فهرست مطالب alireza fallah nosrat abad

Cyanobacterial blooms cause huge and irreparable financial losses to fish farmers every year. One of the most effective methods for managing water cyanobacterial bloom is biological control by adding pathogenic agents to break down cyanobacterial cells. Therefore, this study investigated the possibility of using Pseudomonas putida bacteria to control the bloom of cyanobacteria Chroococcus sp., Oscillatoria sp., Microcystis sp. and Gloeocapsa sp., isolated from fish Culture ponds was done in the laboratory. The results of this study showed that Pseudomonas putida bacteria have a significant effect on controlling all 4 cyanobacterial species. So, for the cyanobacterium Chroococcus sp. In the experimental group containing 106 CFU/ml of Pseudomonas putida bacteria, there was a moderate 80.7% reduction and also in the group containing 104 CFU/ml of this bacterium, there was 63.1% reduction compared to the control group models on the 10th day. Also, for the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. at the 10th day, 78.9% reduction occurred in 104 CFU/ml and 87.7% in 106 CFU/ml. Next, for the cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. On the tenth day, there was 61.7 percent decrease in the group containing 104 CFU/ml and 70.5 percent decrease in the group containing 106 CFU/ml of Pseudomonas putida bacteria. Finally for the cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa sp. A decrease of 72.3% was observed in the experimental group containing 104 CFU/ml and an 83% decrease in the group containing 106 CFU/ml. Although the control group show an increase of 37-78 percent (P˂0.05). The results of this research showed that the bacterium Pseudomonas putida has a high efficiency in controlling the bloom of cyanobacteria.

Accumulation of cadmium (Cd) as one of the most toxic pollutants in the soil can lead to the reduction of microbial activities and soil fertility and as a result the death of plants; This issue has always caused global concerns. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the resistance to Cd of male (62-167) and female (62-149) individuals of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) based on vegetative and physiological characteristics.

For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with factors of cadmium (concentrations of 0, 50, 150 and 200 mg/kg soil) and gender (male and female bases of poplar) for a 120-day period. Physiological variables of seedlings including net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, water potential, mesophilic conductance, intracellular CO2 concentration, and vegetative characteristics including root collar diameter growth and height growth, total biomass and leaf area were investigated. The stress treatment was done in late May through irrigation with cadmium salt solution on a weekly basis for the first five weeks. After that, the seedlings were irrigated with rainwater, respecting the soil capacity, at intervals of three days until the end of the period (late September).

Regardless of the root species, with the increase of Cd concentration, the leaf area and height growth of seedlings decreased. The highest height growth (30.4 cm) and leaf area (51.8 cm2) were observed in the control, and the highest total biomass of seedling (59.2 g) was observed at the concentration of 50 mg/kg of Cd. Regardless of the concentration of Cd, the size of collar diameter growth (male 2.1, female 2 mm), seedling height growth (male 21.5, female 19.9 cm), leaf area (male 43.08, female 43.64 cm2), total seedling mass (male 46.48, female 44.19 g), water use efficiency (male 0.31, female 0.26 μmol mmol-1), mesophilic conductance (male 0.003, female 0.002 mol m-2 s-1) and stomatal conductance (male 0.45, female 0.39 mol m-2 s-1) was higher in males than females and only, the amount of transpiration (male 3.31, female 4.01 mol m-2 s-1) was higher in females than in males. Although, with the increase of Cd concentration, the size of most of the physiological and growth characteristics including photosynthesis, water potential, water use efficiency, diameter, height, leaf surface, and biomass decreased in general, the seedlings of both clones maintained their physiological and growth activities to some extent in high Cd concentrations.

It can be concluded that both clones can tolerate high concentrations of Cd; nevertheless, for afforestation development with Populus nigra in Cd-contaminated soils, the use of male individual (clone 62-167) can be more successful than female one (clone 62-149).

Today, the use of chemical fertilizers to increase agricultural production has created many environmental problems. In addition, environmental stresses are one of the most important factors reducing crop yield and production. Given the importance of rice plants in ensuring food security nationally and globally and increasing the price of chemical fertilizers, it is necessary to find eco-friendly routes for sustainable agriculture. The use of biofertilizers is the most worthy way to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and improve plant resistance in rice fields. Azotobacter has been used as a biofertilizer for over a century and has been well studied on a laboratory and field scale. Azotobacter have also been reported as nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere and roots (endophytically) of rice. In this study, the effect of Azotobacter biofertilizer as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, on rice and the mechanisms of this effect were investigated. The results showed that this bacterium produces phytohormones and stimulants of plant growth and fix atmospheric nitrogen in the rhizosphere and as an endophyte in rice. In addition to nitrogen fixation, this bacterium increases plant growth indices, nutrient uptake, and grain yield of rice by dissolving insoluble phosphates, producing indole acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide, siderophore. Also, the use of Azotobacter inoculant in acute salinity conditions increased the concentration of proline, malondialdehyde, ACC-deaminase enzyme, and some hormones in the plant, which increased the resistance of rice to this stress. Considering the positive effect of using Azotobacter inoculant as a biofertilizer on rice plants and the effect of this bacterium on reducing the consumption of nitrogen fertilizers, preparation of biofertilizers containing native bacteria of Azotobacter and their application in rice fields is recommended.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation, application of mycorrhizal fungi and plant density on yield and yield components and grain protein percentage of chickpea under rainfed conditions in the Qalhar village of Delijan region, Iran during 2012, as a split- split plot experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Four levels of irrigation management (as main plots) were rainfed without irrigation, irrigation at flowering stage, irrigation at seed filling stage and complete irrigation. two levels of inoculation (as sub plots) were inoculation with Glomus ineraradice and non-inoculation. Three plant densities (as  a sub-sub plots) were 20, 30 and 60 plant.m-2. Irrigation treatments had a significant effect on the number of pods per plant, the number of nodes per plant, grain yield and grain protein percentage and the highest grain yield was obtained at full irrigation. Inoculation with mycorrhiza fungus increased the number of nodes in the root and grain yield by 50% and 10.7%, respectively. Mycorrhiza inoculation in rainfed conditions resulted in the highest number of nodes in the root. The highest grain yield was obtained at a density of 60 plants.m-2. One stage of irrigation at the flowering stage and grain filling led to an increase in grain yield to 31.5% and 26.7% compared to rainfed, respectively. Therefore, according to the results of this study, by inoculation with mycorrhiza, the density of 60 plants.m-2 and a supplementary irrigation stage, a significant increase in grain yield compared to rainfed conditions at similar conditions to the present study can be achieved.

Detailed information about soil moisture and its spatial and temporal distribution provides opportunity for optimized land resources utilization. Our study aimed to estimate soil surface moisture through readily availabile soil parameters and spectral index obtained from Sentinel-2 sensors using two methods, artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector regression (SVM). There were 124 soil samples collected from three regions of Iran (Tehran, Garmsar, and Lorestan). After normalizing the data, the significance of the correlation between input variables (spectral indices and basic soil properties) and output variables (surface moisture) was evaluated statistically. In the next step, the mentioned methods were used to perform a modeling process, and the results were evaluated. The results showed that the ANN method outperformed the SVM method. Based on ANN technique, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), coefficient of determination (R2) and Relative Improvement (RI) in the training step were 0.033, -538, 0.71, 21.25, and in the testing step they were 0.410, -266, 0.69, and 16.06, respectively. Also, RMSE, AIC, R2, and RI in the SVM method in training step were respectively 0.035, -474, 0.71, and 35.16 and in testing step were respectively 0.046, 252, 0.63, and 20.21. Using the ANN method, soil color index (CI) has been shown to estimate soil moisture more accurately than other spectral indices. Therefore, the ANN method constructs a nonlinear relationship between soil surface moisture and input parameters, which enables soil moisture to be estimated with acceptable accuracy in the study area.

The efficiency of phosphorus (P) chemical fertilizers in agriculture is relatively low (5-25%). This has led to more P fertilizers’ application which not only increases production costs but also threatens the environment. Therefore, it was necessary to introduce suitable alternatives to replace part of these fertilizers consumption. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria have been identified as a promising option to reduce P chemical fertilizers’ application due to their ability to solve insoluble P in soil environment. These bacteria can assimilate part of the solubilized P, known as the microbial biomass P. This mechanism allows natural ecosystems to be self-sustainable, without the application of phosphate fertilizers. Given the role of potent bacterial strains in dissolving insoluble phosphates and the importance of microbial biomass P in providing part of the plant needed P in the long term, this study was aimed to select efficient strains by quantitative measurement of dissolved P and microbial biomass P after inoculation of bacteria in sperber medium with different phosphate sources.

This study was conducted as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design format using two factors in three replications. The first factor was bacteria inoculation including strains: Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens Tkd/4, Pantoea agglomerans Ggd/4 and Sphingobium yanoikuyae Rpd/4, all isolated from Giroud Shemshak Phosphate mine, Bacillus pumilus RPY isolated from Yazd Asfordi Phosphate mine, Pseudomonas putida Ps/14 prepared from Soil and Water Research Institute (isolated from maize farm soil) and blank (contains phosphate sources without bacteria inoculation) and the second factor was three phosphate sources: tricalcium phosphate (TCP), calcium phytate (CPhy) and phosphate main soil (PMS). The measured traits were included pH, EC, dissolved P and microbial biomass P. Total solubilized P from the phosphate source (sum of dissolved P and microbial biomass P), the ratio of dissolved P to microbial biomass P and biosorption percentage of P were calculated as well.

The effect of bacteria strain, posphate source and their interactions was significant on all measured traits (P ≤0.01). The ability of Ps/14 strain to dissolve phosphate was higher than other strains in all three phosphate sources. All strains absorbed more phosphorus from TCP than the other two phosphate sources. Microbial biomass P was higher in phosphate soil treatments inoculated with all strains except Tkd/4 strain than in CPhy treatments inoculated with those strains. The lowest pH (3) and the highest EC (1.53 dS m-1) were observed in the PMS and TCP treaments inoculated with Ps/14 strain, respectively.

The studied strains had different effects on both dissolved P and microbial biomass P properties from different P sources. The ability of Ps/14 strain to dissolve P from all three phosphate sources was higher than the other strains. The results revealed that the strain that has more potential in dissolving P from one source does not necessarily have the same potential in assimilating P from the same source. This can be attributed to the solubility nature of material and the solubilizing capability of the microorganisms. The results of this study also showed that the total solubilized P could be more strongly attributed to dissolved P rather than microbial biomass P. Overall, the results showed that the potent of some of the studied bacteria in both dissolved P and microbial biomass P properties can be considered as a promising option in reducing the application of P fertilizers and increasing their effectiveness.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility of replacing phosphorus chemical fertilizer (triple superphosphate) with biofertilizers as an environmentally friendly approach.  In this study, Possibility of replacing Triple superphosphate fertilizer with phosphate solubilizing bacteria "Pseudomonas deceptionensis Persian10 strain" in 10 treatments with two bacterial factors (in two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation) and chemical fertilizer (in five levels 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the recommended amount of fertilizer in the pond) was examined in aquarium conditions. Treatments included: 1: 100% fertilizer + bacteria, 2: bacteria, 3: 25% fertilizer + bacteria, 4: 50% fertilizer + bacteria, 5: 75% fertilizer + bacteria, 6: 100% fertilizer, 7: 75% fertilizer, 8: 50% fertilizer, 9: 25% fertilizer, 10: control (without fertilizer and bacteria). Bacterial densities, soluble phosphorus, phosphatase and pH were measured on days 0, 2, 7, 12 and 17. The results showed that the phosphorus of all treatments had an increasing trend on different days and at the same time, an increase in the pH value and a decreasing trend was observed in the bacterial population and the amount of phosphatase enzyme. The highest amount of soluble phosphorus was observed in treatments 4 and 5. According to the obtained results, the application of 50% phosphate fertilizer + phosphate solubilizing bacteria can be recommended as a suitable ratio for the fertility of fish ponds and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers.

Date palm cultivation has played a valuable role in sustainability and life improvement of poor communities in rural and remote areas for a long time. Iran is the second largest producer of dates in the world with Minab regions of southern province of Hormozgan being the main producer. Cultivation of this crop is the main source of income for the majority of Minab’s farmers; to maintain this industry profitable, orchard management practices such as application of right amounts of fertilizers are required. Annually with each harvest, nutritional elements are removed from orchard soil at various amounts. On average, in one hectare orchard of 121 palms, 42 kg nitrogen (N) and 11 kg phosphorus (P) are taken away with annual harvest. If not replaced, this depletion could negatively affect the following crop loads and fruit quality. Therefore, in this experiment, with the aim of replenishing the soil nutrients, effect of application of different levels of N and P on fruit quality and crop load of Mordaseng, a cv. widely under cultivation in Minab, was assessed over successive fruiting cycles

This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design in three replicates using six-year-old trees of Mordaseng cv. at Minab Agricultural Research Station over six successive years. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of N and P nutrients on yield and some characteristics of Mordaseng date palm cultivar. The independent variables were various levels of N (0.0, 150, 200 and 250 (g tree-1)) sourced from urea and pure P (P2O5) (0.0, 66 and 88 (g tree-1)) sourced from triple superphosphate, and the dependent variables were fruit yield and quality characteristics. The following amounts were yearly added to each level of N and P as trees grew older: 0.0, 60, 120 and 180 g for N, and 0.0, 20 and 40 for P.

The yield for N4P2 treatment gained the highest place in statistical group while for N1P1 treatment (excluding N and P) gained the lowest one. The highest fruit flesh weight (FW) and total soluble sugar (TSSu) were obtained for N4P1 treatment whereas the highest total soluble solid (TSS) was obtained from N2P3 treatment.

Application of N and P resulted in a significant increase in the yield comparing to control. Using the highest level of N (250 (g tree-1)) gave the highest fruit FW and TSSu percentage along the highest yield. Application of the highest level of P (88 (g tree-1)) produced the highest TSS percentage. Overall, these results revealed that the application of N and P significantly improved fruit yield and some quality criteria of Mordaseng cv. under the environmental condition of Minab region.

Due to the growing need to increase the area under cultivation of Maize and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers to achieve sustainable agriculture, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nano-biofertilizer as new eco-friendly technology along with cattle manure on increasing nutrient efficiency and maize yield in a saline calcareous soil with low organic matter. For this purpose, a field experiment was performed as split-plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included nano-biofertilizer at three levels of zero, 1, and 2 (Nb0, Nb1, and Nb2) ton/ha, and cattle manure in three levels 0, 10, and 20 (M0, M1, and M2) ton/ha. The results showed that the independent and interaction effects of these fertilizers on soil properties and yield and growth traits of maize were significant at 1% probability level. The results of interactions showed that Nb2M2 treatment compared to control could increase grain yield (101 %), straw weight (78 %), total yield (82.82 %), grain nitrogen (135 %), grain protein (136 %), protein yield (377 %), soil respiration (61.18 %), soil organic carbon (126.20 %), soil organic matter (125.50 %) and soil nitrogen (140.30 %). Nb1M1 treatment was able to reduce soil C/N by 22.7 %. In the case of soil EC, Nb2M0 treatment had the best performance with a reduction of 41.7 % in soil salinity. Besides, Nb0M2 treatment could reduce soil pH from 7.90 to 7.65. The results of this study showed that the use of nano-biofertilizers with organic matter while having a high potential for increasing the yield (quantitative-qualitative) of corn also can significantly improve the biological and chemical properties of saline calcareous soils.

According to WHO and FAO studies, the diseases caused by contaminated foods are of the most widespread threats to human health in developing and developed countries. Therefore, in recent years, researchers have been trying to use soil microorganisms to solve this problem and maintain the health of plants and the environment. Phosphorus after nitrogen, is a major macronutrient in plants which controls the growth, seeding and fruit production and involves in basic biological functions such as cell division, nucleic acids synthesis, photosynthesis and respiration and energy transfer. However, high amount of soluble inorganic phosphate is annually applied to the soil as chemical fertilizer but a large portion of it is immobilized rapidly after application due to phosphate fixation by aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium and soil colloids and becomes unavailable to plants. The use of biological agents especially phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, can play an important role in supplying plant nutrients and improves crop health and productivity without causing any harm in agricultural and natural ecosystems. Bacteria and fungi are the two important groups of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria in soil include Rhizobium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium, Achromobacter, Enterobacter and Burkholderia, and the most important ones i.e., Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas flourescens.

In order to evaluate the effect of Thiobacillus, sulfur and phosphorus applicationon population of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in soil, a field experiment was conducted at Zarghan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Iran in a factorial, based on complete randomized block design with 3 replications. Treatments consisted of three levels of sulfur fertilizer with biofertilizer containing Thiobacillus bacteria (without sulfur and biofertilizer containing Thiobacillus (S0), application of 500 kg S + 10 kg biofertilizer containing Thiobacillus (S1), 1000 kg S + 20 kg biofertilizer containing Thiobacillus (S2) and 2000 kg S + 40 kg biofertilizer containing Thiobacillus (S3) per hectare), three levels of triple super phosphate (without phosphorus (P0), 100% (P1) and 65% (P2) percent phosphorus recommended based on the soil test) in two corn planted and not planted states. After harvesting, 72 soil samples were collected from each plot and transferred to the biology laboratory of soil and water research institute of Karaj. Soil samples were stored in sterile conditions at 4◦C. In order to isolate phosphate solubilizing bacteria, 10 gram of soil from each sample was suspended in 90 ml of sterilized water to make 1:10 dilution. Then, series of dilution were made (101 – 107) and 0.1 ml of suspensions of the diluted soil sample were transferred to petri dishes containing pikovskaya medium and incubated at 28- 30˚C. To identify PSP from halos surrounding characterized colonies was used and counting was performed 1-14 days after cultivation. The colonies were isolated on the basis morphological characteristics such as shape, color and size and then purified by linear culture. Finally, 60 strains were purified that were used to compare phosphate solubilizing capability.

The results of this study showed that the main and interaction effects of sulfur fertilizer and biofertilizer treatments of Thiobacillus, phosphorus and plants on the population of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (cells per gram of dry soil) in Pikovskaya medium were significant at 0.01 level probability. The highest population of bacteria was obtained at the lowest level (S1).  Increasing the level of sulfur fertilizer and Thiobacillus biofertilizer decreased the population of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and the highest level of sulfur and Thiobacillus biofertilizer led to the lowest bacterial population. Also, the study of phosphorus application on the bacterial population showed that phosphorus fertilizer at both levels significantly increased the bacterial population compared to the control (no application phosphorus). The best fertilizer treatment for phosphorus application was P1 which had the greatest effect on bacterial population compared to P2 treatment in Pikovskaya environment. In this experiment, the population of bacteria in corn planted conditions was higher than in non-planted conditions and this population increase was observed in almost all different levels of sulfur and phosphorus fertilizers. The highest bacterial population was observed in combined treatment of S1P2 under corn planted conditions. The results of microscopic, physiological and biochemical tests of the strains showed that all 60 bacterial strains were capable to form clear zone in Pikovskaya medium. Among them, 15 strains (7, 3, 2 and 3 strains belonging to Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescent, respectively) had higher phosphate solubility than the others.

The production of warm water fishes in the country accounts for half of the aquaculture products and is one of the most important factors in the development of this industry in the country. Nutrition and growth of these fish are directly and indirectly dependent on the primary production of the ponds. Phosphorus is one of the most important factors affecting primary production in warm water fish ponds but is also one of the major limiting factors of production due to the lack of access by primary producers to this critical element. Because of the type of management conditions governing these ponds, such as organic fertilization, feeding, entry of various organic matter through inlet water and lack of annual dredging, the organic load of sediments is very high and insoluble organic phosphorus forms a large part of total phosphorus in this ecosystems. Today, one of the most important approaches to increase the amount of water-soluble phosphorus using insoluble organic phosphorus sources in sediments is the use of phosphorus-releasing bacteria (PRB). These bacteria dissolve various insoluble organic phosphorus compounds in sediments by various mechanisms, such as secretion of enzymes. The purpose of this study is to introduce and investigate the challenges facing the selection and use of phosphorus-releasing bacteria affecting insoluble organic phosphorus compounds in sediments. Because choosing the right type of insoluble phosphorus source used in the isolation process of these bacteria can be an effective step to improve the performance of introduced bacteria (as biological fertilizers) for use in warm water fish ponds.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of two mycorrhizal fungi and two growth-promoting rhizobacteria on survival and growth traits of Myrtus communis L. in water deficit conditions, as a completely randomized factorial design. Drought stress in three levels: 100% field capacity (without stress), 60% field capacity (mild stress) and 30% field capacity (severe stress) and biofertilizer in seven levels: control (without inoculation); inoculation with mycorrhizals of Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, and combination of these two fungi; inoculation with rhizobacterias of Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida, and combination of these two bacteria was considered in three replicates. Drought stress reduced and biofertilizers (in particular, composition of fungus, and combination of bacterias) increased the studied traits. In severe water deficit, combined treatments of fungal or bacterial improved height increment by 28-31%, leaf biomass by 51-52%, root biomass by 36-42%, total biomass by 37-41% and survival by 50% compared with the control (non-inoculation) ones. In severe drought stress, almost 50% of the seedlings survived without inoculation and 90-100% of them with inoculation, indicating the high tolerance of this species to drought. Due to the reduction of the destructive effect of water stress on M. communis seedling traits using biofertilizers, the use of these treatments, especially the combination of two fungi of Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices or two rhizobacteria of Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. putida can be useful to improve seedling's growth characteristics.

Nitrogen (N) is the most important element limiting crop production in cotton cultivation. As N deficiency in plant decreases the seedcotton yield, excessive N availability negatively affects crop production, too. Therefore, N fertilizer management is very important in cotton cropping. Azotobacter and Azospirillum bacteria have been given much attention in agriculture due to non-symbiotic N fixation and improve plant growth and crop production. In order to the studying effect of N and Azotobacter and Azospirillum bacteria on yield and yield components of late-planted cotton cv. Golestan, a field experiment was conducted with four levels of N fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1m from urea as the N source) and four treatments of cotton seed inoculation with the two PGPR bacteria (no inoculation, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and a equal combination of Azotobacter and Azospirillum bacteria). Basis on the results, the effect of N fertilizer was significant on yield and yield components of cotton, whereas the response of yield and yield components of cotton to seed inoculation was not significant. An insignificant interaction effect between the nitrogen and seed inoculation with bacteria was occurred on yield and yield components of cotton, too. According to the experiment's finding, in soil conditions like as present experiment, 75 kg N ha-1 is recommended for double-cropping cotton cv. Golestan, with expected seedcotton yield which is less than 2 tons per hectare.

The production and use of phosphorus biofertilizers in agriculture began several decades ago, and the status of these fertilizers has now become widespread, that global revenues from the sale of biofertilizers in the year 2022 were estimated reach to 1.66 billion dollar that 13.9 percent of that for phosphorous biofertilizers. However, the production and consumption of phosphorous biofertilizers in the aquaculture sector has been less widely considered. The bioavailability of phosphorus for primary producers in warm-water fishponds is mainly reduced by the formation of complex with cations and organic matter. Therefore, in order to increase water soluble phosphorus, the use of phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms as a biofertilizer is pivotal. Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms release phosphorus from insoluble phosphorus sources via production of organic acids and various enzymes. The application of phosphate biofertilizers to produce fishes reduces the use of chemical phosphorus fertilizers and produce organic products, cost effective and preserve the environment.