فهرست مطالب ameneh yaghoobzadeh

The pretest-posttest control group design is one of the most widely used quantitative experimental design models for evaluating the efficacy of programs, treatments, and interventions. Despite the prevalence and utility of this research design, best practices for data analytical procedures are not clearly defined. Invalid results decrease the chance of generalization. Given that Iranian Journals are interested in publishing pretest-posttest control group design studies, it is important to denote the accuracy of them. The aim of the current study is to explore the correct procedure for using ANCOVA in pretest-posttest control group designs to mitigate the potential limitations of this approach. This study explores the use of ANCOVA in pretest-posttest control group design. It has been done by analyzing data from experimental studies published in five Iranian journals indexed in PubMed or Scopus between 2011 and 2018. The results indicate that among the 280 published experimental studies in these journals, 53 papers (18.9 percent) used ANCOVA as the statistical test in pretest-posttest studies. The power of the test represents the probability of detecting differences between the groups being compared when such differences exist. Our analysis concludes that ANCOVA, which runs a multiple linear regression, is a suitable method for comparing and examining pretest-posttest study designs. Implications of this study have potential utility for researchers employing the use of pretest-posttest control group designs in various fields in and outside of Iran.

Moral courage is considered as a part of the requirements of the nursing profession, and its prerequisite is the training and strengthening of this characteristic in the student period. Therefore, the present study aims to discover the experiences of nursing students from Moral courage was practiced in clinical settings.

The present study was conducted using hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Sampling was done utilizing targeted sampling method among the 7th and 8th semester nursing students who had completed their theoretical courses. Data collection continued using semi-structured interviews until data saturation, and finally 10 people participated in this study, and data analysis was done based on Dickelmann approach.

The findings of the present study indicated that there were 2 main themes including moral conscience (decisiveness in correcting actions and moral governance) and ethical strategy development (personal commitment and moral development).

The findings of this research showed that students with moral courage have moral conscience, including determination to correct actions and moral governance, and this characteristic enhances professional ethics. Considering that the main mission of nursing education is to train capable and competent nurses who have the necessary knowledge and skills to provide quality nursing care, maintain and improve the health of society, educational systems can use the results of this study to evaluate their educational programs and pay and fix their defects.

Continuous quality improvement in nursing education is crucial to ensure that the curriculum is benchmarked against international standards and best practices, while remaining relevant to the local community. Comparing current programs using a comparative approach is one of the evaluation techniques used.

The main objective of this paper is to compare the geriatric nursing program's curriculum at the master's level between Iran and the USA (specifically, the Rory Meyers College of Nursing).

This descriptive-comparative study utilized Bereday's model to assess the geriatric nursing curricula. The primary method of inquiry was through secondary sources, primarily information gathered from web pages. Similarities were identified, and comparisons were made using Bereday's Model.

We discovered several differences and only a few similarities between the two curricula. However, it's important to interpret the results with caution since these two countries have different macroenvironments and varying stages of the aging process, which significantly influence the need for geriatric medicine and nursing care.

This study can be valuable for countries that are starting to experience population aging, as it allows them to learn from well-established programs, avoid potential pitfalls, and gain insights into best practices to enhance their preparedness for advancements in nursing care.

The success of an organization is determined by its human ‎resources. Work engagement leads to higher productivity and performance of the organization. Leaders seek to understand the impact of ‎their leadership style on work engagement. This is even more important in educational organizations but research in this area is insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between department ‎manager’s leadership styles and faculty member’s work engagement in some Iranian universities of medical ‎sciences‎.

This was a descriptive-analytical correlational study. 149 people including faculty members and department managers with at least 6 months of work experience were selected through the convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included ‎a demographic questionnaire, a multi-factor leadership questionnaire, and a Schaufeli & Bakker work engagement questionnaire whose validity and reliability were examined. ‎Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.

A total of 114 faculty members with 13.42 ± 9.75 and 35 department managers with 19.91 ± 8.67 work experience participated in this study. Faculty members reported high work engagement. There was a positive and significant relationship between work engagement and interactional (P = 0.010) and transformational leadership (P = 0.001). ‎There was a significant difference between manager’s and employee’s views on the interactional ‎and transformational leadership (P < 0.001).

Managers can promote job engagement by selecting the proper leadership style, and the advantages can be leveraged to boost organizational productivity.

Endotracheal cuff pressure may be affected by various factors and interventions. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of head position change on cuff pressure of the endotracheal tube whilst undergoing mechanical ventilation.

In this semi-experimental study, 61 intubated patients undergoing mechanical ventilation were studied. Each subject was used as their own control group. First, each patient was placed in starting position and the cuff pressure was adjusted in the range of 20-30 cmH2O. Then, the head position was placed in anterior flexion, hyperextension, left lateral flexion, right lateral flexion, left rotation, and right rotation without separating the manometer from the pilot cuff. The cuff pressure was recorded and analyzed at each stage.

The endotracheal cuff pressure increased in all six head positions. The highest difference in pressure was observed in the anterior flexion and left rotation positions (p<0.001). The observed increases in cuff pressure were higher than the normal range (30 cmH2O) in a significant number of patients.

Changing the head position in mechanically ventilated patients increases endotracheal cuff pressure. Therefore, it is suggested that the cuff pressure should be re-examined and adjusted after each head position change while avoiding unnecessary movements of the head and neck of the intubated patients

 The present study aimed to assess the correlation between the sense of belonging and expectation regarding aging in the elderly.

 This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 elderly residents in Tehran and Ghazvin, Iran. The expectations regarding aging (ERA-12) was used to evaluate the same variable, and the other measurement tool was the sense of belonging instrument.

 The sense of belonging had a direct, significant correlation with expectation regarding aging (β = 0.466; P < 0.001), so that the sense of belonging could predict various dimensions of expectation regarding aging, such as physical health (β = 0.20; B = 0.08; P < 0.001), mental health (β = 0.40; B = 0.31; P < 0.001), and cognitive function (β = 0.40; B = 0.34; P < 0.001).

 Considering the obtained results, it is recommended that special attention be paid to psychological factors (e.g., sense of belonging) in order to improve interpersonal relations and healthy aging in the elderly. Furthermore, these factors have a significant impact on the life expectancy and quality of life of this population.
 

The prevalence of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) varies from region to region caused by seasonal climate changes and temperature variation. This study aimed to assess the relationship between changing meteorological conditions and incidence of AMI in Iran.

This retrospective prevalence study was based on medical records of the heart center of Mazandaran Province on all patients diagnosed with AMI in Mazandaran, northern Iran between 2013 and 2015. Patients’ sex and the day, month, year and time of hospital admission were extracted from patients’ records. Moreover, the meteorological reports were gathered.

A statistically significant difference was found between the distributions of AMI cases across 12 months of the year (P < 0.01). Fuzzy clustering analysis using 16 different climatic variables showed that March, April, and May were in the same cluster together. The other 9 months were in different clusters.

Significant increase in AMI was seen in March, April and May (cold to hot weather).

Changes of body image following breast cancer is one of the factors affecting the quality of life of women with this disease.

Thus, the factors affecting the body image need to be identified to improve their quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the body image in Iranian women diagnosed with breast cancer.

In this cross-sectional study, 200 breast cancer women were participated using convenience sampling method during April to January, 2018. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and body image questionnaires after breast cancer (BIBCQ). The data were analyzed using Univariate and Multivariate linear regression in SPSS25 at a significance level of 0.05.

The mean age of participants was 48.43 (SD=10.53). The results showed that the variables such as type of treatment (p=0.002), physical health (β=-0.49, p<0.001), economic status (β=-0.62, p<0.001), and quality of life (β=-0.41, p=0.003) had the predictability potential of the body image in those under mastectomy. Educational level (β= 0.22, p=0.02) and physical health (β=-0.25, p=0.01) factors could predict body image in people with no mastectomy.

The results of the study indicated that the improvement of the economic status has a positive effect on the body image of breast cancer. In addition, this factor can improve the quality of life in women who survive breast cancer.

Usually, the endotracheal tube cuff pressure is controlled by cuff pressure monitoring. However, the intermittent pilot‑manometer connection and disconnection may cause a change in the adjusted pressure. This study aimed to investigate changes in the endotracheal tube cuff pressure using both manual and intermittent controls.

A semi‑experimental within‑subject design was conducted. Fifty‑nine intubated patients in the Mazandaran Intensive Care Units (ICUs) participated through convenience sampling in 2018. In the control condition, first, the cuff pressure was adjusted in 25 cm H2O then it was measured without manometer‑pilot disconnection at 1 and 5 min intervals. In the intervention condition, cuff pressure was immediately adjusted in 25 cm H2O then it was measured with manometer‑pilot disconnection in the 1st and 5th minutes. Data analysis was performed using Independent t‑test, Chi‑square test, and Phi coefficient.

The mean and Standard Deviation (SD) change of cuff pressure after 1 minute, from 25 cm H2O, in the intervention condition was 20.22 (3.53) cm H2O. The mean (SD) of this change in the control condition was 25.22 (3.39) cm H2O. This difference was significant (t116 = 7.83, p < 0.001, d = 1.44). The mean (SD) change of cuff pressure after 5 minutes, from 25 cm H2O, in the intervention condition was 19.11 (2.98) cm H2O. The mean (SD) of this change in the control condition was 25.47 (4.53) cm H2O. This difference was significant (t116 = 9.24, p < 0.001, d = 1.70).

The tracheal tube cuff pressure has been significantly reduced during manual intermittent measuring. Therefore, it is suggested that continuous cuff pressure monitoring and regulation should be used.

Meteorological parameters and seasonal changes can play an important role in the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, there is almost no evidence on a national level to suggest the associations between these variables and ACS in Iran. We aim to identify the meteorological parameters and seasonal changes in relationship to ACS. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between 03/19/2015 to 03/18/2016 and used documents and records of patients with ACS in Mazandaran ProvinceHeart Center, Iran. The following definitive diagnostic criteria for ACS were used: (1) existence of cardiac enzymes (CK or CK-MB) above the normal range; (2) Greater than 1 mm ST-segment elevation or depression; (3) abnormal Q waves; and (4) manifestation of troponin enzyme in the blood. Data were collected daily, such as temperature (Celsius) changes, wind speed and its direction, rainfall, daily evaporation rate; number of sunny days, and relative humidity were provided by the Meteorological Organization of Iran. A sample of 2,054 patients with ACS were recruited. The results indicated the highest ACS events from March to May. Generally, wind speed (18 PM) [IRR = 1.051 (95% CI: 1.019 to1.083), P=0.001], daily evaporation [IRR = 1.039 (95% CI: 1.003 to 1.077), P=0.032], daily maximum (P<0.001) and minimum (P=0.003) relative humidity was positively correlated withACS events. Also, negatively correlated variables were daily relative humidity (18 PM) [IRR =0.985 (95% CI: 0.978 to 0.992), P<0.001], and daily minimum temperature [IRR = 0.942 (95%CI: 0.927 to 0.958), P<0.001]. Climate changes were found to be significantly associated with ACS; especially from cold weather to hot weather in March, April and May. Further research is needed to fully understand the specific conditions and cold exposures.

The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between seasonal changes and incidence of AMI in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran.

Although various studies have been carried out to examine the relationship between seasonal changes and incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) in different parts of the world, many of them have limitations and there are many contradictions between their findings. Despite considerable prevalence of AMI in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, similar studies have not been conducted in this area.

This cross-sectional study was done based on medical data of heart center of Sistan and Baluchestan Province from March 2015 to April 2016. In this study, census sampling was achieved of all the patients with AMI symptoms. Variables such as age, sex, marital status, birth date, physical symptoms, and past medical history; and also meteorological parameters such as minimum, maximum and average of temperature (Celsius), and wind direction were collected.

Except of mean rainfall, mean rate of other parameters had statistically significant differences during 12-month period of the study. Spearman correlation test showed a positive statistically significant correlation of incidence of AMI during one year with sunshine hours (r=0.685, p=0.014), and maximum daily temperature (r=0.626, p=0.030).

Finding revealed that raising temperature had direct relationship with incidence of AMI. The findings could be a foundation for governmental important health plans to control the incidence of AMI.

A consistent approach to pain assessment for patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) is a major difficulty for health practitioners due to some patients’ inability, to express their pain verbally. This study aimed to assess pain behaviors (PBs) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients at different levels of consciousness. This study used a repeated-measure, within-subject design with 35 patients admitted to an ICU. The data were collected through observations of nociceptive and non-nociceptive procedures, which were recorded through a 47-item behavior-rating checklist. The analyses were performed by SPSS ver.13 software. The most frequently observed PBs during nociceptive procedures were facial expression levator contractions (65.7%), sudden eye openings (34.3%), frowning (31.4%), lip changes (31.4%), clear movement of extremities (57.1%), neck stiffness (42.9%), sighing (31.4%), and moaning (31.4%). The number of PBs exhibited by participants during nociceptive procedures was significantly higher than those observed before and 15 minutes after the procedures. Also, the number of exhibited PBs in patients during nociceptive procedures was significantly greater than that of exhibited PBs during the non-nociceptive procedure. The results showed a significant difference between different levels of consciousness and also between the numbers of exhibited PBs in participants with different levels of traumatic brain injury severity. The present study showed that most of the behaviors that have been observed during painful stimulation in patients with traumatic brain injury included facial expressions, sudden eye opening, frowning, lip changes, clear movements of extremities, neck stiffness, and sighing or moaning.

The pre-post test study with control group is one of the most widely used methods to evaluate clinical research and educational designs. The data analysis of this design is done in a variety of ways. However, considering that the interaction between the pre-test score and intervention score is considered a threat for external validity in these types of study designs, the ANCOVA test is recommended for its control. Also, due to the importance of accurately estimating the effect size of intervention, it is necessary to assess the differences in the accuracy of its estimate among conventional methods. In this regard, the ANCOVA test, a common linear model that combines the analysis of variance and regression, estimates the effect size better than other common analyzes. In this article, the data of a hypothetical study were analyzed using these two tests to clarify the different results between the independent t-test and the ANCOVA test. The result showed that the obtained effect size from ANCOVA was greater than that from the independent t-test. Therefore, it is suggested that the ANCOVA test be used to analyze the data and estimate the effect size in the pre-post test designs with control group.

Research indicates that the age of onset of first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is an essential element in the life expectancy that has been decreasing in developing countries. There are various studies performed in Iran reporting a range of ages at time of AMI. Thus, this meta-analysis study is designed to determine the mean age at first AMI in the Iranian population. All studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were reviewed using standard keywords in the databases from 2000 to 2016. Two raters verified a total of
658 articles. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria of this study for meta-analysis. Cochran test and I-squared (I2) were used for samples’ homogeneity. Pooled estimates of mean were calculated using the random effects inverse-variance model. The mean age of AMI varied between 55.9 to 62.9 years among the primary studies. The pooled mean age of first AMI with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the total sample, men, and women were 59 (58.9, 60.4), 58.7 (58.3, 59.2), and 64.2 (63.5, 64.8), respectively. Our meta-analysis shows that the mean age of first onset of AMI in Iranian people is slightly lower than that reported elsewhere; and it is lower for men than for women.

Depression is one of the most psychological outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infraction, which can affect the sleep quality in these patients. Given that adequate sleep has important effect on heart function, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the correlation between sleep quality with death and cardiac depression in patient with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
In this descriptive-correlational study, 407 patients with acute myocardial infarction, who were admitted to the CCU wards of the Fatemeh Zahra Educational Center of Sari city, were selected using simple random sampling method. Data were collected by Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS), Death Depression Scale (DDS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Pearson correlation tests.
The mean age of the male patients (64.95±17.00; CI95: 62.71-67.19) was more than the mean age of women (62.22±15.48; CI95: 59.96-64.48). The mean score of death depression (68.94±17.24; CI95: 67.26-70.62) and cardiac depression (109.00±16.49; CI95: 107.39-110.60), were below the fifth percentile. Multivariate regression analysis showed that change in cardiac depression score (B=0.036, β=0.153), increasing education levels (B=1.55, β=-0.121), and no history of antidepressant usage (B=4.32, β=0.123), can be significantly independent predictive factors of the variance of sleep quality score in acute myocardial infarction patients.
According to the results of this study, although cardiac depression, education level, and non-use of antidepressant drugs are considered as affecting factors in the prediction of sleep quality in acute myocardial infarction patients, sleep quality is affected by more factors. Therefore, further studies are needed in this area.

Sexual dysfunction is one of the impacts of cancer. Several factors have affect on improving or exacerbating sexual function. This study aimed to assess predictive factors of sexual function in women with gynecologic cancer.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study (during January to June, 2016), 800 patients with gynecologic cancers from two hospitals affiliated to Qazvin University of Medical Sciences were chosen by convenience sampling method. Data was collected using demographic questionnaire and Rosen sexual function index. In order for data analysis, descriptive (e.g the mean and standard deviation for continuous data, and the number (percentage) for qualitative) nominal variables and inferential statistics like multiple linear regression analysis were done. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS22.
The mean score of sexual function among gynecologic cancer patients was reported 18.88 ±.36 (CI95: 18.17-19.59) and showed low level of sexual function. The results of the linear regression model showed that duration of disease (β = -.107, P =.001), stage of the cancer (β = -.908, P =.004), type of treatment (β =.563, P =.005), and social protection (β=.341, P=.001) can significantly predict women`s sexual function.
Considering the results of present study, four factors including duration of disease, stage of cancer, type of treatment and social support were found important to predict the sexual function in women with gynecological cancer. So, it is suggested to perform educational programs through media and health care centers in order to promote the awareness of patients, families, illness perception, and as the whole population.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate clinical manifestations of acute myocardial infarction as classified by age and gender.
This cross sectional study was conducted in a coronary care unit of a regional urban medical center in northern Iran (Amol). A total of 366 patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction were recruited from January to June 2013. Patient demographic information, past medical history, and current symptom data were collected.
Multivariate logistic analyses were performed to identify risk predictors of myocardial infarction patients classified by age and gender. Risk predictors for older patients were dyspnea, OR = 1.76 (95% CI 1.01, 3.06), weakness odds ratio = 2.35 (95% CI 1.31, 4.21), nausea odds ratio = 1.83 (95% CI 1.04, 3.20), vomiting odds ratio = 2.48 (95% CI 1.34, 4.57), fatigue odds ratio=1.87 (95% CI 1.02, 3.39), belching, odds ratio = 2.13 (95% CI 1.08, 4.20), and hiccups odds ratio = 2.81 (95% CI 1.25, 6.30). Sub group analysis in older women patients identified weakness odds ratio = 3.13 (95% CI 1.11, 8.85), and belching odds ratio = 34.70 (95% CI 3.86, 312.2) as risk predictors. Among older men patients, the predominant symptoms were sweating odds ratio = 3.74 (95% CI 1.06, 13.2) and vomiting odds ratio = 2.54 (95% CI 1.10, 5.91).
This study concludes that older acute myocardial infraction patients were more likely to have non-specific symptoms. Initial assessment for acute myocardial infarction should consider the possibility of non-specific clinical manifestations, such as weakness and belching in older women, and sweating and vomiting in older men.

The psychometric properties of a scale should be re-assessed routinely with different samples to ensure its generalizability. The present study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the Persian Version of Death Depression Scale (DDS) in Iranian patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI).
The face validity, content validity and construct validity (i.e. factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity) of the DDS were assessed using a sample of 407 AMI patients. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using the ratio chi-square by degrees of freedom (χ2/df), the Goodness-of-fit index (GFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Incremental Fit Index (IFI), Normed Fit Index (NFI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed using average variance extracted (AVE), maximum shared squared variance (MSV), and average shared square variance (ASV). Internal consistency, test–retest, and construct reliability (CR) were used to assess reliability of the Persian Version of DDS.
Based on principle component analysis and consideration of conceptual meaning, a four-factor solution was selected, explaining 75.89% of the total variance. Goodness-of-fit indices (c2(98) = 583.646, p The DDS was found to be a valid and reliable assessment tool for death depression in Iranian patients with AMI.

Background and Death depression is a common phenomenon among cancer patients that many factors could influence it. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the factors and finding an influencing path out of death depression.
A cross-sectional study (April to July, 2016) was done in 497 cancer patients who were recruited from those attending Cancer Centers in Sari (Imam Khomeini Hospital) and Kerman, Iran. The patients were selected by convenience sampling. Data was collected using demographic questionnaire, death depression scale, and Pargament`s religious coping scale (the RCOPE).
The mean age and death depression score of cancer patients were 48.38±15.22 and 69.92±18.40, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed economic status (β=5.37), cancer stage (β=-2.80), and religious coping behaviors (β=-0.34) as predictive variables of death depression. Path analysis revealed that economic status and cancer stage had both direct and indirect impacts on death depression but religious coping behaviors directly influenced death depression.
According to the model identified by path analysis, religious coping behaviors is the only variable that has a direct impact on the level of death depression which is influenced by the stage of cancer. However, economic status and stage of cancer could explain the death depression by direct and indirect influences.

Hardiness as one of the personality traits is an important factor in predisposing risky behaviors including addiction.
This research examines the relationship between hardiness and addiction potential and identifies socio-economic determinants of hardiness and tendency to addiction among medical students in Iran.
In this study, 577 medical students selected based on the convenience sampling method were examined. They were selected from five faculties of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected on hardiness scale, addiction potential scale and demographic variables. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics powered by SPSS (v. 22).
Research results showed that there was a negative relationship between hardiness and addiction potential (r = -227, P Hardiness had a significant negative relationship with tendency to addiction. Regarding demographic factors that were found to be the predictors of hardiness and addiction potential, a consistent pattern was observed in which those who had high tendency for addition were low in hardiness. This is not surprising since hardiness is a shield that provides a defense mechanism for coping behavior when a person is faced with negative life events or adverse life conditions. Based on the results, individuals high in hardiness are perhaps less likely to resort to drugs. However, further researches are recommended on this subject.

Emotional intelligence is one of the main issues in the psychological area which plays an important role in various aspects of life such as achievement motivation. This study aimed to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic motivation and also to study the determinant factors of these main variables in medical sciences students.
In this descriptive correlational study (January to March 2016), 402 students were recruited from five schools of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences by quota sampling method. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, Bradberry & Greaves Emotional Intelligence and Vallerand Academic Motivation Scale. In order for data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics like Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS version 22.
The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and academic motivation among students (r =0.464, P Results of the present study show that there was a relationship between emotional intelligence and academic motivation. Therefore, proper planning and providing appropriate educational services are recommended to enhance emotional intelligence and strengthen motivation for academic achievement.

Due to increasing recognition of the importance of death anxiety for understanding human nature, it is important that researchers who investigate death anxiety have reliable and valid methodology to measure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Templer Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS) in family caregivers of cancer patients.
A sample of 326 caregivers of cancer patients completed a 15‑item questionnaire. Principal components analysis (PCA) followed by a varimax rotation was used to assess factor structure of the DAS. The construct validity of the scale was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Convergent and discriminant validity were also examined. Reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and construction reliability.
Based on the results of the PCA and consideration of the meaning of our items, a three‑factor solution, explaining 60.38% of the variance, was identified. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) then supported the adequacy of the three‑domain structure of the DAS. Goodness‑of‑fit indices showed an acceptable fit overall with the full model {χ2(df) = 262.32 (61), χ2/df = 2.04 [adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) = 0.922, parsimonious comparative fit index (PCFI) = 0.703, normed fit Index (NFI) = 0.912, CMIN/DF = 2.048, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.055]}. Convergent and discriminant validity were shown with construct fulfilled. The Cronbach’s alpha and construct reliability were greater than 0.70.
The findings show that the Persian version of the TDAS has a three‑factor structure and acceptable validity and reliability.

Sexual satisfaction has been considered as one of the basic physiological needs, with significant impact on the health of individuals and society. In order to understand this concept better and dealing with crises and issues arising from it, the development of a specific questionnaire for measuring sexual satisfaction among Iranian couples is required. The present study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Persian Version of Index of Sexual Satisfaction in couples in 2013.
In this methodological study, 150 Iranian couples living in Qazvin completed the 25- item Larson's sexual satisfaction questionnaire. Reliability was determined by the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficients. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was done by SPSS-AMOS22.
Cronbach's alpha values for all positives and negative items were above 0.70. By using exploratory principal components analysis, with Varimax orthogonal rotation and an eigenvalue cut-off of 1.0, three factors were produced that explained more than 42.73% of the data. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the final factor construct of Larson sexual Satisfaction questionnaire.
Persian version of Larson sexual Satisfaction questionnaire has suitable validity and reliability to be used among the Iranian couples. The factor analysis demonstrated that Larson sexual Satisfaction questionnaire has a multi-dimensional structure. With consideration of the proper psychometric characteristics, this questionnaire can be used to measure sexual satisfaction in this population.

Researchers, in qualitative researches, both influences on and take effect from the research process. One of the main issues in qualitative research is validity of the researcher as an instrument of data collection. If the researcher does not have enough validity in the data collection, the results of the study will also not be cited. The researcher as instrument provides an opportunity for researchers to enter into the unknown world of individual about the phenomena in question and sometimes faced many challenges in reaching this goal. This study has been reviewing the opportunities and challenges of researchers as an instrument in the qualitative research.
This was a review study on the methodology of qualitative research. Using keywords including qualitative research, instrument, challenges, and opportunities, articles and available books were investigated in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Proquest, Magiran ¡SCI ¡IranDoc, SID, Medlib, IranMedex databases with no time limit. The Quality of the articles was assessed by using the McMaster Critical Review Form for Qualitative studies.
Findings: Studies over 12 books and 18 articles showed that the role of the researcher can be varied in different qualitative research designs such as phenomenology researches, grounded theory, ethnography, and content analysis researches. Also previous experience and skills in the process of observation and interview, having effective communication and asking the appropriate questions have an important impact on the role of researchers as a key factor in qualitative research.
Researchers have the main role, especially in data gathering of different types of qualitative researches. Actually they are factors that validate the data. Experience and skills, ability to communicate, asking the right questions are the most important factors that have an influence on doing qualitative research in an appropriate ways.

The study’s purpose was to determine reliability and validity of the King spiritual intelligence questionnaires in veterans of Iran–Iraq Warfare. In this cross sectional study, 300 veterans of the Iran-Iraq war completed the King spiritual intelligence questionnaires. Principal components analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation was used to assess domain structure of the King spiritual intelligence questionnaires. Internal and external consistency reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Internal consistency of King spiritual intelligence questions estimated with Cronbach's alpha, 0.872 and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).872 (CI 95%: 0.84 - 0.89). The construct validity of the questionnaire was calculated using exploratory factor analysis that showed 3 factors with Eigen values of greater than one, which explained in total 44.7% of the variance. (1, 8 items, &alpha= 0.87 2, 5. items &alpha = 0.89 3, 2 items, &alpha= 0.51). The Persian version of King spiritual intelligence questionnaire demonstrated suitable validity and reliability among the Veterans of Iran–Iraq Warfare. With the consideration of the proper psychometric characteristics, this questionnaire can be used to further research spiritual intelligence in this population.