فهرست مطالب amin

The thought of takfir is referred to the issue of Salafism and returning to the thought and practice of the Salaf, which has been propagated by people such as Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Abd al-Wahhab since the beginning of Islam, and has spread in the contemporary era. This study aims to examine the internal factors of the Islamic world in the expansion of the thought of takfir. Internal factors are those internal conditions of Islamic societies that have prepared the ground for the formation and expansion of this concept. Thus, the question arises as to what factors within the Islamic world have caused the promotion and expansion of the idea of takfir in the contemporary era? It seems that the idea of takfir by creating ideas and attracting audiences through the mechanisms of referring to the early Companions of the early days of Islam and by abusing some Islamic values, were able to distance them from the circle of Islamic sacred concepts and give them a legitimate and ideological status in the minds of their supporters. Also, the experience of takfiri groups like ISIS shows that the idea of takfir is more attractive to the audience of regions that are facing poverty, ignorance, unawareness, division and instability. The current study has taken advantage of the descriptive-analytical method and constructivist theory to analyze the set of internal factors involved in the expansion of the thought of takfir.

The main purpose of this research is to analyze and classify educational institutions of Iranian classical music in the last one hundred and fifty years, to explain the quality of education and educational institutions. With this goal in mind, the basic question of this research is to explore the causes of the qualitative stagnation of Iranian classical music in the last few decades, through the study, investigation and analysis of education and educational institutions. In this regard, based on lived experience and citing library data, the authors with using the inductive method in data analysis and the qualitative research method specifically of the historical-analytical type, and by adopting a sociological framework and benefiting from some opinions of sociology of art, after presenting a sociological classification of music education institutions in Iran, and their confrontation with traditional methods and western methods, they have tried to consider the nature of Iranian classical music, to examine and analyze the social phenomena affecting education and how educational coordinates reflect upon the life of Iranian classical music. The findings obtained in this article indicate that the shortcomings related to education and educational institutions, such as ignoring the epistemology of education, uninformed efforts to implement western models, excessive increase of educational centres, management weaknesses and confusion of cultural structure, have a destructive effect on the perceptual-cognitive level of the department. It has a significant number of art and music students, resulting in the qualitative stagnation of Iranian classical music in the last few decades.

Univariate calibration method is a simple, cheap and easy to use procedure in analytical chemistry. A univariate analysis will be successful if a selective signal can be found for the analyte(s). In this work, two simple ways were used to find the selective signals, spectral ratio plot (SRP) and loading plot (LP). Both of them were able to discover the selective regions in the recorded data sets. For SRP, the spectral profiles of unknown mixture and standard sample of analyte were necessary. However, in LP, multivariate data of standard addition procedure was necessary to discover the selective zones. After discovering the selective wavelengths, the standard addition method can be used to determine the concentration of given analyte. The standard addition curve was interpolated to reduce any bias error. To demonstrate the ability of LP and SRP, several synthetic and real datasets were analyzed and the results were reported. The SRP and LP were used to determine some additives in food and hygienic real samples using spectrophotometric data.

Gamma radiation-attenuated vaccine has a very promising value in controlling schistosomiasis. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of vaccination with gamma radiation-attenuated schistosomules regarding histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in mice model of human Schistosoma mansoni infection.

The study is conducted upon 40 mice, divided into four groups of 10 each: uninfected control group A (normal control), Schistosoma mansoni infected group B (infected control), Group C subcutaneously injected with 200 Gy gamma radiation–attenuated schistosomules (vaccine control) and group D injected with the same dose of gamma radiation-attenuated schistosomules then challenged after 4 weeks by S. mansoni cercariae (vaccinated-challenged). Parts of liver tissues stained with Masson's trichrome (MT) stain for classifying the granulomas into cellular, fibrocellular or fibrous according to the amount of collagens; stained bluish green. Immunohistochemistry assay was then done on the other portion through expression of Smad2/3 protein and CD8+ in the extracellular matrix (ECM).

Compared to control infected group, mild histopathological changes with decrease of egg granulomas mainly cellular is detected in vaccinated-challenged group. This is accompanied with moderate immunohistochemical expression of Smad2/3 and CD8+ proteins in vaccine-control group and mild expression in vaccinated-challenged group.

The The results indicate that vaccination with 200 Gy gamma-irradiated schistosomules could reduce histopathological and immunohistochemical changes induced due to infection which represents an effective strategy in disease control.

Today technological changes have had a significant impact on the constituent elements of the educational structure in a way that the educational system has inevitably been forced to adopt new approaches such as the implementation of school-based system in board of trustee’s schools. As an unavoidable requirement, it is believed that this system holds the key to solving a myriad of current educational problems. The basic aim of this research was to present an operational model for evaluating the performance of the board of trustee’s schools with regard to a ten-year lack in Iran’s education system from the perspective of school-based management system. In terms of quality, the researcher has investigated the research subject, using the grounded theory, to identify the criteria and indicators of school-based management system so as to evaluate the performance of the board of trustee’s schools. The statistical community of research consisted of 20 planners and policy makers of the Ministry of Education especially public participation, faculty members from prestigious universities as well as managers and teachers of the board of trustee’s schools. Out of this pool, twelve members were finally selected to be interviewed under the title of the Delphi committee members. In this research, semi-structured interviews were used. The findings which were obtained from the analysis of qualitative data in-depth interviews with the participants ( Delphi committee members), and open, axial and selected coding as well as content analysis of the interviews showed that 12 categories and main factors, as participation, organizational commitment, flexibility, autonomy, devolution, accountability, responsibility, decentralization, mission, empowerment, restructuring and organizational culture, respectively and 38 sub-factors were also identified. The research results demonstrate that the implementation of the school management system for evaluating the performance of the board of trustee's schools is at an intermediate and mediocre level. This study provides a model through which it can practically and concretely evaluate the performance and functions of these schools. In addition, this assessment can expedite the anti-decentralization process following a universal model of school-based management. In addition to paving the way and taking the current research model into account, it is essential that, in a long-term effort (at least 5 years) the preconditions become provided and implementation of the school-based management gradually take place in such schools.

Many factors including climate, type of rootstock, soil properties, geological factors, plant nutrition and irrigation affect the quantity and quality of orange fruit. In this study, the relations between citrus orchards conditions, their soil properties and leaf elements concentration and fruit quality were evaluated. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design and soil, fruit and leaf samples were collected from six different regions of Darab, Fars, Iran. After fruit sampling, land properties such as physiographic features, slope, gravel, altitude and soil physical and chemical properties such as percent of sand, silt, clay, organic matter, calcium carbonate, pH and electrical conductivity and also N, P, K, Fe and Zn availability were determined. Several morphological and qualitative characteristics of fruit including, rind and flesh weight, rind thickness, length, diameter, fruit granulation, flavor, sugar and fruit juice acidity were determined. The contents of N, P, K, Fe and Zn in the collected leaves were determined. Three random samples were taken for each orchard and each replicate consisted of one tree. Results showed that fruit weight was correlated with the land slope, soil pH, electrical conductivity, soil organic matter content, soil N, P and K and leaf K content. Rind thickness showed a significant positive correlation with parameters such as land slope, electrical conductivity, organic matter, silt, clay and soil N, P and Zn and leaf N and K content. However, there was a significant negative correlation between rind thickness and soil gravel and sand contents. The relations between fruit granulation and soils calcium carbonate, gravel, organic matter content and soil K concentration were significant. TSS to TA ratio in fruit juices had significant negative correlation with land altitude, soils silt, calcium carbonate contents and leaf K content. Generally, many soil properties had significant effects on fruit quality but it seems that soil texture, organic matter, pH, P and K were more effective on fruit quality.

Anti-retroviral therapy has raised life expectancy of HIV+ patients, but, it is associated with some adverse effects. Physical exercise as a non-pharmacological approach could be helpful in reducing some adverse effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of resistance training (RT) and lifestyle modification program (LMP) on TCD+ cell count and body composition of HIV+ patients. In a clinical trial, HIV+ patients (n=31) were randomly assigned into the following groups: RT (n=12), LMP (n=13), and control (n=6). In RT group, trainings were carried out using elastic bands (3 times a week/ 8 weeks). Participants in LMP did recreational sport activities and attended life style modification classes (twice a week/ 8 weeks). The control group was observed without any intervention. TCD4+cell count and body composition characteristics were assessed before and after the study. Compared with LMP, RT significantly improved anthropometric characteristics
(P< 0.05). TCD4+cell counts increased significantly in both intervention groups, compared to those of the control group (P< 0.05). Interventions in current study, as non-pharmacological therapy, could be used alongside anti-retroviral therapy to improve immune competence and counteracting with unwanted changes in body composition of people with HIV.
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT201604034076N18)

 In a particular kind of organizational behavior, a member of the organization at least two interpersonal communication situations with other stakeholders in the organization issues different and sometimes contradictory behaviors on a single attitudinal issue, only one or none of them is consistent with his (her) actual attitude. Such a form of organizational behavior is known by the name of hypocrisy in interpersonal communication. Trust have the most effect on interpersonal behavior, because it influences the efficiency and accuracy of communications. If trust is affected by factors such as leadership style and Perceived climate of silence and reduced, the ground for happening hypocritical behavior will be provided. One of the style of leadership that can confuse interpersonal trust and create organizational silence is the style of Bully leadership. This study examine the effect of bully leadership style on hypocritical behavior. The mediating role of interpersonal trust between bully leadership and hypocritical behavior and the moderator role of perceived climate of silence on the relationship between interpersonal trust and hypocritical behavior were also investigated.  One of the most harmful leadership species is bully leadership, a leader who apply psychological or physical abuse of power against someone who is in a weaker position. The bully leader is heavily angry, bad-tempered and jealous of others; hence he decomposes and destroys the others. Hypocrisy is a kind of lie in which a person pretends to have a particular attitude to be holy or justified to others. Hypocritical behavior is a behavior in which a person, without changing his attitude, displays a heterogeneous behavior for a particular attitude. Hypocritical behavior has many implications, such as the darkness of trust in interpersonal relationships and the reduction of group performance, and affects the long-term organizational stability and relief of organization members. Trust is defined as a mutual treaty with others to achieve the goal and conduct behavior. Trust is a positive expectation from the other side, in which the individual is confident that the other party does not act opportunistically through words, actions or decisions and can be relied upon on him in various situations. Interpersonal communication will become mistrust if the behaviors of honesty, immorality and ignorance of values, accuracy, truth and stability of behavior are revealed. The climate of silence is the dominant atmosphere of organization in which members of the organization prefer not to manifest disadvantages and problems of the organization. Because they believe that it is not worthwhile to say and its consequences in the future come back to themselves. The climate of silence will lead to the organizational silence. In this case, interpersonal trust will also be destroyed. A leader who applies the style of leadership based on distrust to employees, actually provokes distrust, and the less trust between members of an organization is, the more the range of hypocritical behaviors in interpersonal communication is increased.  Population of the study consist of the staff of one of the military organizations of Qazvin province which 81 people are selected based on Cochran’s formula and convenience sampling method. Questionnaires are used to collect the required data. The collected data were analyzed Using confirmatory factor analysis, Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software.  Data analysis consists of two parts: a) descriptive statistics (demographic characteristics of the statistical sample) and b) inferential statistics (testing research hypotheses). In the inferential statistics section, fitting the model was confirmed and the model was evaluated in two modes of estimating the standard coefficients and significant magnitudes and given that all the research hypotheses had a value of t greater than 1.96, all assumptions were confirmed. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the bully leadership has a positive and significant effect on the hypocritical behavior, which suggests that leaders avoid the occurrence of Machiavellian behaviors and practices that provide flattery. It has also been shown that bully leadership has a negative and significant impact on interpersonal trust, and thus it is suggested organizational leaders will focus on the negative consequences of bullying on interpersonal trust and lead their leadership style towards positive leadership styles, such as ethical Leadership. The results indicated that interpersonal trust has a negative and significant effect on the hypocritical behavior. Accordingly, organizational leaders should be bound to the principle of honesty in order to build trust among employees; providing opportunities for exchange of views and values in the organization; and respecting for justice among employees.

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is an important subtropical, monoecious, dioeocious and polygamous tree which belongs to Ebenaceae family. Because of low total seed and low viability seed in persimmon, grafting on seedling rootstock is generally used for its propagation. The common rootstock is Diospyros lotus, but its seeds have long dormancy. So, the study was carried out to investigate the effects of stratification (0, 25, 50 and 70 days) at 4-70C, scarification with (97%) sulphuric acid (0, 2.5, 5 and7.5 minute) and GA3 (0, 250, 500 and 750 mgL-1) on seed germination of D. lotus. Results showed that the most germination rate was observed in GA3 at 250 mgL-1. Stratification for 70 days had the most germination percent. The most germination uniformity was observed in GA3 at 500 mgL-1. In scarification plus stratification, the germination percent was lower than control and stratification.

Sumithion is an organophosphorous pesticide widely used to control tiger bugs in fish larval rearing pond. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of sumithion on plankton population abundance in aquaculture pond. The experiment was carried out with three treatments, i.e. ponds with no sumithion (T1), ponds with 1.0 ppm sumithion (T2) and those with 2.0 ppm sumithion (T3). The water quality parameters, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and total alkalinity were almost unchanged throughout the study period whereas transparency, NO3-N and PO4-P values declined with an increase in sumithion concentrations but differences were not significant (p<0.05). No distinct changes were observed in population densities of phytoplankton (x cells L-1). On the other hand, the zooplankton population densities (x Ind L-1) significantly (p<0.05) decreased with toxicity of sumithion after 30 days up to the end of experimental period in both T2 and T3 compared to the control group (T1). The ranges of pH, organic carbon (%), available phosphorus (ppm) and total nitrogen (%) of pond bottom-sediment did not differ irrespective of the treatments. This study demonstrated that sumithion has adverse effects on zooplankton which may influence the production in aquaculture pond.

Carbamazepine is one of the hydrophilic compounds identified in aquatic environments. Due to toxicity and bio-stability of this psychotropic pharmaceutical in the environment and humans, its removal efficiency and mineralization are important. In this study, synthesized Fe@Fe2O3 nanowires were applied to improve Fenton oxidation process using FeCl3.6H2O and NaBH4. The effects of different parameters such as initial pH, H2O2, FeSO4.7H2O, carbamazepine concentrations, oxidation time, and nanowires dose were evaluated using response surface methodology. After scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffract meter analysis, Fe@Fe2O3 morphology was synthesized in the form of nanowires with diameters of about 40-80 nm. The optimum oxidation conditions for carbamazepine were established at pH= 4.3, reaction time of 45.9 min, nanowire dose of 179.4 mg/L as well as H2O2, FeSO4.7H2O and carbamazepine concentrations of 22, 52.2 and 7.7 mg/L, respectively. The oxidation efficiency (99.5%) achieved under the optimum condition, which was determined by the model, was consistent with the efficiency predicted by the model. The multi-parameter models showed good calibration and prediction abilities with R2= 0.922, R2adj= 0.907, R2pred= 0.868. According to the results, the carbamazepine degradation rate increased with the increase of Fe2+ due to the synergistic effect between Fe@Fe2O3 and Fe2+ on the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 and generation of OH•. It was concluded that the Fenton process based on the Fe@Fe2O3 nanowires can increase the carbamazepine oxidation rate in aqueous solutions. This method can also be used as an effective and pre-treatment process in the conventional treatment plants. Catalytic effect of Fe@Fe2O3 nanowires and Fenton process on carbamazepine removal from aqueous solutions using response surface methodology Analysis by SEM, EDX and XRD tests show that Fe@Fe2O3 is formed as nanowire and chain clusters through chemical interactions,
Carbamazepine degradation rate increases with the increase of Fe2+ due to the synergistic effect between Fe@Fe2O3 and ferrous ion,
Statistical analysis show that RSM is a reliable tool for optimizing Fenton/Fe@Fe2O3 oxidation of carbamazepine,
The results of Fenton process experiments show that the efficiency of carbamazepine degradation increases with the increase of Fe@Fe2O3, H2O2 and FeSO4. 7H2O.

Normal amount of saliva is necessary for prevention of oral lesions, caries, and proper speech. The purpose of this research was to study the salivary flow rate in HIV-1 seropositive attending Tehran Imam Khomeini Hospital. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 individuals including 25 HIV-1 seropositive patients (case group) and 25 healthy people (control group) attending the Counseling Center for Behavioral Diseases in Tehran Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran. The saliva rate was measured during 10 min. The case and control groups were matched in terms of age, gender, history of smoking, and other drugs (p< 0.9). People with history of drug abuse, alcohol, and systemic diseases were excluded from the study. Data analysis was done in SPSS. Salivary flow rate in controls and case group were 4.6±0.86 ml/min and 3.6±1.8 ml/min, respectively. In the case group, the salivary rate was significantly lower than that of the control group (p= 0.01). Moreover, significant associations were seen between salivary flow rate and educational level (p<0.05), anti-retroviral consumption (p=0.0004), and low CD4 count (p=0.0004). Salivary flow rate in HIV positive patients could be affected by HIV. So, clinicians should pay attention to oral problems more rigorously in people living with HIV.

The main objectives of the present study are to both evaluate the level of awareness about air pollution and examine the determinants, likely to affect this awareness. As a result, it discusses influential factors on air pollution awareness, presenting findings from a case study, conducted in the city of Isfahan, Iran, wherein 400 individuals have been selected via proportional random sampling and the data has been collected by means of a questionnaire, provided by the authors, the validity of which has been confirmed by a panel of experts. As for the assessment of the questionnaire’s reliability, this study has used Cronbach's alpha to find out that it has been beyond 0.7 for all variables. The data have been analyzed, using descriptive and inferential statistics, such as the extent of mean, standard deviation, the coefficient of variation, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. Results from the latter show that level of education, level of using information sources, membership, motivation, and participation could explain 50% of the variations in the level of awareness concerning air pollution.

The electronic structure and spectra of 3-formylchromone and some of its derivatives are investigated using TD-DFT/B3LYB/6-311G (d, p) level of theory. The results of calculations show that all the studied compounds 1–6 are planar, as indicated from the dihedral angles. The electronic absorption spectra of the studied compounds are recorded in the UV-Vis region, in both ethanol (as polar solvent) and dioxane (as non-polar solvent). The observed vertical electronic transitions assignments are facilitated via time-dependent density functional theory TD-DFT. The theoretical spectra computed at CAM-B3LYP/6-311G (d, p) in gas phase, ethanol and dioxane nicely reproduce the observed spectra. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis were discussed in terms of the extent of delocalization, intermolecular charge transfer and second order perturbation interactions between donor and acceptor MOs. The calculated EHOMO and ELUMO esame level of theory and compared with the proto type Para-Nitro-Aniline (PNA), show promising optical properties. 3D-plots of the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) for some of the studied compounds are investigated and analyzed showing the distribution of electronic density of orbital's describing the electrophilic and nucleophilic sites of the selected molecules. The biological activity of the studied compounds was tested against gram positive, gram negative and Fungi.

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a solid extra-medullary tumor of immature myeloid cells which could occur before, during or after remission of acute leukemia at any site on the body. Owing to variation in differential diagnosis, pathologic evaluation and immunohistochemical staining are essential for definitive diagnosis. Rarely, MS has been shown as an isolated extramedullary relapse (iEMR) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), which often does not necessarily result in bone marrow involvement. It seems that despite chemotherapy and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects on bone marrow, leukemic cells could remain alive in the extra-medullary region. However, in order to achieve longer survival, timely diagnosis as well as combined systemic, local, and cellular therapeutic modalities should be considered in any patient with iEMR after allo-SCT. We report a left lateral neck isolated MS presented as acute otitis externa in a patient with prior allo-SCT due to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Therefore, MS should be considered in patients with any history of acute leukemia even if the patient presents with signs and symptoms of an infectious disease.

Developing an appropriate plan for distribution department is significant because of its influence on company's other costs and customers' satisfaction. In this study, a new bi-objective mix-integer linear programming model developed for scheduling two groups of experienced and inexperienced distribution staff based on capillary marketingin Pak Pasteurized Dairy Products Company of Guilan province in order to reduce costs and increase sales along with customer satisfaction. Several constraints are taken into account at the model.The model solving results using the epsilon constraint method, which provides a set of Pareto responses and solved by GAMS software, shows efficiency of the model to solve small-size problems. In order to evaluate the validity of model in large scale problem, with respect to NP-hardness of the problem, a multi objective water flow-like optimization (MOWFO) algorithm was expanded. For evaluation the suggested method, several problems were expanded and the efficiency of the method was compared with a multi-objective invasive weed optimization (MOIWO) algorithm based on the planned factors. For better algorithms performance, their input parameters were set using RSM technique; furthermore, in order to compare parameters statistically, the Tukey’s 95% confidence interval method was used. The results show the superiority of MOWFA compared to MOIWO algorithm in comparison indicators.

Nowadays treatment and control of pain is still one of problematic cases and syntetic analgesic drugs have several side effects.

The aim of this study is to investigate the antinociceptive effects and phytochemical analysis of Ferula persica with respect to side effects of chemical drugs.

The extract of plant inflorescence was prepared by percolation method. HPLC was used for phytochemical studies. In order to nociception test, male mice were used in acetic acid, immersion and formalin test. Mice were divided into experimental, control and positive control groups (receiving morphine) in each test.

In phytochemical analysis, four flavonoids consist of Quercetin, Luteolin, Apigenin and Rutin were identified. In all 3 pain tests, the experimental group had a significant difference with control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference with morphine group (P>0.05).  

Methanolic extract of Ferula persica has antinociceptive effects, probably due to its sesquiterpenes and flavonoids.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health concern in Egypt with its unique genotype. Besides liver disease, HCV is a lymphotropic virus involved in the pathogenesis of various extrahepatic diseases. A causative role of HCV in the generation of chronic lymphoproliferative diseases as well as its impact on disease behavior in HCV chronic carriers are not fully understood. We investigated the prevalence of HCV among cohort of Egyptian patients (n:84) with chronic lymphoproliferative diseases, the relation between HCV infection and the immunological state of this population and also their clinical and laboratory characteristics. High prevalence of HCV (40%) among Egyptian patients with chronic lymphoproliferative diseases with following subtype frequency was revealed; CLL (38.2%) followed by DLBCL (20.6%), and LPL (17.6%). We found significant correlation between HCV and platelet count (P=0.014), Albumin (P=0.02), LDH (P=0.014) and B2M (P=0.05). Otherwise, there were no significant correlations with other parameters especially the immunological assessment; serum immunoglobulins, Coombs test, and cryoglobulinemia. HCV prevalence among patients with chronic lymphoproliferative diseases is higher than that estimated in the general population. Those patients should be tested for HCV during the assessment. Our observations suggest that HCV may have an oncogenic role in Egyptian patients with chronic lymphoproliferative diseases and it may affect the prognostic markers in those populations.

Concomitant replacement of the ascending aorta and heart transplantation are an infrequent procedure. This procedure was most often performed in patients with Marfan syndrome, however, it has its own technical difficulties. Hereby, we report on combined heart transplantation and aortic root replacement using donor’s ascending aorta in a 25-year-old man diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy and ascending aorta aneurysm. This procedure was successful and beneficial to patients with aortopathy who are candidates for heart transplantation.

Aftimun and Koshuth are two popular plants with different indications in Persian medicine which are usually wrongly used instead of each other because of similar appearance. The word Aftimun (epithymum) is a Greek word; “epi” means “on” in Latin and “thymum” means “thymus”. Considering its meaning and its appearance which is mentioned to have a red color, the scientific name of Aftimun is Cuscusta epithymum that often grows on thyme and has black bile scavenging properties. It is applied for treatment of melancholia, mania, melancholic epilepsy, and melancholic headache.
Regarding Koshuth, it has been indicated that its stem is yellowish and its flower is small and whitish. Its seed is smaller than radish and circular and the best type is the fresh yellow with bitter taste which grows on thorns. These characteristics are matched with Cuscuta chinensis which is mostly seen on a camel’s thorn. In Persian medicine, koshuth is mentioned to be opener and remover of waste materials from vessels and tonifying agent of stomach, liver, spleen and blood vessels. It is also diuretic, emmenagogue, lactiferous and sudoriferous, laxative and uterus cleanser. Moreover, it is used for treatment of chronic fevers and splenomegaly.
 

Bādranjbūye is one of the most applicable medicinal plants in Persian medicine and administered by Persian medicine scholars as a euphoric, brain tonic, memory enhancer, cardiotonic and anti-dyspnea agent. There are various opinions about its botanical definition in Persian medicine literature however, there is no unique concept about its identity. In this paper, all plant species related to Bādranjbūye were investigated and their botanical definitions were compared with each other to see what is told about their identity in Persian medicine. Nowadays, three plant species including Melissa officinalis L., Asperugo procumbens L. and Dracocephalum modavica L. are proposed as Bādranjbūye. The investigation demonstrated that the definition of Bādranjbūye in Persian medicine mainly corresponds to characteristics of Melissa officinalis from the family of Labiatae and in some situations corresponds to Dracocephalum moldavica from the family of Labiatae. However, since Asperugo procumbens from the family of Boraginaceae was found enormously in the habitat of Melissa officinalis, the considerable amount of this plant inevitably exists with Melissa officinalis. Therefore, most of the samples from the herbal market belongs to Asperugo procumbens.

The present paper deals with the design of experimental work matrices for two groups of experiments by using Response surface methodology (RSM). The first EDM group was dealt with the use of kerosene dielectric alone, while the second was treated by adding the graphite micro powders mixing to dielectric fluid (PMEDM). The total heat flux generated and fatigue lives after EDM and PMEDM models were developed by FEM using ANSYS 15.0 software. The graphite electrodes gave a total heat flux higher than copper electrodes by (82.4 %). The use of graphite powder and both electrodes yielded more heat flux by (270.1 %) and (102.9 %) than the copper and graphite electrodes, respectively with use of kerosene dielectric alone. Using graphite electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone improved the WLT by (40.0 %) when compared with the use of copper electrodes. Whereas, using copper electrodes and the graphite powder improved the WLT by (66.7 %) compared with the use of graphite electrodes under the same machining conditions. Copper electrodes with graphite powder gave experimental fatigue safety factor higher by (30.38 %) when compared with using graphite electrodes and higher by (15.73%) and (19.77%) when compared with using the copper and graphite electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone, respectively.

Open innovation emphasizes that organizations possess only part of the merit required and for innovation need knowledge from outside the organization. Social media is the most important tool for accessing this knowledge. Thematic literature on the relationship between social media and open innovation has increased in recent years, but no attention has been paid to it within the country so much so that one can hardly find a Persian article on the subject. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the role of the social media as a tool for open innovation in small and medium enterprises. This study is a review in terms of its objectives, qualitative in terms of its type and desk research (secondary studies of the metasynthesis method) and based on the study of online information resources in terms of data collection. While reviewing the use of social media in open innovation, the paper presents a framework for open innovation and examines the challenges in their application. It concludes by noting that a progressive move in convergence of social media and open innovation will help the company to become a pioneer in its field of activity.

Yaghooti is the earliest-maturing grape cultivar in Iran that is mostly grow in warm regions. In these regions berries do not have complete pigmentation and uniform color and this reduces marketability of fruits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ethephon (150 and 300 mgl-1), Ethanol (5 and 10%), Brassinosteroid (0.5 and 1 mgl-1) and defoliation (5 to 6 leaves around the clusters) on pigmentation and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Yaghooti Siyah grape berries. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications and a 7-years-old vine in each replication during two consecutive years and two regions (Jannatshahr and Fasarood) of Darad. Based on the results, treatments had no effect on the chemical properties of fruit juices such as TSS, TA and TSS/TA. Although ethephon (300 mgl-1) significantly increased cluster weight compared to the control, other physical properties of berries and clusters were not affected by treatments. Treatments had not also effect on the color indicators such as CIRG, chroma, and Hunter components (L *, a * and b *). Anthocyanin and total phenolics concentration and antioxidant activity of fruit juice were not significantly different from those of the control. The results of the present study showed that the use of ethephon, ethanol and brassinosteroid in conventional concentrations can not improve the quantitative and qualitative properties and improvement of berries color, and it seems that in areas like Darab, high temperature during berry ripening and coloration period can be an important factor in color development and ripening process of fruit in Yaghooti Siyah grape.

Aim: The purpose of this study is effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on reducing marital disaffection and increasing marital quality in women.
This study is a quasi-experimental type based on pre-test, post-test, follow up test with control group. Sample group was chosen from 2146 mothers of high school students in Felavarjan. The population consisted of 30 women, randomly selected for test and control group. Interventional Acceptance and commitment therapy was conducted on members of test group in 10 sessions each session lasts 90 minutes. Results gathered from marital disaffection scale (Kaiser, 1993) and marital quality scales (Busby, crane, Larsen, Christensen, 2008).Test and control group were evaluated by noted tools in three step, pre-test, past-test and follow up test. Results were analyzed with multivariate analysis of covariance method (MANCOVA). Results showed that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is effective on marital disaffection and marital quality of women.
Test levels of significance showed that pre-test and post-test in marital disaffection decreased mean of test group toward control group (P=0.001, F=15.881). Test levels of significance showed that pre-test and post-test in marital quality decreased mean of test group toward control group (P=0.001, F=8.594).
It was observed that the acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing marital disaffection and increasing marital quality on women marital disaffection is effective.