فهرست مطالب aminifard

Calcium is one of the most important minerals involved in determining the quality of the fruit. Excessive waste and quality loss of seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) during harvesting, post-harvest, and storage are some of the important problems in production areas. Foliar application with minerals can increase the quality, yield, marketability, and reduce post-harvest losses through the provision of plant nutritional needs. Therefore, in this study, the effect of foliar application of calcium chloride and calcium nitrate on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of barberry fruit was carried out in a randomized complete block design. Treatments included control (distilled water), calcium chloride (0.5%), and calcium nitrate (0.5%). The foliar spray was performed in four stages of the growing season. The results showed that the highest mean number of panicles per branch, the number of berries per panicle, the number of berries per branch, and the fruit yield on the branches belonged to the calcium chloride treatment and the lowest amount in the control. The calcium chloride treatment increased the fresh weight diameter and length of branch compared to the control treatment. The highest amount of chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll was observed in the leaves of control trees. The effect of calcium chloride and calcium nitrate treatments on the appearance quality and texture of barberry fruit was significant, although it did not affect the chemical properties of the fruit. In general, the results showed that foliar application with calcium chloride and calcium nitrate salts improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the fruit compared to control.

Salinity and drought have adverse impacts on crop production throughout the world, especially in arid and semiarid areas. Salinity decreases crop growth and yield through modifications of ion balance, water status, stomatal behavior, photosynthetic efficiency, salinity-induced nutrient deficiency and changes to the soil structure. Drought is another one of the main factors limiting the growth and development through the anatomical, morphological, and physiological and biochemical changes that the severity of drought damage varies depending on the duration of the stress and plant growth stage. Water stress reduces relative water content, photosynthesis pigments, stomatal conductance, biomass, growth and ultimately plant performance. Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta L. cv. ‘Shahla’) belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family is grown as a cut flower, landscape and medicinal plant that grows throughout the world except tropical regions. It is necessary to know the tolerance of N. tazzeta to drought and salinity stress in order to produce optimal product. According to previous studies, no complete research has been done on the effects of drought and salinity stress on N. tazzeta. Therefore, the present study was carried out with the aim of investigating the combined effects of drought and salinity stress on growth, flowering and biochemical characteristics of N. tazzeta.

This research was carried out in Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, in 2017. A pot experiment was conducted in completely randomized deign with factorial arrangement and three replications. The treatments included sodium chloride (NaCl) in four levels 0 (control), 20, 40 and 60 mM and drought stress in four levels 30, 50, 70 and 90% of field capacity. The plants were harvested four months after the start of salt and drought treatments. The investigation traits were included vegetative, reproductive and biochemical characterizes. Measured traits were included root length, volume of root, root fresh weight, bulb length, bulb fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, total dry weight, flower diameter, flower crown diameter, stem diameter, days from planting to flowering, days from flowering to senescence, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total soluble sugar of leaf and root. The data were analyzed by SAS version 9.4 and the means separated by Duncan's multiple range test at p < 0.05. Excel was used to draw graphs.

The results of simple effects showed that drought and salinity stresses decreased the values of flowering stem diameter, flower diameter, root length, root volume, root fresh weight, bulb fresh weight, bulb length, shoot fresh weight, total dry weight and days from flowering to senescence. In contrast, the values of the number of days from sowing to flowering, total soluble sugars of leaf and root, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content increased under the influence of these two stresses. The results of interaction effects showed that the destructive effects of salinity and drought stress were intensified in co-application conditions, so that the lowest values of growth and reproductive traits were observed in the most severe stress (30% field capacity × 60 mM salinity). Usually, root and shoot length in sodium chloride solution is reduced due to the toxicity of ions and their negative effects on cell membranes. Drought stress and salinity reduce cell division and also reduce the size of cells and consequently the length of the plant decreases. Delay in flowering is due to multiple stresses (osmotic imbalance, nutrient insufficiency and cellular toxicity) that is caused by salinity and drought stresses. These stresses produce ROS compounds that damage the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Plants for scavenging and detoxifying these compounds from the cell surface use enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase, etc.) and non-enzymatic (phenolic compounds and carotenoids) defense systems that increase the antioxidant activity of the plant.

The results of this study showed that drought and salinity stresses had negative effects on growth and flowering traits, which was exacerbated by the combined application of these two stresses. On the other hand, the highest levels of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total soluble sugars were obtained under severe stress conditions (drought or salinity). Salinity and drought stress reduced the flowering rate, quality of flowers and the flower life on the plant, but all the levels of stress reached to flowering stage. Also, the growth of narcissus plant was not affected by the highest levels of drought (30% crop capacity) and salinity (60 mM) stress. In general, the results showed that both drought and salinity stress reduced the growth and yield of narcissus flower, but the destructive effects of salinity stress on the growth, ornamental and physiological traits of narcissus flower were more than drought stress.

This study was conducted to evaluate nutritive value of whole cucumber plant (WCP) and then, assessing its different dietary levels effects on in vitro gas production and rumen fermentation parameters using cow rumen liqour. For this purpose, firstly chemical composition and rumen fermentation kinetics of WCP were compared with wheat straw (WS) and alfalfa hay. After that, the effects of substituting levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% WCP for forage part of the diet were investigated on in vitro digestion and fermentation parameters. Results indicated that WCP had lower dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and lignin contents than alfalfa and WS (P<0.05). However, its crude protein (CP) was considerably higher than WS and also was comparable with alflalfa CP content. Neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre contents of WCP were lower than WS (P<0.05), but they were similar to alfalfa. Incubation of WCP showed higher total gas production (GP), potential of GP (b), DM and OM digestibility and microbial mass production than WS, while they were lower than alfalfa (P<0.05). In conclusion, results of present study showed that WCP has favourable chemical composition and nutritive value compared to WS, and its CP content also is comparable with alfalfa. Moreover, its incorporation in ruminant nutrition up to 20% of diet is recommended.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most important and precious medicinal plants in the world. In order to investigate the effects of different of municipal waste vermicompost on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of leaf and corm of saffron, an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Birjand during the growing season of 2015. The treatments included four levels of municipal waste vermicompost (0, 5, 10 and 15 t.ha-1). Results showed that municipal waste vermicompost in the second year improved the reproductive characteristics so that the highest flower yield was obtained from 10 t.ha-1 municipal waste vermicompost (22.5g.m-2) and the highest dry stigma yield was obtained from 5 t.ha-1 municipal waste vermicompost (0.44g.m-2). The highest average leaf number (8.36), average fresh weight and dry weight of leaf (0.33 and 0.099 g, respectively) were obtained in plants treated with 15 t.ha-1 municipal waste vermicompost and the highest leaf length (249.3 mm) was obtained at 10 t.ha-1. Application of this organic fertilizer could have a significant effect on chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content and SPAD. The highest photosynthetic pigments were obtained from application of 10 t.ha-1 municipal waste vermicompost. The characteristics of the corm including the number of cormel, fresh and dry weight of cormel and number of cormel buds were affected by municipal waste vermicompost treatment. The highest number of cormel was obtained from plants treated with 10 t.ha-1. Also results showed that treatment of 5 t.ha-1 of municipal waste vermicompost had the greatest effect on fresh and dry weight of cormel. This treatment improved the number of cormel (33/1) as compared with control (5). Thus, results showed that municipal waste vermicompost had strong impact on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of saffron.

Chili pepper (Capsicum annum L.) belongs to the family Solananceae and contains large amounts of secondary metabolites (phenol antioxidants and carotenoids). Considering pigments content of pepper having red color and strong antioxidant effects, it is widely used in the preparation of food grade dyes. The use of ultrasonic waves due to its promising effects on maintenance and processing of food is growing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound in the extraction of carotenoid compounds extracted from red pepper and process optimization using response surface methodology (RSM). Variables in study were extraction temperatures at 3 levels (30, 40 and 50 °C), extraction times at 3 levels (10, 25 and 40 minutes) and power at 3 levels (30, 60 and 90 watt). The results based from optimization using RSM showed that with increasing time and temperature of extraction, carotenoid content decreased and increased, respectively. Carotenoid contents also increased in red pepper with increasing ultrasound power. The optimal conditions for extracting maximum carotenoid compounds out of pepper were treatment temperature of 49 °C for 10 minutes and 89.9 percent ultrasound power. Under these conditions, the values of extracted carotenes were 430.6 mg/kg for beta-carotene and 261.4 mg/kg for lycopene. The results showed that using ultrasound pretreatment before extraction of carotenoids increased the amount of extracted lycopene and beta-carotene.

Organic fertilizers are carbon-based compounds that increase the productivity and growth quality of plants. Municipal waste compost is an organic manure that improves the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and adds organic matter and exerts a positive effect on elements absorption, quality and yield of saffron. In addition, in saffron cultivation, it is possible to produce considerable amounts of stigma by using of standard mother corms with a minimum weight of 8 g. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the interaction effects of municipal waste compost and mother corm size on chemical properties of saffron.
This experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Birjand during the growing season of 2014-2015. Treatments were four levels of municipal waste compost (0, 5, 10 and 20 t.ha-1) and three mother corm weights (0.1-4, 4.1-8 and 8.1-12 g). Flower of saffron was measured during autumn of 2015. Total phenol was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Free radical scavenging activity of the samples was determined using DPPH method. Secondary metabolites of saffron (crocin, picrocrocin and safranal) were measured according to Iran’s national standard.
The results showed that the highest total phenol and antioxidant activity (10.0789 mg.100 gr-1 and 65.66%, respectively) was obtained in treatment 20 t. ha-1 compost and the lowest (10.0785 mg.100 gr-1 and 62.58%) was recorded in control. Results showed that addition of the compost rate significantly increased secondary metabolites (crocin, picrocrocin and safranal). So, corm weight had a significant effect on antioxidant activity and the main secondary metabolites and the highest characteristics were obtained for corm with 8.1-12 g. As, the effect of interaction of municipal waste compost and corm weight significantly affected the main secondary metabolites.
The results showed that fertilizer treatment and corm weight influenced chemical properties and the main second metabolites of saffron positively. It has been reported that plants cannot simultaneously allocate resources to growth and defence and that there is competition between proteins and phenolics in plants for the common precursors involved in their biosynthesis .These results led us to presume that saffron plants may utilise benefits from compost fertilizer for their protein synthesis and growth development. On the other hand, organic matter (e.g. compost) acts as precursors or activators of phytohormones and growth substances and secondary compounds in plants. The type of soil and the content of organic compounds in soil can have a decisive effect on increasing the content of organic compounds in soil and strengthening antioxidant activity.

The effects of applications of humic acid and planting density on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) were evaluated under field conditions. Treatments were of four levels of humic acid (0, 5, 10 and 15 Kg.ha-1) and three density planting (50, 75 and 100 corms.m-2). This experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of Birjand University, Iran, during growing season 2015. Flower fresh weight and fresh and dry weight of stigma were influenced by humic acid treatments. The highest flower fresh weight (0.36g.m-2) was obtained in plants treated with 5 kg.ha-1 humic acid while the lowest values were recorded in the control (0.33g.m-2). However, no significant difference was found in yield and flower number of saffron, length of stigma and style, fresh weight and dry weight of style under different levels of humic acid treatments. Results showed that humic acid improved the leaf growth indices (leaf length, fresh weight, and dry weight of leaf) and photosynthetic pigments (chl b, total chl and spad). The highest leaf length, fresh and dry weight of leaf, chl b, total chl and spad were obtained in plants treated with 10 kg.ha-1 humic acid while the lowest values were recorded in the control. Application of different levels of planting density had a positive effect on the yield and flower number, length of stigma, length of leaf, fresh and dry weight of leaf in saffron. The highest flower number (22.25per.m-2) and yield (8.22g.m-2) were observed in planting density of 100 corms.m-2. Interactive effects of humic acid and density had a positive effect on the flower yield, length and dry weight of stigma, fresh weight and length of leaf and chl b.

The aim of present experiment was to investigate the feeding value of wild pistachio leaf (khinjuk leaf, KL) for Arabi sheep. The digestibility and fermentation of diets containing different amounts of khinjuk (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) were measured. Then, the effect of presence of KL in the diet and its tannin content on the digestibility of alfalfa hay (Alfa), wheat straw (WS) and soybean meal (SBM) was studied by gas production (GP) technique. There was significant difference between the digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in diets containing KL compared with control (P

Productivity is often computed by approximating the weighted sum of the inputs from the estimation of the Cobb-Douglas production function. Such estimates, however, may suffer from simultaneity and selection biases. Olley and Pakes (1996) introduced a semi-parametric method which allows us to estimate the production function parameters consistently and thus obtain reliable productivity measures by controlling for such biases. This study first reviews this method and then introduces a Stata(10) command to implement it for manufacturing industry in Iran. The results show that material, skill labor and capital play important role in production function and this is increasing return to scale (IRS) by estimation of Olley and Pakes approach versus decreasing return to scale (DRS) by fixed effect. After estimation of production and calculated total factor productivity (TFP), we concluded that the effect of export and exit rate on TFP at manufacturing industry (ISIC 4digits) in Iran is not very considerable to compare to import penetration coefficient and year effect.

Worshipping is a phenomenon that dates back to the creation of man and is rooted in the soul and nature of mankind. It goes without saying that a supreme reaction and sacred motivation is the fruit of godly and valuable incentives. Mowlana Jalal al-Din Muhammad's Mathnavi is a work which has worshipping like a glittering gem on its holy face. Worshipping in Mathnavi is the result of abundant incentives and this article tries to briefly focus on the most prevalent and outstanding category God:" the powerlessness of the servant and the power of God."