of dust for the cities of Zabol, Bandar Abbas, Zahedan and Jask compared to Sirjan, Kahnooj and Lar stations. The highest frequency of dust in Sistan and Baluchestan (48%), Hormozgan (27%) and Fars provinces with 16% and the lowest frequency for Kerman province (9%). In general, the summer seasons (at Sistan station) and the winter (Kerman station) have the highest and minimum dust events, respectively. The time survey also has the highest amount of dust for the warm months of the year and the lowest for the cold months of the year. July at Zabol station and November and December at Sirjan station have the highest and lowest dust levels, respectively. The RegCM4 climate model also shows maximum dust on the southeast, south and south coasts for different variables.

The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze new cases of mental disorders affecting horses with an emphasis on Quranic, jurisprudential and legal evidence.

This research was conducted with the method of library studies and in a descriptive-analytical way, which was obtained and analyzed by referring to the Holy Quran and jurisprudential-legal evidences.

Mental disorder is a group of disorders that affect thinking, behavior, mind, psyche, mood, perception, and awareness, causing discomfort or disability to the affected person. The causes of mental disorders are not well known, but what is certain is that genetic factors, various stresses, and the type of interaction a person has with others are effective in causing or causing them. Mental health professionals use the standard terms and definitions found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to diagnose disorders. One of the sub-branches of mental disorders is sexual disorders, which is known as paraphilia. Paraphilia is an experience where a person experiences sexual arousal when faced with some unusual situations, objects or imaginations. Now, the question facing the research is, "What is the effect of mental disorders on horses from the perspective of Quranic, jurisprudential and legal evidence?" . The meaning of horses is used in the constructions of Mohsanat, Mohsenin, Ahsan, Ahsan, etc. in eight verses of the Holy Quran. Among them is the honorable verse: "If they are righteous, then they will come to fornication, so half of what is done to the righteous will be done to them" (Nisa': 25). Examples of disorders affecting horses have also been mentioned in legal and jurisprudential traditions and proofs.

Through the discovery of the criteria and manat of leaving Ihsaan, we can reach a jurisprudential ruling on preventing the realization of Ihsaan. The discovered criterion for leaving the horse is "inability or lack of power to fulfill marital duty", which also exists in people with mental disorders and sexual function; Therefore, these people can be ordered to leave the horses.

The characteristics of drought, as one of the environmental events, may change under the effect of climate change in future periods. The current study was conducted with the aim of predicting meteorological drought in Gorganroud watershed. For this purpose, the output of temperature and precipitation of 8 General Circulation Models (GCMs), were investigated under two scenarios (SSP2-4.5) and (SSP5-8.5) during two periods of 2025-2054 and 2071-2100. To downscale the GCMs, quintile mapping bias correction method was used. After projecting the future precipitation and temperature, the SPEI index was calculated at the annual scale for the baseline and future periods. Thereafter, the drought characteristics (duration, intensity and Severity) were computed using the median results of SPEI bands based on the Run theory method. With the aim of improving the process of evaluating and quantifying the effects of climate change on future droughts in the region and showing the uncertainties caused by climate models, the prediction bands of climate variables have been used to quantify the SPEI index. According to the simulated results of performance of multi model ensemble, that in the future climate conditions, the average values of mean temperature and precipitation will increase in both scenarios; So that the temperature increases from 1.2 to 4.4 Celsius and precipitation increases by 2 to 11.9 percent. The results of this study show that the conditions of the region in the coming decades likely the normal or wet climate conditions in the near decades, but these conditions would change in the far future as the more we move towards the last decades of the century, the more occurrences of droughts would happen. The results obtained from of the Run theory indicate that the duration and magnitude intensity profiles will decrease in the SSP2-4.5 scenario and the near future period in the SSP5-8.5 scenario.

The proceedings are accelerated, the litigants can access a website and fill out the forms Raise disputes related to arbitration procedures electronically and defend their claims. arbitration Online increases the speed and efficiency of arbitration. Document filing systems in databases It allows the parties to send many documents with considerable speed from any place geographically and at any distance without paying the lowest costs in virtual space. These issues It has caused the attention of various societies to the issue of online arbitration in legal systems. Although so far from arbitration There has been no mention of online in Iran's legal system, but the need to pay attention to it is felt more than ever can be Also, in French law, there is no supranational or EU-related instrument of online arbitration There is no set separately from offline arbitration. This issue is even resolved in relation to the setting 1 online disputes It is also true. Likewise, online arbitration is the same as normal arbitration It is adjusted. However, there are features for online arbitration that show this You must have distinct principles to set up a petition

Worries about how to plan and exploit water resources in confronting new conditions have increased as evidence of climate change becomes more apparent. This issue has led a significant portion of recent meteorological research to examine climate change's consequences on water resources. One of the most important developments is the change in the inflows to the dam's reservoirs. The Dez Dam was built over the Dez river and is located in southwestern Iran, within 23 kilometers of distance from Andimeshk. Its maximum capacity is 3.3 billion m3. As one of the most important water supply sources in the agricultural and electric energy sector of Khuzestan province, this dam has faced severe droughts in recent years, and the flow to the reservoir has been decreasing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the amount of inflow and reservoir volume of the dam under the conditions of climate change.

To simulate basin temperature and precipitation, the accuracy of 17 Regional Climate Models of the CORDEX - WAS project (South Asia) was evaluated based on the skill score (SS). Then, a combination of ten with the lowest skill score was used to simulate the climatic parameters of temperature and precipitation for future periods. Also, the bias correction of simulated monthly precipitation and temperature data in the historical period and then the future period was done in each station and for each parameter using the change factor method. Simulations of these parameters were conducted for three 20-year periods 2020s (2020-2039), 2050s (2050-2069), and 2080s (2080-2099) under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for selected stations. In this research, the SWAT semi-distributed hydrological and MODSIM models was used to simulate the inflow and reservoir volume, respectively.

The results of the downscale of the selected models and climatic scenarios indicate an increase in minimum and maximum temperatures in all months of the year and decreased average rainfall in the future. Predictions considered the range of minimum and maximum temperature increase under selected models in the RCP4.5 scenario from 1.5 - 4.2 ° C and 1.5 - 3 ° C, respectively, and in the RCP8.5 scenario from 2.7 - 5.3 ° C, and 1.6 - 5.8 ° C probable. The models also predicted the range of precipitation change to be 11 up 17% under the RCP4.5 scenario and 8 to 18% under the RCP8.5 scenario. After ensuring the hydrological model's accuracy and the general circulation models (RCM) output, the SWAT model was implemented under different scenarios. The outflows indicate a significant reduction in the flow of the Dez River in the future. The reduction rate can be between 49 and 52% in the RCP4.5 scenario and the RCP8.5 scenario was more, especially in the last decade of the 21st century, about 44 to 64%. The highest decrease will occur in the colder months of the year. In other words, the inflow decreases in December and even further decreases in April and March. One of the main reasons for the decrease in the volume of flow in the region in these months (March, April, and May) is changes in the precipitation pattern, in addition to the decrease in precipitation. In other words, in these months, the water of snow melting is associated with an increase in the river's discharge in the current climate, but such conditions will change in the future. The decrease in the flow rate entering the dam has caused a decrease in the reservoir volume of the dam, and its volume has decreased under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 release scenarios. In the RCP4.5 scenario, the average annual volume of the reservoir will reach 1184.4, 1179.8, and 1138.8 billion m3 for the three decades of 2020-2039, 2050-2069, and 2080-2099, respectively. In the RCP8.5 scenario, this average value equals 1293.8, 1070.4, and 1008.9 billion m3, respectively. Therefore, under the two selected scenarios, the reservoir volume was reduced between 47 to 50% for the future decades. This significant decrease in volume in the future decades, which has affected the volume of water discharge of the dam, that is indicate Dez Dam will face significant challenges in come cross  with downstream needs (environmental needs, agriculture, drinking, industry, and electric energy).

This study evaluated the effect of climate change on the amount of inflow and the reservoir volume of Dez Dam under two climate scenarios. Using the semi-distributed SWAT model, the water flow simulation to the dam is done. After evaluating the model and calibrating and validating the parameters of the hydrological model, by entering the future precipitation and temperature data into the calibrated SWAT model, the flow was simulated for the three future periods under the above scenarios. The results of the climate models illustrated that the average minimum and maximum annual temperature would have increased by 3 and 3.5 degrees Celsius, respectively, for the future decades. The average annual precipitation for the study area will have decreased by 14%. The prediction of the inflow to the dam by the SWAT model under two scenarios indicate a significant decrease in the discharge of the Dez River in the future; The amount of this decrease in the RCP4.5 scenario will be between 49 to 52%, and in the RCP8.5 scenario and especially in the last decade of the 21st century, it will be more and around 44 to 64%. The decrease in the flow rate entering the dam has caused a decrease in the volume of the reservoir of the dam, and its volume will have decreased between 47 and 54 percent under the two selected scenarios for the future decades. In general, the results obtained from this study indicate that this region will move towards a climate with lower humidity and higher temperature in the future decades. This situation will increase the shortage of water resources in the basin and will intensify the water crisis in the downstream areas. Therefore, it seems that the water resources management in this basin requires a review for its sustainable development and exploitation. Since, the flow rate of Dez in the future decades will significantly decrease due to, the expected of the climate changes, the Dez dam's primary goals to meet the needs of agriculture, electricity, drinking, etc. will have face significant shortages. It is recommended to implement the policy of reducing demand, changing the cultivation pattern, recommending and developing the cultivation of low water-demanding plants, using new irrigation methods, and using unconventional waters.

Global warming has intensified the corals bleaching in some areas. In this study, the effect of climatic parameters on the health of branching corals in Chabahar Bay was investigated. For this purpose, climatic data of ECMWF center and Chabahar meteorological station were used. Coral health data were obtained from the Coral watch site and also by diving operations by the author. Statistical analyzes were performed using Pearson correlation, multiple regression, Mann-Kendall trend and analysis of variance. To estimate the temperature and health level of the coral ecosystem in the coming decades, the combined data of GCM models of CORDEX database were used under two scenarios of radiation induction RCP8.5 and RCP4.5. The results showed that despite the significant increase in air temperature and a significant decrease in coral health index in the past, the health status of branching corals at the end of 2019 is classified as "good". According to forecasts, although there are differences in the level of branching coral health index between the observation period and the coming decades, these differences are only statistically significant for the distant future and only under the pessimistic scenario of RCP8.5. In other words, under the conditions of climate change from the perspective of both scenarios, the health index of branching corals for the coming decades in the "good" classification with an average annual color grade of about 4 out of 6 Score for the RCP8.5 scenario and 4.3 for the scenario RCP4.5 will be maintained.

Coral ecosystems, like other natural habitats, are under the influence of global warming. Every year we see the bleaching of corals in different parts of the world. Since the physical parameters of seawater are affected by meteorological phenomena, so in this study using ten-year data of oceanographic buoys, the effect of physical parameters of seawater including water surface temperature, salinity, acidity and electrical conductivity on the phenomenon of bleaching of branching corals in Chabahar Bay was investigated.

For this purpose, the trend of multi-year data of marine parameters was determined by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. In the next step, the Pearson correlation test showed the correlation between seawater parameters and choreographed Zooxanthellae algae color score data as a coral health index produced by the authors during long-term diving operations using the Coral Watch method.

The results of this study showed that among the four parameters: water surface temperature, electrical conductivity, acidity and salinity, the highest correlation and the most effective independent variable in multivariate regression between coral health and seawater parameters is concern to EC.

Due to the insignificance of the increasing trend of water surface temperature in previous years and the existence of a significant negative correlation at the level of 0.01 between the health status of corals and water surface temperature, fortunately, the branching corals of Chabahar Bay have been in good condition. As human and sea pollutants are controlled in the coming years. We will see the survival of this valuable ecosystem.

Nowadays, corals are exposed to bleaching due to climate change and rising water temperatures. On the other hand, the physical parameters of seawater are per-se affected by climate fluctuations. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of physical water parameters such as water temperature, salinity, acidity, electrical conductivity as well as climatic parameters such as air temperature and maximum wind speed on the health of massive corals in the Chabahar Bay. For this purpose, the data recorded at Chabahar Bay Hydrographic Field Station, the ECMWF Center Database, and Chabahar Meteorological Station were used. Ten-year monthly color data of the algae coexisting with massive corals have been extracted as a coral health indicator during diving operations using the Coral Watch method. The relationship between variables was also investigated through the Pearson correlation test, multivariate linear regression, and Mann-Kendall trend analysis using SPSS and Minitab software. According to the results, salinity and electrical conductivity showed a significant decreasing trend, while water acidity and air temperature showed a significant increasing trend. Meanwhile, water temperature and wind speed maximum showed insignificant increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. As for the health status of massive corals, there was a significant decreasing trend ending in 2019 (with a color score of 3.54 out of 6) set is in the category of "moderate". In addition, the health of mass corals showed the highest positive correlation with salinity and EC while indicating a negative correlation with maximum wind speed with a level of 0.01. On the contrary, there was no significant correlation between bulk corals' health and water temperature.

In order to develop Shahid Beheshti port of Chabahar, about 20,000 coral colonies were moved from the port development plan to a new site located in the north of Shahid Kalantari port. A decade after the corals were transferred, it is essential to know their health in order to make future decisions in similar cases. In this study, while examining the trend of air temperature and water temperature of Chabahar Bay, by diving operations and using Line Intercept Transect and Coral Watch methods, the health status and coverage of corals was monitored monthly from 2011 to 2017. Climatic data required for this study were obtained from Chabahar Meteorological Station and the satellite database of ECMWF Center. The relationship between the variables was examined through Pearson correlation test and Man Kendall trend analysis and the capability of SPSS and Minitab software. According to the results, the health status and development of the mentioned corals has a decreasing trend to the extent that the percentage of live coral coverage has increased from 98% in 1390 to 71.5% in 1398. On the other hand, the color degree of the health index of branched corals with a score of 4.31 out of 6 was in the "good" condition and mass corals with a score of 3.59 points were in the "average" condition. Despite the negative correlation between temperature and health of corals and the existence of a significant upward trend in the parameter of air temperature, due to the insignificance of the upward trend of water temperature, it seems that other factors besides water temperature fluctuations in the downward trend of health of corals have been involved.

The responsibility of individuals for their direct or indirect actions makes them liable for the thing leading to a loss. Obviously, this naturally leads to a kind of cautious approach and staying away from essential areas such as sports activities, which are inherently risky actions. Finding a solution to this problem has attracted the attention of many managers, CEOs and executives in charge. One of the effective factors in relieving liability from the cause of loss is pre-warning. The present article seeks to study this issue from juridical and legal perspectives. It responds to a number of questions including the following: Among the jurisprudential rules which relieve liability from the cause of the damage, what rule or maxim can be relied upon? And in general, what are the limits, domain and jurisprudential ruling derived from those rules?In response to these questions, it can be briefly said that from the point of view of jurisprudence and law, the 'warning rule' can be cited to absolve individuals in educational, sports, medical, etc. activities. The application of this rule has conditions such as announcing and giving necessary warnings, etc. If a person participates in competitions and sports activities and suffers losses in this area despite prior knowledge and warning, the principle of innocence governs and overrules the evidence of proving responsibility. Therefore, no responsibility (civil or criminal) is on the other party, but he himself is responsible.

Paternal expediency is a phenomenon in which the state-government plays a protective role for members of the society under its paternal protection and decisions. It illustrates the idea that modern governments, in some areas of private law, take over the management and initiative of certain aspects of private law affairs of the society members. This might ultimately lead to a decline in respected principles such as the rule of will.In addition to examining the limiting instances of paternalistic attitudes in the field of private law, this paper will investigate the contrast between such patern ali s t i c expediencies of the modern state on the basis of promoting distributive justice, which traditionally supported the weak party in the form of commutative justice, often common in private contracts, in order to determine the incompatibility of independence and autonomy of citizens with the main issue. Identifying the adverse effects of this phenomenon is a step towards establishing desirable justice

Today climate change cause increase in concentration of greenhouse gases has been cause increase extreme events and atmospheric hazards. goal of this research, analyze and review climate future is for atmospheric hazards in sistan region. In this study, to simulate minimum and maximum temperature data used from model data CanESM2 under three scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5) with SDSM statistical scrolling and to simulate rainfall data from the Hadcm3 model under scenarios (A1B, A2, B1) with statistical scrolling LARS-WG. For this purpose, after calibration, validation and data modeling at the selected station, the performance of the model from the viewpoint of the compliance of the base temperature data (1984-2005) and rainfall (1986-2015) with simulation values (2020-2039) evaluated at a significant level of confidence. To adapt base data to simulated data Used of the three criteria root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and mean squared error (MSE). According to simulated data were examined four important atmospheric hazard frost, heat waves, extreme precipitation and drought. The results showed that heat waves and drought in the future are serious threats in the region So that in 2021, under release scenario RCP 2.6, Predicted 32 heat waves and the study area will experience more than five heat waves in the year. In addition, most frequent drought forecast in 2020, under release scenario A1B. Extreme precipitation in some years under scenario B1 can be significant threat in the region. Intensity and abundance annual frost under release scenario RCP2.6 more than other scenarios and lower relative to investigated atmospheric threats.

Climate is one of the most important factors affecting vegetation conditions. The spatial distribution of vegetation is closely related to climatic conditions. One of the main features of the Inner Plateau of Iran is its categorization in the dry belt of continental Europe and Asia (Eurasia). This feature and the occurrence of drought due to the unevenness and climate has always had a significant impact on the occurrence of desert characteristics. Drought is the amount of rainfall deviation of one year in a place, compared to the long-term average rainfall in the same place. In areas with low and non-uniform rainfall, the effects of drought are intensive, especially on water resources, agriculture and vegetation. Drought indices are mathematical equations that report drought as a numerical value of one or more variables such as rainfall and evapotranspiration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in vegetation cover in southern Iran (Khuzestan, Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Bushehr, Hormozgan and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces) during the period 2008 to 2017 and its relationship with the drought index in the years studied.

In this research, MODIS satellite image has been used as an image with low terrestrial resolution and high temporal resolution.
Normalized Differential Plant Index NDVI, is one of the most famous and simple plant indicators used, which is based on two red bands. Near infrared is defined as follows:NDVI= (NER – RED)/ (NER + RED) 
Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), in this case is the standardized rainfall index used to calculate the probability of rainfall occurrence for all time scales, but is mostly used in the time scales of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months and is one of the most important global indicators for drought.

Discussion and conclusion:

The amount of poor vegetation in 2008 was 8302.66 hectares, but in 2017, it decreased to 3436.10 hectares. In general, the average rainfall in the southern regions of the country is 216.03 mm. Studies show that the highest rainfall belongs to Hormozgan province with 326.02 and then Khuzestan and Fars with 305.51 and 286.5 mm respectively and the lowest rainfall, belongs to Kerman and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces with 136.51 and 103.45 mm, respectively. In 2008, southern Iran experienced moderate drought conditions. Drought has been more paramount in Khuzestan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. In some parts of Hormozgan province, drought conditions have been more normal and wet. In 2009, the situation in the whole study area has become more normal and according to the SPI index is close to normal. In order to investigate the amount of vegetation lost, land use changes in the period (2017-2001) were reviewed and the results were presented. According to the results, the vegetation has decreased 138418.4 km from 2008 to 2017 and the amount of agricultural lands has decreased 8155.63 km. Arid land has also increased significantly from 70.9797341 km in 2008 to 2896724.66 km in 2017.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between satellite indices (vegetation parameter) and moving averages of SPI index (climate parameter). According to the results, it can be acknowledged that vegetation parameters have always been affected by climate and parameters affecting it. Therefore, it is certain that in the future, by quantitatively detailed examining of the parameters of vegetation (such as canopy, density, etc.) and climate (such as temperature, humidity, etc.), in the long run, drought warning systems can be established in order to reduce the damage of drought.

The present study is to evaluate the surface currents of Khuzestan province and its forecast for the period 2019 to 2021 using time series models.

The present study was conducted in 9 selected stations from Khuzestan province in order to compare the accuracy of the time series model and predict the amount of surface currents. For this purpose, the monthly flow data of the hydrometric station for 22 years (1391-2014) has been used. The multiplicative seasonal time series model of surface currents was investigated and the best model was fitted.

The results of these studies show that the best models fitted in SARIMA (1,1,1) (1,0,1), SARIMA, SARIMA (0,1,1) (1,0,1), telephoto SARIMA, Primate (1,0,1) (1,1,1) SARIMA, Dezful (1,0,2) (1,1,1) SARIMA, Plain SARIMA, Dokehe (0,2,2) (1,1,1) SARIMA, Gotvand (1,1,2) (1,0,1) SARIMA (1,1,1) And SARAB (1.1.2) (2.1.1), which had good accuracy to predict surface currents.

Surveying the annual prediction of surface currents for 2019 to 2029 showed that surface currents in all selected stations decreased and this decrease in Ahwaz station to the highest and the two-hill station to the lowest values reaches to 9.78 and 0/58 respectively; also, the monthly forecast showed that in December, with 6/98 and 1/67, the highest and lowest decreases would occur.

Understanding the main components of the watershed water basin and analyzing their hydrologic behavior are among the key components of any planning and management procedures in the field of water resources engineering. Today, the need to use modern technologies in hydrological modeling of watersheds has been discussed more than before. The purpose of this study is the simulation of hydrological components in various land use categories in the catchment area of the Dez river basin. Since the tool used in the research is the SWAT model and the SUFI-2 algorithm, the database used include a range of input data. In order to determine the level of sensitivity of the model to the input parameters, global sensitivity analysis was performed. Then, by adjusting the selected parameters and using the observation current, the model was calibrated and validated for the periods 2007 - 1994 and 2013 - 2008, respectively. The coefficients of NS, R2, P-factor and R-factor confirmed the modelchr('39')s ability to simulate river flow in the studied basin. The results of the model showed that the areas with forest use share the highest contribution to aquifer nutrition, and the barren lands have the highest surface runoff. Surface runoff has the leading role in creating the main stream of the river and after that the main flow has been effective in this area. The forest use change to Agricultural lands and pasture will change the hydrological parameters of the basin, and the result of these changes will lead to the increase in the surface runoff, the reduction of nutrition of groundwater resources and the reduction of river basin water. The SWAT model can be used as a precursor model in watershed management studies.

The application of the RegCM4 dynamic model has enabled the study of mesoscale and regional scale atmospheric phenomena in different regions. Heavy precipitation is one of the essential atmospheric phenomena critical for agriculture in arid regions. Optimal use of rainwater increases water resources in the arid region. One of the solutions for optimal use of water in arid climate is to utilize crop pattern. The crop pattern means the share of cropping and selection of crops in an area, employing the optimal cropping pattern as one of the important solutions to water efficiency in agriculture. In this research, various data including rainfall data, NCEP/NCAR, TRMM satellite model, RegCM4 regional climate model, Aphrodite, and finally, agricultural data were used to change the cropping pattern for optimum use of water. Then, 5% precipitation threshold method was used to investigate heavy rainfall and selected as a representative of heavy rainfall in the study area on March 14th. The seasonal rainfall percentile chart, heavy rainfall maps and rainfall zones and performance of crops were then prepared and analyzed. The results indicate that the percentage of seasonal precipitation is in ascending and descending order in spring and winter, respectively. According to the regression model, Birjand, Nehbandan, and Ghayen stations are suitable in spring, and Ferdows and Boshrouyeh stations in winter. Moreover, the intensity of atmospheric streams in NCEP/NCAR and TRMM model maps gradually in northeast and east areas especially south Khorasan has led to heavy rainfall that RegCM4 model has been able to significantly simulate it and this rainfall has considerable values. Humidity values have increased on CAPE and thermodynamic graphs. Furthermore, in the zoning maps in the output of the observation map on Birjand station, Birjand, Ghayen, and Nehabandan, with the highest rainfall show better agricultural performance, while Boshrouyeh and Ferdows stations have the lowest performance. Therefore, since crop performance is directly related to rainfall, heavy rainfall can improve in agricultural in South Khorasan as a dry climate province. One way to deal with low-water resources in arid climates is to use crops such as Jujube, Barberry, and Saffron that are less water-intensive in agriculture and more adaptable to climate and regional conditions than other crops. Therefore, with proper use of rainwater during heavy rainfall in low-lying areas, the performance of agricultural products will greatly improve in South Khorasan province.

The present study tries to explain the content, scope, rules and medical applications of the rule of necessity in order to solve some of the current jurisprudential problems by examining emerging examples of the rule in medical issues.

This research has been done by the method of library studies and in a descriptive-analytical method, which has been obtained and analyzed by referring to Quranic, narrative and scientific texts.

The rule of necessity (the necessities of explaining the necessities) is one of the doctrinal rules of the texts, among which the Quranic documents include verses 173 of Surah Al-Baqarah and 145 of Surah Al-An’am. This rule has a great impact capacity in various fields of jurisprudence and law and plays a key role in solving many emerging problems and issues, but in Islamic jurisprudence has been less studied in detail.

Nowadays, the existence of personal necessities in various areas of life, especially medical issues, requires the rule of "necessity" to be further studied in order to explain the limits and criteria of its implementation and jurisprudential scholars can use this rule well when studying issues.

Drought is one of the recurring phenomena in all parts of the world with high-rainfall and low-rainfall climates and it is consider as a natural disaster. Iran is also one of the countries which involved in this phenomenon in different places. Its characteristics, such as the severity, duration, and extent of the drought, are vary from place to place and its damages is depending on the country's planning. In this regard, the necessity of knowing the correct weather conditions and climatic characteristics of different regions have become clear to planners through environmental, economic, agricultural and industrial potentials and their optimal use, as well as predicting the occurrence of natural disasters such as floods and droughts. In this study, for evaluating and comparing drought and wetness events, the precipitation data for the period (1987- 2017), as well as the evaporation and transpiration data and the number of rainy days during a statistical period of 10 years (2008-2017) were obtained from 9 stations in Fars province. The standardized precipitation index (SPI) was used, and the Arc GIS software, the drought zoning, evaporation and transpiration maps, and the number of rainy days in the province were plotted. In the studied years, Fars province has faced a near-normal state for 24 years in and drought for 5 years and wetness for one year. The drought situation was studied and analyzed in Shiraz city in the continuation. According to the obtained results, the drought in Shiraz city is more severe than the other parts of the province and it will continue in the future. The SPI index has the highest correlation with the parameters of the number of rainy days with a rate of (0.46) and evaporation and transpiration with a rate of (0.26) in 2012 and 2008.

Hyperthyrotropinemia (HT) can be transient or permanent. There is no specific protocol in confirmatory tests to discriminate between transient and permanent forms. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of transient HT and the factors that help to discriminate transient from permanent HT.

This was an observational prospective study in all neonates diagnosed with HT referred to the pediatric clinic of Boali Hospital, affiliated to Islamic Azad University Tehran Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran during September 2017 and January 2019. The recovery rate was investigated during a three-month follow-up while withholding medical treatment. Data were analyzed with SPSS Version 22.0.

Totally, 80 neonates (65% girls) were enrolled in this study. Among them, 62 participants (77.5%) recovered without any treatment during the three months of follow-up. The recovery rate was significantly higher in term newborns (p < 0.01). The mean weight of recovered neonates (2767.7 ± 440.2 gr) was significantly higher than that of the neonates who did not recover (2141.7 ± 755.2) (p < 0.01). The mean level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of the recovered neonates (9.4 ± 3.0 mIU/L) was significantly lower than in the neonates who did not recover (22 ± 6.5 mIU/L) (p < 0.01).

The outcome of HT became mostly permanent in patients with a higher level of TSH. The prematurity and low birth weight were the influential factors on TSH level, which could indirectly increase the risk of HT permanence.

Climate is one of the most important geographical factors affecting defense and military affairs, which influences the designers of this field in choosing the type of equipment, maintenance, construction of facilities, etc; Therefore, accurate knowledge of the region's climate and its role in establishing security and strong defense are considered the most important military issues and the main axes of informational and operational activities. In this research for evaluation meteorology in north khorasan province in terms of military activities , Bojnourd station which had data and the length of the statistical period was 25 years was selected , then data related to climatic parameters affecting military operations including temperature , relative humidity , precipitation ( liquid and solid ) , visibility , speed and direction of wind were received from meteorological organization . Then, the climatic elements influencing the military operation were determined and the Hierarchical Model (AHP) was used to weight and rank the parameters, and as a result, the probabilities of the occurrence of the parameters affecting the military operation were calculated.  The results of this study show that the desirability of the military climate in the warm months of the year is more than the cold months of the year, so that the months of June, July, August and September are suitable for military operations, May has an acceptable value in terms of military climate compared to the cold months of the year, and the rest of the months are unfavorable in terms of climate and military activities

Heat-humidity stress is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the development of the fetus and the health of pregnant maternal., Studies in this area have been limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term exposure to heat-humidity stress in the form of THI on fetal growth and development. For this purpose, animal models were used...  pregnant NMRI mice that were exposed to heat-humidity stress in the chamber during the second period of pregnancy (3, 5, 8, 10 and 15 minutes) daily for short periods Placement courses (GD 14.5-17) is designed in accordance with the growth and development of the human embryo. Exposure to thermal-humidity stresses in the second period (GD6.5-14) during of pregnancy shows an increase in maternal mortality and fetal weight loss, crown-to-rump length (CLR) and placental weight in comparison with the control group. Also, with increasing thresholds of stress at different thresholds of the index, embryonic abnormality (Exohatics, Facial Deformity, C-Shaped Body, Ear structure defects, Hemangioma and Limbic Adhesion) have increased. T-test of two independent samples and ANOVA confirmed the above-mentioned results at the level (p-value<0.01). The results of this study can be effective in the development of care programs, treatment and education of pregnant mothers, and to monitor the thermal stresses and design of warning systems.

It is very important to be aware of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of land changes in environmental planning, land management and sustainable development. At present, the use of vegetation map is one of the important pillars in generating information for macro and micro planning. In this study, temporal and spatial variations of vegetation were used in Fars Province. The data from Landsat satellite were calculated from OLI and ETM sensors during a thirty years period (1986-2016) and the NDVI index was measured. Quantitative changes of vegetation were also classified. The index is classified into three classes, including rich, poor and vegetation-free. The temperature changes of the ground level in the study period were also calculated using MODIS images. Results showed quantitative and qualitative changes of vegetation over 30 years for the studied area, so that the vegetation-free areas increased by 107. 49 ha and the areas with poor vegetation decreased by 366.56 ha and the rich vegetation cover has dropped by 455.55 ha. The largest reduction in the area was made on lands with rich vegetation. The MODIS images revealed that surface temperature has increased in the province. The temperature variation is more than 3 degrees (from -2.8 to 0.96° C) and it was observed that the highest temperature reduction was in the eastern and heading to the province. Finally, in order to investigate the relationship between vegetation and LST, the annual isobars were plotted along with the difference in NDVI in the studied period. The results showed that in most areas the vegetation cover was denser with lower temperatures.