alireza tavakkoli

With codification of the constitution, the Islamic Republic has passed the stage of making system and is in the stage of the Islamic State. This research attempts to clarify the layers, dimensions, components, and principles of supreme ruling (prime sovereignty) based on monotheistic system and religious democracy. The resulting exemplar could provide a basis for redesigning the Islamic State. This research, first, presents a basic and codified theory based on documentary studies in the field of ruling and sovereignty, especially in Islamic thought, which then has been reviewed, criticized, revised and finalized through additional interviews and at the end in the meeting of experts. In the exemplar of prime sovereignty, the Vali e Faqih (supreme leader who is a Jurist) is the ruler and has three responsibilities: leading the Islamic nation, leading Islamic Republic and demanding the discourse of the Islamic Revolution. The exemplar prime sovereignty has two layers, the leadership (Imam) and the social system (Islamic nation/ Ummah), and the components of each layer are divided into two parts: The components of Islamic Republic and the components of Islamic Revolution (monitoring and evaluation). In the exemplar prime sovereignty there are 33 components for the Islamic Republic, divided into the leadership layer (fifteen components) and the social system layer (eighteen components) and 22 components for the Islamic Revolution, focusing on right, justice and people's satisfaction. Principles of the prime sovereignty are specified into 37 principles: Objective (six principles), Units (five principles), Relationships (seven principles), Resources (six principles), Mode (five principles), Environment (four principles) and Hierarchy and Complexity (four principles).

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. tamari, A. bombycis and A. nomius species. Relative humidity (RH) is one of the most important parameters influencing the development of aflatoxins in pistachio orchards by Aspergillus species. The type of irrigation system affects density and frequency of the Aspergillus species in the soil. In the current study, to evaluate fungus population density three irrigation treatments (flood, drip-surface, and subsurface irrigation) were applied. In order to investigate the population density of Aspergillus flavus in different irrigation systems, sampling was done from soil and kernels of Shahpasand cultivar at Damghan's Pistachio Research Station under various types of irrigation systems implementation. The samples were inoculated on AFPA medium using serial dilution method. The results indicated that the population density of A. flavus ranged various in pistachio kernels and soils between different types of irrigation system. Through subsurface irrigation, the population density of fungal colonies was significantly at the lowest level. The results showed that the use of modified adopted subsurface irrigation system had been effective in reducing soil surface moisture and led to decrease of population density in comparison with the conventional surface drip irrigation.

Nigella sativa (N. sativa), which belongs to the botanical family of Ranunculaceae, is a widely used medicinal plant all over the world. N. sativa seeds and oil have been used in the treatment of different diseases. Various studies on N. sativa have been carried out and a broad spectrum of its pharmacological actions have been established which include antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antitussive, immunomodulator, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic and bronchodilator. This is also indicated that the majority of the therapeutic effects of N. sativa are due to the presence of thymoquinone (TQ) that is main bioactive constituent of the essential oil. According to several lines of evidence, the protective effects of this plant and its main constituent in different tissues including brain, heart, liver, kidney and lung have been proved against some toxic agents either natural or chemical toxins in animal studies. In this review article, several in vitro and animal studies in scientific databases which investigate the antidotal and protective effects of N. sativa and its main constituents against natural and chemical induced toxicities are introduced. Because human reports are rare, further studies are required to determine the efficacy of this plant as an antidote or protective agent in human intoxication.

The effects of planting date and single irrigation (SI) allocation scenarios on increasing and stability of yield were investigated to determine the total water productivity and economical water productivity (WPe), for rainfed wheat at Dryland Agricultural Research Institute in Maragheh, Iran, during 2000-2004. The treatments included three sowing dates (early, normal and late), four allocation scenarios of single irrigation (Rainfed, 50, 75 and 100 mm SI at planting time) and two wheat varieties. The partial budgeting method, marginal benefit – cost ratio, different states of water and irrigation prices, were used for evaluation of combined treatments. Single irrigation at planting time is an economical option at this region. Maximum total water productivity (5.3 kg.mm-1.ha-1), maximum net benefit (4191038 Rials.ha-1), maximum net benefit per irrigation water use, economical water productivity (13970 Rials.mm-1) and maximum benefic - cost ratio (2.28) obtained at this single irrigation allocation scenario.