amir sharifi

There are many challenges ahead for municipalities due to the need for a proper definition of their role in the structure of urban management. The private sector and civil society are essential in achieving good governance, and municipalities need better cooperation. This issue has led to the failure of municipalities in terms of management. This problem prevails in most cities in the country. After more than 90 years of municipal activities (Baladieh) and the city council of Sanandaj (Sena), the city has seen many urban management problems today. One of the main factors causing enormous problems in Sanandaj is the spread of a theory and practice gap between the city administration, the private sector, and civil society. This research is based on the assumption that the main cause of management problems in Sanandaj is weakness in the city in terms of urban good governance components (index). Indeed, this study sought to determine the parameters of good governance in Sanandaj to provide a clear understanding of the status index of urban governance in Sanandaj. This study, in contrast to most previous research, considered a full list of indexes of urban good governance. On the other hand, this study sought to assess the situation of the indices for various regions to clarify the differences in the urban management of Sanandaj in different areas. In the case of weaknesses of each of these indicators in Sanandaj, this research helps provide practical solutions.

Defining the aim of the research has a significant impact on research tools and methods. Research methods depend on the research's purpose, nature, and executive facilities. According to the object and purpose of the research, descriptive-analytical methods were used. In order to gain theoretical insight and literature review, the style library was used. Specifically, it was used for books, articles, statutes, and online references. To obtain field information, questionnaire tools with questions in Likert with 5-item options were used. The questionnaires were distributed among the citizens of Sanandaj, including 19 connected zones and 4 separated urban zones. Questionnaires were distributed among citizens by utilizing the simple random distribution method. The questionnaire also included five kinds of options: too much (5), much (4), medium (3), low (2), and very low (1) scores. Additionally, statistical analysis software was used for the data analysis. The statistical population of the research includes all the inhabitants of the city of Sanandaj, which, according to statistical results, includes a total of 373,987 people in the last public census. The Cochran formula is used to determine the sample size. The sample size was 384, and the methods included their choice and stratified sampling.

To keep track of the desired goals in this study, eight indices among the good governance indexes proposed by the United Nations have been identified and evaluated. These indicators include transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, social justice, legitimacy, accountability, responsibility, responsiveness, participation, and consensus-orientedness. The T-test was used to evaluate urban management's general performance. In this test, the theoretical values of the index were compared with the mean values of each indicator, and the significance and non-significance of each test were conducted. Indeed, this test aims to compare the indices of urban good governance. The results reflect the poor performance of urban management in Sanandaj based on every eight reviewed indices in the pattern of urban good governance. However, it should also be considered that urban management performance in the eight indicators reviewed was almost at the same level. In the case of the assumption that there are differences between urban good governance indexes in different areas of Sanandaj, the test is significant at 95% confidence, and the H0 assumption is verified. This means there are significant differences between different areas of the city regarding urban good governance indices. According to the results of the Tukey test, there are many differences among the urban good governance indices in Sanandaj city. Four urban zones separated around Sanandaj had the weakest status, and during the last few years, they have been added to the city's law limit. Accordingly, the weakest conditions are related to Naysr, Nanaleh, Grizeh, and the Hassan Abad zone. These four zones, considered generally marginalized city areas, have very poor physical and spatial conditions. As a result, the people of these areas view Sanandaj urban management as the main cause of the backwardness of the area. On the other hand, these areas, with a lack of commitment to the urban rules, regulations, and arrangements, create tense conditions among citizens and municipalities. In terms of urban good governance indicators, four urban districts in Sanandaj had very favorable statuses. These areas are zone 22, zone 20, zone 18, and zone 19.

By studying the map of the Tukey test in GIS software, important results concerning the spatial analysis of urban good governance in the City of Sanandaj were found. This means that a certain space pattern dominated Sanandaj's urban management. Accordingly, each attached district surrounding the city of Sanandaj (Naysr, Nanaleh, Grizeh, and Hassan Abad Regions) has horrendous conditions. Northern areas (districts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) of Sanandaj city, compared to other inside areas, have a bad situation. Western areas (zones 8, 9, 10, and 11) had moderate conditions of urban management of the city based on the pattern of urban good governance. The southern areas are in a very good state compared to other areas.

One of the mystic valuable text that has composed to symbolic,is Mantegh-al-tair of Attar Nishboori that narrative journey perilous that done via birds on lead Hoopoe for achieve to Roc (essence of God). Paradise of lost is also symbolic text that in terms of plan barriers of achieve to perfection, has similarities with Mantegh-al-tair. Because of space time between these texts, this research has proceeded to comparative analysis at a time not concurrency. Factors that caused these texts should be required this analysis, are storied exclusivity similar and the epic spirit dominate on both; with this difference that in Mantegh-al-tair, epic is mystic and in Paradise of lost epic is more literary. Attar and John Milton have taken of their religious sources in creation their texts. Method explanation narrative of Adam and relate to intial sin to Hawa or Adam, specifies somewhat space truth until allowed in these texts. What factore determined similarities and unsimilarities views of Attar and John Milton in these valuable works? Comparative analysis in this research is on one hand based on planetary insights namely look to differences, without denial other and on the other hand based on similarities without requirement of matching with other and general method of this research is analysis qualitative content of text.

Present study has examined an optimal strategy for potential investments that may be accepted to attract more ships. A mathematical model has been set up to identify the basic criteria used by shipping companies to evaluate a particular port. Then, a game theory approach has been used for a competitive model between several important ports to attract shipping companies through maximizing their utility functions. In this way, a secret game type with one turn has been suggested. The results showed that optimal investment strategy used by a particular port depends on1) current status of port relative to other competitive ports, 2) available resources in terms of manpower and capital, 3) profit forecasting and 4) other officials' responses relative to the capital. Present study informs a strong port to maximize returns in the case of winning in auction through choosing to invest in the port and minimizing potential losses as well as minimizing potential losses in the case of failure on auction through discarding any investment.

The right to the city can be considered as one of the human approaches to urban studies that it seeks to rebuild the city as a space designed by all citizens and serving all of them. Fortunately, the right to the city has been able to keep up the path of progress. The right to the city once proposed in the context of the French Revolution and in opposition to the capitalist system; these days it is used as an approach by power and capitalism. In other words, the right to the city has been recognized as an approach of people governance to space and the role of city-based residents in producing and reproducing the present and future space of cities. If spontaneous settlements are consider as marginalizing a part of the city, so the right to the city can have a special look at the issue of spontaneous settlements. This study seeks to investigate the right to the city condition of the Naysar settlement in order to assess the differences of right to the city among variant groups of this part of Sanandaj city.

The present study is an applied one that has been done by the descriptive-analytical method. Documentary and field methods were used to collect the required information. By reviewing the theoretical literature and the research background, dimensions and indicators of research were extracted in six ones including political and civil, managerial, economic, cultural, service and health. Then, the validity of the indicators was confirmed by using of expert’s opinions. Finally, a questionnaire was prepared in the form of Likert spectrum by indexing the indicators. The statistical population of the study consists of Naysar’s where 36431 people live according to the last census of 2016. Based on the Cochran formula (sample size) 381 pre-test questionnaires were distributed among the residents of the study area by a simple random method. Then, One-sample t-test was used for statistical analysis and status analysis of the studied dimensions and One-way analysis of variance was used to examine the relationships between the descriptive factors on the main variable of research (Right to the city).

According to the results of one-way analysis of variance, the right-to-city situation seems more favorable to men than women, and the city is not evenly distributed to marginalized gender groups. The study of income shows that the highest and lowest amount of right to the city belongs to the income groups who have above 6 million Tomans and below 2 million Tomans, respectively. In the survey of right to the city status among the occupational groups, those who employed in the formal sector have a higher average of right to the city. Also, the least amount of right to the city belongs to groups who are searching for a job. In addition, the least amount of right to the city among the age groups belong to above 60 and under 25 and two age groups of 25 to 40 and 40 to 60 years have the highest rate of it. It is worth noting that the guidance school and the academic groups have the highest and lowest amount of right to the city, respectively.

The urban management system may not provide a wide range of different rights to the residents of Naysar, However, it gives the rents or ransoms to its residents that without any doubt include people with better financial status in the area. For example, the wealthy individuals of Naysar have built several illegal and unoccupied housing units; they have been transformed agricultural land uses into housing land illegally; also, they have divided their lands without permission; they are using electricity and water concessions illegally and freely for residential and even non-residential units and in addition, they pay minimal tolls and taxes for various properties. As a result, Naysar only shows lower percentages of right to the city indicators for people who want to live as a citizen. Otherwise, it is a good environment for a group of people with informal citizenship and they receive different unlawful privileges from urban management in various ways.

City councils always played a major role in improve the quality of citizen life. This study which evaluated the performance of Sardasht city Council has been done with descriptive-analytical and according to survey and library data. Proven method assumptions in this study citing on data from the questionnaires have been analyzed. Statistical population includes two groups. First was in urban experts and second was the citizen of the Sardasht city. For determining the sample size for the group of residents Cochran's formula was used. Which sample size was 384 that was completed by random and stratified distributed. But for sample of experts we used snowball method which the number of experts samples in this study reached 15 cases. KS test was used in analyzing the data in order to determine the normal distribution of scores and use one-sample T-test and Binominal test to evaluate the performance of the city Council Sardasht and Also Mann–Whitney U test and independent T to compare the views of citizens group and experts group. The results of this study indicated that economic performance of the city council of Sardasht was not good. Of course the social function was better than economic performance and is investigated beyond acceptable medium. However, the best performing of city council of Sardasht is cultural performance that this value is 3/89.

One of the most important influential factors on trend to increase the exhaustion and abandoned urban worn textures is lack of desirable in this textures. On this basis in city of Tehran the organization of renovation is responsible for improving worn texture in order to prevent the subdominant problems worn texture. This research Sought to review the role of renovation organization's activities in make improvement of urban functions, in improving the life of Citizens, in solve of physical problems of worn textures, in solve of livelihood problems of Citizens, in renovation of worn textures and in renovation buildings worn in urban areas. By this study different aspects of influencing of this organizations will clear. Methodology of the study is analytical - descriptive – survey which was written on applied approach. In the beginning of this study required Information Were collected by using the available resources in the matter of study then for complete the information questionnaire tool were used. The results show that performance of the organization is in good condition. The best function of this organization was in renovation of worn buildings and also the weakest function of this organization in all regions was in field of solving livelihood problems. On the other hand the function of renovation organization has a significant difference in all regions. This means the performance of renovation organization in regions of 15, 16, 9, and 18, was good and in regions of 12, 13, 14 and 11 was weak.

In recent decades the use of algae in the food and pharmaceutical industries is of great importance. The antimicrobial activity of brown alga methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform extracts on bacteria gram positive, gram negative, and fungi was evaluated by using nutrient broth macrodilution test. Sargassum glaucescense was collected around the coastal waters of Chabahar (Oman Sea) in Nov and Dec 2015. Six pathogenic organisms including; Enterococcus faecium ATCC 51299, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668, Shigella boydii ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Salmonella enteritidi PTCC, 1709, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus fumigatus PTCC 5009 were investigated by the broth dilution method. Methanolic Extract for six strains showed good activity amongst eight strains. Hexane extract, after methanolic extract has good effect on antimicrobial activity against five strains. All bacteria strain in this survey has showed resistance against ethyl acetate and chloroformic extracts. All extract of S. glaucescens has good inhibition growth against two fungal strains. S. glaucescens using four various solution extract against eight different human pathogens showed an important antimicrobial and antifungal activity. However, more investigation has to be done on separation, purification and detection of the active ingredients in order to recognize their antifungal and antibacterial activity.

One of the most important tourist settlement destinations are cities. Urban tourism is a form of tourism that Citizens and foreign tourists interested in spending their leisure time in the cities. Basically urban Tourism based on attractions that available at cities (museums, monuments, stadiums, etc.), events and incentive tourism such as visiting friends and relatives, presence in exhibitions and conferences, visits cultural heritage, business purposes, religious and pilgrimage, cosmetic and medical, sports and more. Once you can we call sustainable development of urban tourism That Was not destructive and will provide for future the possibility of Preservation of natural and human resources and have some benefits to local communities. Sustainable tourism is a tourism that can continue in an environment and unlimited time and in terms of humanities and physically does not harm to the environment and to the extent activated that does not harm to develop of activities and social processes and on the other hand, can be able to create opportunities for employment and income for local residents and for infrastructure development and provide sustainable and integrated urban development. Province of Kurdistan including the provinces that after the revolution, especially in decades of the sixty and seventy, according to geographical factors and regional security was not good enough in the eyes of tourists to travel and visiting. But in recent decades, despite the persistence of serious obstacles, especially mental obstacle of lack of security, we are witnessing the emergence of domestic travelers, and some are external to the region. Although the difficult obstacles and lack of facilities to the extent that makes it difficult for tourists. However, increasing the amount and variety of tourist trips can be a significant issue to begin the development of the province provokes motivation trip towards this province because of distinctiveness of this province linguistically, Religious and climatic. The beautiful city of Sanandaj as one of the premier cultural centers in the country in addition to having extremely rich in historical and cultural contexts, had very attractive tourist destinations in the natural the field. Besides these attractions can be pointed to the connection factor of Sanandaj that is located on the western border trade route to the interior that per year a large number of residents for shopping cheap foreign goods pass from Sanandaj that it also is not fruitless. This research seek the effect of urban tourism development on sustainable urban development variables according to residents of Sanandaj and also from the perspective of 22 teachers, administrators and activists in the field of tourism In the city of Sanandaj. So that Strengthen the existing strong functions and poor performance also be upgraded. This study is aims to examine the positive effects of urban tourism on 4 variables of urban Sustainable development (Social stability, physical stability, environmental sustainability and economic sustainability) from the perspective of the 384 residents of Sanandaj (Based on Cochran's formula) and 22 of masters, managers and activists in the field of tourism in the city of Sanandaj.This research based on the performed method; is descriptive analytic method. The both library information and questionnaire information was used to perform of the analysis. The method of questionnaires distributing of citizens were simple randomized distribution style and the snowball method was used for distribution questionnaire of experts. This questionnaire was prepared based on the five-item Likert method.In this study, sustainable urban influence was obtained from four perspectives and from opinions of experts and citizens.Based on the results of research it can be said that urban tourism in city of sanandaj has the greatest impact on economic variables.However, urban Tourism of Sanandaj city have been a minimal positive impact on the environment variables even in the item of prevent soil erosion average item Statues was very low. Accordingly city managers in city of Sanandaj must turn toward efficient management of consequential effects of tourism. Because tourism in the city of Sanandaj as it was revealed by present study, associated with different influences with different intensity and power on the city and its sustainability. One of the detrimental effects of tourism in the field of social sustainability is this issue that there are possibility for fade aboriginal cultural factors in because of login countless tourists. The issue will have negative effects in the longer term on sustainability of tourism in the city of Sanandaj. Another issue that as cultural discussion can be debatable is Environmental issue and environmental sustainability of Sanandaj city. City of Sanandaj according to beautiful landscape which has due to the topography and climate can be have negative interact because of non-organized tourism. In general it can be result from the topic that because of lately process of tourism development in city of Sanandaj, citizens and experts attention more to the positive aspects. Whereas this approach it is proposed only for short-period and in future citizens and experts will reach to a more realistic view about urban tourism in the city. Though because city of Sanandaj strongly needs to revenues from tourism it will may be amount delayed this achieve to fact.

Place sense of residence is different in various quarters of cities. High sense of place in a city represents the importance of city for its residents، that it can be associated with positive outcomes for the city. Urban planners should have a look to sense of place as one of the components of the desired cities. And to achieve it should planning. One of the strategies of Strengthen of place sense is promote of social development. The purpose of this study was evaluated the level of social development in for neighborhoods of 10 district of SANANDAJ city. And assessment of its role in strengthening the place sense. The research method is descriptive - analytical study based on survey and library studies. In the process of this research at beginning the status of the social development of neighborhoods were measured by using the views of 12 experts from the municipality and city council and 28 university-educated people residing in 10 district of SANANDAJ city according AHP model in terms of some criteria such as the level of social security، social cohesion، confidence level، interaction domain، the trend to values and tends to norms. In the next step the second stage of the study was ended by distribution of questionnaire of place sense among the 377 residents of the area. In the third stage the relationship between social development of neighborhoods and place sense of residents in four neighborhoods measured and analyzed by using Pearson statistical exam. The test results showed that there is a direct positive relationship between social development and place sense. Based on this، neighborhood 1 that has the highest level of social development، as well as has the highest place sense.

Assessment and analysis of urban system is an indicator of policies and distribution of population in territorial scale. By study of such character there will be a determination of balance in population distribution. Each of the math models has a different importance that ignoring this subject in studies can make a sever problem. Using one method in considering the topic can not be efficient, so using more models is suggested for obtaining good and decisive results. This resreach aims to study the urban systems of the country in nine different regions.The methodology of the research is based on descriptive –analytical At first by applying zipf rank – size and Entropy the urban systems nine parts of country were considered and in next step expert views were used to show the level of importance of each models. The results of this research pointed that first region is the most balnced area of Iran and the fifth region had the lowest level of equilibrium.

Substance abuse is one of the main health problems in Iran and awareness about its spread and procedure of spread in the society, particularly the susceptible society of students, is very important with regard to the population pyramid of Iran.This study was performed by cross-sectional method. The sampling size was 610 male students in pre-university grade by a probabilistic cluster sampling. Our research instrument was the WHO questionnaire.The experience of smoking cigarettes was seen in 34.6% of the students, 51.5% used hookah, 37.7% drank alcohol, 40.7% used non-prescribed tranquilizers, 10.2% used high-dosage painkillers, 6.6% used ecstasy, 6.7% hashish, 4.9% heroin, 8.7% opium and 9.7% used Pam or chewable tobacco. The first age of experiencing smoking cigarette was 14.0, hookah 13.9, alcohol 14.6, tranquilizers 13.1, high-dosage painkillers 15.3, ecstasy 17.0, hashish 16.7, heroin 16.7, opium 16.7 and using chewable tobacco 15.3 years. The improper use of ecstasy pills, opium, heroin and chewable tobacco was more in governmental schools compared with non-profit school centers.There was a relationship between the low educational level of the father and consuming alcohol, strong intoxicants, heroin, opium, pam and excessive use of cigarettes.On the other hand, there was a relationship between the low educational level of the mother with using cigarettes, hookah, alcohol, tranquilizers, strong painkillers, ecstasy, heroin, opium, pam and excessive usage of cigarettes.According to this study, in spite of the fact that drug abuse is at a warning rate, the tendency toward hookah, tranquilizers and alcohol is noticeable.

In this paper a new approach about relation of Acoustic Emission(AE) method and mechanical properties of ferrite-martensite dual phase steels(DPS) has presented. The AE signals from a tensile test using a range of DPS with different volume fractions of martensite (VM)s, in the range of 12–65% VM, were obtained and their AE signals were investigated. In order to better study DPS internal behaviour, a function named “sentry function” was used. The amount of this function depends on the strain energy and acoustic emission energy. the Results show that AE monitoring and sentry function are efficient tools for detection of micromechanisms, consisting of Ferrite-Martensite interface decohesion and/or martensite phase fracture, identifying the correlation of failure mechanisms to microstructure in DPS.