amir sadeghpour

Echinophora cinerea is grown in the mountains of Iran and has aromatic and medicinal properties. The secondary metabolites of this plant are used as sources of natural antioxidants and anticancer agents. This study aimed to investigate the chemical compounds of the essential oils in different parts of Echinophora cinereal. The E. cinerea plants were collected in July, in the Zagros mountains, Iran. The chemical compositions of different essential oils were detected using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The highest essential oil content belonged to the flower and root of E. cinerea (0.90 and 0.85%, respectively). The essential oil content of the flower and root was similar, and the amount of essential oil in the leaf and stem was also the same (P>0.05). The total components of essential oil in the root, stem, leaf, and flower of E. cinerea were 96.23, 97.28, 89.95, and 97%, which included 44, 36, 27, and 38 components, respectively. The major important components of root essential oil included α-phellandrene (25.86%), p-cymene (18.17%), γ-terpinene (11.87%), (-)-Spathulenol (5.58%), and α-pinene (5.17%). The greatest important components of the stem essential oil included p-cymene (35.25%), α-phellandrene (23.17%), and α-pinene (10.66%). The most important components of leaf essential oil include α-phellandrene (16.5%), 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (R) (14.02%), linalool (11.87%), p-cymene (7.8%), carvacrol (6.48%), β-phellandrene (5.87%), and sabinol (5.77%). The major important components of flower essential oil include α-phellandrene (27.31%), p-cymene (9.86%), β-phellandrene (6.84%), 1H-3a,7-Methanoazulene, octahydro-1,4,9,9-tetramethyl- (6.78%), linalool (5.75%), α-pinene (5.26%), sabinol (5.06%), and 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (R) (4.92%). In general, it can be concluded that the different parts of E. cinerea differ in terms of volatile components, and the amount of each compound can be considered for exploiting this plant for industrial and pharmaceutical purposes.

Waxy-leaved mustard (Boreava orientalis Jaub. and Spach.) is an invasive species recently reported in Kurdistan province in western Iran with allelopathic properties. To evaluate the effect of the extract of different parts of waxy-leaved mustard on wheat germination, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Iran. The allelopathic potential of waxy-leaved mustard's root, leaf, stem, and flower were evaluated, and secondary metabolite compounds were identified. Effect of Alcohol extracts at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% of roots, leaves, stems, and flowers of waxy-leaved mustard were evaluated on wheat germination Indicators. Increasing extract concentration significantly increased the inhibition of seed germination and caused a decrease in germination rate, reduction of stem length, and reduction of seed vigor index. Alcoholic extracts of waxy-leaved mustard flowers had significantly more effect compared to the alcoholic extracts of roots, even at the lowest concentration (1%). The results of this study show that waxy-leaved mustard has a strong allelopathic potential, which emphasizes the importance of reducing its allelopathic effects and developing effective management strategies for mitigating invasion risk and thereby protecting crops like wheat.

AbstractEnvironmental pollution and weed resistance to herbicides have attracted the attention of researchers to methods of biological weed control. In this regard, the effect of different concentrations (50, 100 and 150 mL/L) of different organs (roots, shoots, whole plant) of chamomile on some physiological parameters and initial growth of charlock mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were examined. The factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that increasing the concentration of chamomile extract increased hydrogen peroxidation, lipid peroxidation, and proline content of charlock mustard, however it suppreseed cell viability, germination rate, seedling length, seedling dry weight and seedling vigor index of this plant. The dry weight of charlock mustard and wheat seedlings at a concentration of 150 mL/L at the 5% probability level was 58.9 and 84.3, respectively. In other words, this trait decreased by 41% and 15.7% in the two plants. Although chamomile shoot extract had the most negative effect on the mentioned traits in both plants, charlock mustard showed a more severe response compared to wheat. Even with the lowest concentration, chamomile extract reduced the vigor index of charlock mustard seedlings three times more than that of wheat. In general, it can be concluded that based on the strong effect of chamomile extract on suppressing the growth of charlock mustard and little effect on wheat seedlings, it can be