فهرست مطالب alireza mohamadi

In this article, a two-dimensional photonic crystal-based XOR gate is designed and simulated. For this purpose, an initial two-dimensional photonic crystal structure is chosen and waveguides are created for inputs and outputs. Then, defect rods are selected so that the obtained outputs are approximately consistent with the XOR gate truth table. After that, we will be looking for the best output so that the highest optical power is created for logic 1 and the lowest power in the logical state of 0. For this reason, the simulation is performed for four defect rods and the output is obtained for different the radius of the rods. Then, using the K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm, which is a machine learning algorithm, the best output for logic 0 and also for logic 1 is obtained. The results show that the designed logic gate has high output power in logic 1 and very low power in the logic 0 state.

To determine which mechanisms are operative in releasing the extraocular myofascial tissue in response to extraocular myofascial release (EOMR) and to evaluate the effect of EOMR on saccadic velocity and esodeviation angle in patients with convergence spasm.

Fourteen patients with convergence spasm aged 20–35 participated in this research. The treatment included touching the medial rectus and its interrelated fascial tissue with the index finger pulp from over the eyelid for at least 300 s and applying very gentle and uniform pressure. We evaluated the saccadic velocity obtained from dynamic electrooculography (EOG) and the angle of deviation. The findings of dynamic EOG were used as a reliable quantitative method to assess eye movement function.

The amount of esodeviation decreased significantly at both far 2.39Δ, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.27–3.52) (P = 0.002) and near 5.57Δ, 95% CI (4.67–6.47) (P = 0.001) after two sessions of EOMR in a week. There was no significant difference in saccadic velocities before and after treatment.

In the short term, the EOMR only affects the static condition of the eye. Therefore, a significant improvement could be seen in the deviometric findings. However, the dynamic properties of the extraocular muscles did not improve and probably needed a more extended treatment period for acting the long‑term mechanisms.

Pressure distribution is of utmost importance in both 1D and 2D analysis of steady flow in coarse-grained porous media. In the present study, the pressure distribution in length and height of the gravel media has been investigated in a experimental for three gradations of small, medium, and large in three lengths of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 meters. A piezometer is used to measure the pressure on the floor and walls of the laboratory flume. Experimental data show that; in the initial parts of the gravel media, the real pressure distribution (recorded in the laboratory) has relatively a good agreement with the hydrostatic pressure, and as the end of the gravel media is approached and the increase of water level curve, the pressure difference increases. The average Mean Relative Error (MRE) between the real pressure and the hydrostatic pressure for the two endpoints of the gravel media for the three gradations mentioned in the 0.5 meter media are respectively equal to 36.34%, 32.36%, and 33.64%, for 1 meter length is equal to 33.63%, 28.17%, and 29.34% respectively and for 1.5 meter length, it is equal to 39.46%, 25.66%, and 27.62% respectively. In other words, to check the steady flow in the coarse-grained porous media, the use of real pressure will increase the accuracy of the calculation process.

Spatial inequality is considered one of the biggest challenges in both developing and developed countries, and a major obstacle for most governments to achieve sustainable development indicators. Therefore, investigating and analyzing the levels of spatial inequality as well as the influencing factors on its formation and expansion are considered essential for planning and managing cities. This research was conducted with the aim of measuring the spatial inequalities in Ardabil city with emphasis on economic indicators and identifying factors affecting its expansion. Based on the characteristics, spatial statistical models, hot spot analysis and spatial autocorrelation were used in Arc/GIS software, as well as fuzzy Delphi technique. Based on the results of the research, the urban areas of Ardabil are in different ranges in terms of the investigated indicators. Moreover, based on the spatial autocorrelation model (Moran), the distribution pattern of spatial inequality based on economic indicators in Ardabil follows the cluster model, and this type of distribution has caused spatial duality in this city.

Urban poverty is one of the major issues and challenges of major cities, especially in metropolises of Iran. The phenomenon of poverty is a multidimensional issue and, due to its spatial nature, it is ‎specialized in the city and spreads in the form of poorer areas. Identifying and analyzing the ‎spatial distribution of the poverty is one of the ways to reduce its impacts on the cities. The main aim of this research is to identify and spatial analyze of urban poverty zones in Zahedan. In this research, the statistical census data of 1395 of Zahedan city and the economic, social, cultural and physical components have been used to identify and analyze poverty. Factor analysis method, density estimation model and Moran model in the GIS environment has been used to identify the poverty zones. The findings show that out of total of 4529 blocks, 537 (85.11%) very poor, 1532 (83.33%) poor, 1666 (78.36%) moderate, 752 (60.16%) wealthy, 92%) are very wealthy. In terms of geographic posation, most of poor and very poor areas are concentrated in the north and northeast parts of the city. As a result, there is a significant spatial difference in the distribution of poverty indicators in Zahedan.The findings of this study can help urban and regional policymakers and managers to implement appropriate solutions and allocate scarce urban resources in a desirable and purposeful manner. The future studies, can model the spread of poverty in cities using spatial analysis methods. The future studies, can model the spread of poverty in cities using spatial analysis methods.

Nowadays, cities are places for the economic development of societies, and as cities have human existence, they are one of the challenges of the fight against poverty to provide the proper infrastructure for economic growth and promotion. Focusing on enhancing multidimensional welfare indicators can minimize issues such as economic and social inequalities in the city. The aim of this study is spatial analysis of socio-economic inequalities of Zahedan based on multidimensional welfare indicators. In this study, multidimensional welfare indicators were measured in 55 dimensions in two dimensions of material welfare. In order to spatial analysis of multidimensional welfare indicators after normalization, welfare differences in urban neighborhoods were calculated and the results were prepared in the form of difference coefficient maps. Finally, the relation between the level of welfare and the coefficient of difference was evaluated using Pearson's statistical test. The results showed that the neighborhoods with the more welfare are located in district one and five in southwest of Zahedan and the north and south suburbs of Zahedan are in more undesirable condition than other urban areas. The results of correlation test between multidimensional welfare level and welfare difference coefficient also show that at alpha level of 0.1 there is only significant relationship between non-material welfare and housing components, access to services, infrastructures and facilities and knowledge with their difference coefficient. However, at Alpha level of 2 there is a significant relationship between material and immaterial welfare and housing components, access to services, health and knowledge with their difference coefficient.

to identify the pattern-reversal visual evoked potential (PRVEP) waveform descriptor by evaluating discrete wavelet transform (DWT) in order to optimize stimulus in the diagnosis of anisometropia amblyopia.
The PRVEP testing was performedfor 31 normal individuals and 35 patients with amblyopia. The stimuli were consisted of spatial frequencies of 1, 2, and 4 cycles per degree (cpd) and contrast levels of 100%, 50%, 25%, and 5%. The results were analyzed in the dimensions of time and time-frequency. DWT descriptor were extracted at level 7 (7P descriptor) for Haar, Daubechies 2, Daubechies 4, Symlet 5, Biorthogonal 3.5, Biorthogonal 4.4, and Coiflet 5 wavelets for 12 stimuli and compared between the two groups. The correlation between different spatial frequencies at the same contrast level and the similarities between reconstructed signals and original waveforms were evaluated.
There were a significant reduction in P100 amplitude and a significant elevation in latency among the patient group. In the patients with amblyopia, 7P descriptor decreased in all analysis except for the frequency of 4 cpd and the contrast of 5% using bior4.4. No significant correlation was observed between different frequencies at a special contrast; however, there was a significant correlation between reconstructed signals and the original ones.
The 7P descriptor could be used to distinguish between normal and abnormal signals in anisometropia amblyopia. Considering the results, DWT with coif5, db4, bior4.4, and bior3.5 wavelets can be utilized as a good indicator for selecting optimum stimulus.

This paper presents a new and improved Torque Sharing Function (TSF) to minimize torque ripple of Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM). This approach combined of three steps. At first step, Genetic Algorithm has been used to define the best Turn-on and Turn-off angel of phase current. At second step, a fuzzy logic controller system has been designed as a new TSF. Finally, at the last step, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been used to optimize Fuzzy membership function. The two main merits of this approach are that the proposed control algorithm can be used in wide speed ranges and also three-step-design and optimization makes this approach enable to perfectly results in smooth torque. The effectiveness of this approach has been verified through a simulation of four phase 8/6 SRM in Matlab/Simulink. Obtained result from simulation shown that the produced torque was high quality and its ripple was one-third of fuzzy TSF. This proposed method is very powerful to adapt itself for various kind of SRMs with different parameters

One of the most important issues in narratologicalstudy of Masnavi is methods of reading and interpreting the allegories. The relationship between this subject and narration is best revealed when we attend to the relationship between interpretations and storylines, regardless of the content of those interpretations. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the methods by which Mawlawiinterpreted the allegories narrated in Masnavi. It can be said that presenting the interpretations on the syntagmatic axis is the most important property of Masnavi. To interpret these stories, Mawlawi reads these as separated storylines, then, presents an interpretation corresponding to each of them. Multiplicity of these storylines is the result of two factors: Multiplicity of characters and Multiplicity of sequences. In this process, the value of main storylines is equal to subsidiary ones. Therefore, sometimes, the motivation (initial interpretation) of telling an allegory is not proportionate to the final and medial ones. The validity of the storylines for presenting the interpretations is both a factor for polysemy of allegories of Masnavi, and a presenter of a narratological explanation for association in Masnavi.

Realization of national development and resistance economy requires an understanding of the existing economic possibilities and capabilities of country’s different regions. The issue is that has less attention to that subject in national development planning. In most cases, the national macro indicators are considered for regional policy makings. This paper’s main purpose is the classification of the provinces based on regional economic development indicators. First, statistical data of 72 indicators have been extracted from recent censuses, national and regional accounts and official statistics from the Statistical Center of Iran statistics books. Then, using the TOPSIS method and coefficient of variation or C.V. Index, distribution of indicators were analyzed and provinces are ranked. The results show that Tehran Province with a final score of 0/67 ranked as first, and Chaharmahalo Bakhtiaari province with a final score of 0/18 ranked in last at province ranking, so there is a significant difference in the mean ranking (is equal to 0.5), between different provinces of the country. As a result, in the current situation, based on macroeconomic indexes of regional development there are quite different between regions in means of economic indicators and is required for proper economic policy making and spatial planning in accordance with the national and regional economic capabilities in the country. Finally, the recommendations based on the findings of the study such as implementation of spatial planning have been presented.

Cities as centers of the city center to the outskirts of society, human beings are continuously evolving. In this regard, the provision of adequate housing has been accepted as the most important challenge for the population in developing countries has been increasing. Urban development dominates the landscape of the twentieth century the adverse consequences of social, economic and environmental yielded. Urban development and change is inevitable, But with proper planning and the use of indicators can be changed in order to carry endogenous development. Development within the existing urban plan of action to prevent the spread of undeveloped land on the urban and Green areas, both rural and urban areas is the development of vacant land and abandoned an appeal and sponsor to urban life. The present study was conducted to evaluate current policies of urban development for the city and whether or not the development of the city. In this study both the survey and descriptive - analytic study was used. To collect data for this study the results of the last general census of population and housing, as well as a direct reference to the center of the country's regions. Using multiple indicators to measure the development of botanical drug development is very sparse and ugly city, and the development of the not been done. In the city, due to the presence of Land within the tissue, improving the physical environment and housing development within urban development is possible but it started moving very, very slowly and is slow.

One of the steps of a research is hypothesizing that have been argued about its necessity and method in humanities. With investigating literary studies, it may be said that hypotheses haven’t any function in the research process. Critiquing the position and concept of hypotheses in literary researches, in this paper, we trace answers to these questions: why don’t hypotheses have any function in solving literary problems? Can we define a type of the hypotheses for these studies? There is a methodological difference between the concept of literary theory and theory in empirical methods. This different cause hypothesis in literary researches to lacks some properties such as Testability. In other words, due to dependence of literary researches and theories on reading, hypothesizing in literary studies is a useless and, sometimes, impossible task. Considering the implicit hypotheses instead of explicit and conventional one, maybe, we can produce a difference treatment of hypotheses for literary studies. Implicit hypotheses are not presented in the shape of a sentence, relate to step of text selecting and knot at the whole of research process.

In this paper, the design algorithm of a second throat exhaust diffuser applicable in altitude tests of large expansion ratio nozzles is presented. In this algorithm, the geometric parameters of the exhaust diffuser are classified into primary and secondary parts. The primary geometric parameters are calculated from normal shock theory incorporating with a correction coefficient. However, the secondary parameters are selected from the previously reported experimental results. Numerical simulation tool is utilized to satisfy the design candidates and to finalize the correction factor. Axis-symmetric compressible Navier–Stokes equations incorporated with two equation Kω-SST turbulence model are solved to extract the supersonic exhaust diffuser flow features. As a first stage of numerical analysis, we use an unsteady pressure-based solver to accelerate the solution procedure. At the second stage, we use steady density-based solver to enhance the accuracy of our solutions. The current numerical method is properly validated by experimental reported results in the literature. Finally, we focused on simulation results of a designed diffuser and described the flow futures at different boundary conditions. The simulation results are confirmed that the designed diffuser is suitable for proposed altitude test.

Choice theory is a theory based on inner control psychology that believes the past significantly influences in our present life but it can’t determine our current behavior. Choice theory explains that we, as humans, how to choose in order to get what we want. Due to the shortage of research about selection theory in our Iran, this study’s aim was to investigate the effect of choice theory learning on the life quality and happiness in people who quit drugs. The current study was a semi – empirical research. The research plan used a pre-test and post-test plan with control group and two months follow up. Statistical society of this study included all people who quited drugs in Tehran in 2012. About 40 people who completed the addiction treatment program in addiction treatment center were selected by random cluster sampling. Then they were grouped in two categories by simple selection method as test group (20 people) and control group (20). Two questionnaires of life quality and MUNSH happiness scale were used to collect data. The selection theory learning program was administrated in twelve sessions for period of 90 minutes for test group. The repeated measures MANCOVA were used to analyze data. The selection theory learning increased the life quality level (p≤0.000, F=50.85) and happiness (p≤0.000, F=573.05) test group in post-test stage. Also, the results has shown that over time the Intervention effect was a constant process in post-test and the follow up stages. Due to the importance of life quality level and happiness in people who quit drugs, the addiction treatment centers can help these people by learning the choice theory method to improve their life quality and increase their happiness after their addiction treatment.

Although there is a consensus about the importance of vision perception in reading, its role in development of dyslexia is highly debated. In order to understand the relationship between dyslexia and disorders of visual perception, we have compared color opponent contrast sensitivity in dyslexic children with that in normal subjects. 3 dyslexic and 3 normal children participated in this study. Their responses to stimuli produced by means of “Pattern Generator” software were recorded in three spatial frequencies: 5, 8, and 18 cycles per degree (cpd). In each spatial frequency, contrast sensitivity test was executed in two different levels (pattern detection and color discrimination) once in yellow background and once again in blue background. In general, there was no significant difference between dyslexic and normal children in almost all the tests performed. Nevertheless, dyslexic subjects have shown reduced sensitivity in pattern detection both in yellow and blue backgrounds, yet they had better sensitivity than normal subjects in color discrimination. The results from comparison between dyslexic and control groups showed that color contrast sensitivity cannot be a proper differential indicator for dyslexia. It suggests that dyslexia does not affect all functions of the visual system. However, in dyslexia we may have anomalous perceptual responses even with normal basic and primary visual functions.